断块大地构造与地震活动的构造物理研究
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摘要
断块大地构造理论几乎涉及地震活动的各个方面:1)地震记录表明不但是强震,大多数6级以上地震也分布在构造块体边界上,构造块体控制了地震分布;2)地震活动规律体现在块体整体活动中。例如,鄂尔多斯地块周边单个断陷带的地震活跃期与平静期长短不一,无明显规律。但当把鄂尔多斯地块周边作为一个整体,其地震活动在时间上显示了准周期性;3)地块运动通过周边断层交替活动实现。从断层活动相互作用的时间间隔和错动形式出发可把它分为强震交替活动型(又可分长时间间隔和短时间间隔两类)和强震与弱震或断层蠕动交替活动型。强震交替活动型中时间间隔很短的双震活动较早被发现。强震交替活动型中时间间隔很长的类型虽然不易识别,但是依赖于中国历史地震目录,还是发现鄂尔多斯地块周边山西断陷带与渭河断陷带在历史上的3次交替活动等;强震与弱震或断层蠕动型的交替活动型很不容易被发现,仅在台网较密,观测条件较好的北京地区观测到。4)利用一些实验结果讨论了交替活动的规律。此外,结合断块大地构造理论对一些地震现象进行了讨论。
Fault-block tectonics concerns different aspects of earthquake activity as follows : 1 ) Most earthquakes with magnitudes over 6 occurr along the boundaries of different fault-blocks based on the catalogues of Chinese earthquakes. The fault-blocks control the distribution of earthquakes; 2)Characteristics of earthquakes is contained in the whole movement of blocks. For example,the active and quiescent periods of basin belts around the Ordos fault-block are different each other, and there was no obvious periodicity. However, if we regard the Ordos block as a whole, the scismicity around the Ordos block shows quasi-periodicity in some extent. 3) Block movement is accommodated by alternating slip of faults around the block. Based on the time interval and styles of unstable events occurred on the block boundary faults, their interaction may be divided into different types: alternating type of strong earthquakes and alternating type by a strong earthquake with weak earthquakes or aseismic slip. The former may be divided into long time interval and short time interval in addition. The alternating type of strong earthquakes with short time interval or type of double main shock has been taken noticed earlier. The alternating type of strong earthquakes with long time interval is not easy to recognize,fortunately, some examples are distinguished benefit from the Chinese earthquake record, for example, three alternating active periods of earthquakes on Shanxi and Weihe boundary faults of Ordos block. Alternating type by a strong earthquake with weak earthquakes or aseismic slip is difficult to identify, it can be observed only in the area with dense observational network and high resolution apparatus such as the Beijing area; 4)Characteristics of alternating slip of faults on the boundary of blocks is discussed based on the experimental results. Besides, some other earthquake phenomena are also discussed by fault-block tectonics.
Fault-block tectonics concerns different aspects of earthquake activity as follows : 1 ) Most earthquakes with magnitudes over 6 occurr along the boundaries of different fault-blocks based on the catalogues of Chinese earthquakes. The fault-blocks control the distribution of earthquakes; 2)Characteristics of earthquakes is contained in the whole movement of blocks. For example,the active and quiescent periods of basin belts around the Ordos fault-block are different each other, and there was no obvious periodicity. However, if we regard the Ordos block as a whole, the scismicity around the Ordos block shows quasi-periodicity in some extent. 3) Block movement is accommodated by alternating slip of faults around the block. Based on the time interval and styles of unstable events occurred on the block boundary faults, their interaction may be divided into different types: alternating type of strong earthquakes and alternating type by a strong earthquake with weak earthquakes or aseismic slip. The former may be divided into long time interval and short time interval in addition. The alternating type of strong earthquakes with short time interval or type of double main shock has been taken noticed earlier. The alternating type of strong earthquakes with long time interval is not easy to recognize,fortunately, some examples are distinguished benefit from the Chinese earthquake record, for example, three alternating active periods of earthquakes on Shanxi and Weihe boundary faults of Ordos block. Alternating type by a strong earthquake with weak earthquakes or aseismic slip is difficult to identify, it can be observed only in the area with dense observational network and high resolution apparatus such as the Beijing area; 4)Characteristics of alternating slip of faults on the boundary of blocks is discussed based on the experimental results. Besides, some other earthquake phenomena are also discussed by fault-block tectonics.
引文
范俊喜,马瑾,甘卫军.2003． 鄂尔多斯地块运动的整体性与不同方向边界活动的交替性.中国科学(D辑),33(增刊).119-128． Fan Junxi,Ma Jin and Gan Weijun. 2003． Movement of Ordos block and alternation of activity along the boundaries. Science in China(Series D) ,33(suppl. ) : 119-128．
高文学,马瑾.1993． 首都圈地震地质环境与地震灾害.北京:地震出版社.1-452． Gao Wenxue and Ma Jin. 1993． Seismo-Geological Background and Earthquake Hazard in Beijing Area. Beijing:Seismological
顾功叙,林庭煌,时振梁.1983a.中国地震目录(公元前1831～公元1969) .北京:科学出版社.1-350． Gu Gongxu,Lin Tinghuang and Shi Zhenliang. 1983a. Catalog of Chinese Earthquakes( from 1831 BC to 1969) . Beijing:Science Press. 1-350．
顾功叙,林庭煌,时振梁.1983b.中国地震目录(1970年～1979年).北京:地震出版社.1-280． Gu Gongxu,Lin Tinghuang and Shi Zhenliang. 1983b. Catalog of Chinese Earthquakes (from 1970 to 1979 ). Beijing:Seismological Press. 1-280．
韩新民,赵维城.1979． 龙陵地震的四个九度区--双共轭型极震区.地震研究,2(1) :20-24． Han Xinmin and Zhao Weicheng. 1979． Four intensity IX area of the Longling earthquake-bi-conjugate meizoseismal area. Journal of Seismological Research, 2 (1) : 20-24．
姜 葵主编.1993． 1988年云南澜沧-耿马地震.昆明:云南大学出版社.1-23Jiang Kui(Ed. ). 1993． 1988 Lanchang-Gengma Earthquake in Province Yunnan. Kunming:Yunnan University Press. 1-23．
阚荣举,刘祖荫,王绍晋,宋文,黄毓珍.1983． 龙陵地区大地震前后平均应力轴取向的时间变化.地球物理学报,26(6) :564-573Kan Rongju,Liu Zuyin,Wang Shaojin,Song Wen and Huang Yuzhen. 1983． The temporal variation of the orientation of the mean stress axis both before and after the strong Longling earthquake. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,26 (6) : 564-573．
刘正荣,晏风桐.1978． 龙陵共轭地震群的特征地震研究,1(2) :21-29． Liu Zhengrong and Yan Fengtong. 1978． Characteristics of Longting conjugate earthquakes. Journal of Seismological Research.1(2) : 21-29．
格佐夫斯基.1975． 构造物理学基础.刘鼎文等译.1984． 北京:地震出版社.1-196． #12
马瑾,张渤涛,许秀琴,王宝生.1983． 断层交汇区附近的变形特点与声发射特点的实验研究地震学报,5(2) :195-206． Ma Jin,Zhang Botao,Xu Xiuqin and Wang Baosheng. 1983． Model experimental study on behavior of deformation and acoustic emission near the intersections of faults. Acta Seismologica Sinica,5 (2) : 195--206．
马瑾.1987． 构造物理学概论.北京:地震出版社.1-386． Ma Jin. 1987． Introduction of Tectonophysics. Beijing:Seisrnological Press. 1-386．
马瑾,马胜利,刘力强,邓志辉,马文涛,刘天昌.1996． 断层几何结构与物理场的演化及失稳特征.地震学报,18(2) :200-207．
Ma Jin, Ma Shengli, Liu Liqiang, Deng Zhihui,Ma Wentao and Liu Tianchang. 1996． Geometrical textures of faults, evolution of physical field and instability characteristics. Acta Seismologica Sinica ,9 ( 2 ) : 261--291．
马瑾1999． 从断层中心论向块体中心论转变--论活动块体在地震活动中的作用.地学前缘,6(4) :363-370． Ma Jin 1999． Changing viewpoint from fault to block--A discussion about the role of active block in seismicity. Earth Science Frontiers,6(4) : 363--370．
马瑾,马胜利,刘力强,刘天昌,吴秀泉.2000． 交叉断层的交替活动与块体运动的实验研究.地震地质,22(1) :65-73． Ma Jin, Ma Shengli,Liu Liqiang,Liu Tianchang and Wu Xiuquan. 2000． Experimental study on alternate slip of intersecting faults and block movement. Seismology and Geology, 22 ( 1 ) : 65-73．
马胜利,刘力强,马瑾,巴晶,王凯英,扈小燕.2003． 基于实验结果讨论断层破裂与强震物理过程的若干问题.地学前缘,10(增刊):225-232Ma Shengli,Liu Liqiang,Ma Jin, Ba Jing, Wang Kaiying and Hu Xiaoyan. 2003． A discussion on related issues of physical process of faulting and strong earthquake based on experimental results. Earth Science Frontiers,l0( suppl. ) : 225-232．
苏 刚.1993． 临汾两次8级地震重复发生的动力学特征研究,见马宗晋主编:山西临汾地震研究与系统减灾.北京:地震出版社.461-473． Su Gang. 1993． Study on dynamical characteristics of recrudescence of twice strong M 8 earthquakes in Linfen. In: Ma Zongjin (Ed.). Study on Linfen Earthquake and Disaster Mitigation. Beijing:Seismological Press. 461-473．
王绍晋,阚荣举,宋文,黄毓珍.1993． 澜沧-耿马地震孕育过程中应力场时空变化与预报检验.地震研究,16(2) :111-118． Wang Shaojin, Kan Rongju, Song Wen and Huang Yuzhen. 1993． The temporal-spatial variation of stress field in the seismogenic process of Lancang-Gengma earthquake and its forecast inspection. Journal of Seismological Research,16 (2) : 111-118．
张国民.1988． 地震前兆地区性差异的力学成因分析.地震,7(2) :1-6．Zhang Guomin. 1988． On the mechanical cause of regional differences of earthquake precursors. Earthquake, 7(2) : 1-6．
张培震,邓起东,张国民,马瑾,甘卫军,闵伟,毛凤英,王琪.2003． 中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),33(增刊):12-20． Zhang Peizhen,Deng Qidong, Zhang Guomin, Ma Jin, Gan Weijun, Min Wei, Mao Fengying and Wang Qi. 2003． Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China. Science in China( Series D) ,33( suppl. ) : 12-20．
张培震,甘军,沈正康,王敏.2005． 中国大陆现今构造作用的地块运动和连续变形欧和模型.地质学报,79(6) :748-756． Zhang Peizhen, Gan Weijun,Shen Zhengkang and Wang Min. 2005． A coupling model of rigid-block movement and continuous deformation:Patterns of the present-day deformation of China's Continent and its vicinity. Acta Geologica Sinica,79(6) : 748-756．
张培震,闻学泽,徐锡伟,甘卫军,王敏,沈正康,王庆良,黄媛,郑勇,李小军,张竹琪,马胜利,冉勇康,刘启元,丁志峰,吴建平.2009． 2008年汶川8． 0特大地震孕育和发生的多单元组合模式.科学通报,54(7) :944-953． Zhang Peizhen, Wen Xueze, Xu Xiwei, Gan Weijun, Wang Min, Shen Zhengkang, Wang Qingling, Huang Yuan, Zheng Yong, Li Xiaojun,Zhang Zhuqi, Ma Shengli, Ran Yongkang, Liu Qiyuan, Ding Zhifeng and Wu Jianping. 2009． Tectonic mode, of the great Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008, Sichuan, China. Chinese Science Bulletin,54 (7) : 944-953．
张四昌,徐杰.1978． 1976年龙陵地震地质特征的探讨.地震研究,1(3) :44-54． Zhang Sichang and Xu Jie. 1978． Discuss the seismo-geological characteristics of the 1976 Longling earthquake. Journal of Seismological Research, 1(3) : 44-54．
张四昌.1991． 中国大陆共轭地震构造研究.中国地震,7(2) :69-76． Zhang Sichang. 1991． Studies of conjugate seismotectonics of the continental earthquakes in China. Earthquake Research in China,7(2) : 69-76．
张文佑.1984． 断块构造导论北京:石油工业出版社.1-361． Zhang Wenyou. 1984． An Introduction to Fault-Block Tectonics. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press. 1-361．
张文佑.1986． 中国及邻区海陆大地构造.北京:科学出版社.1-575． Zhang Wenyou. 1986． Geotectonics in China and Its Neighboring Area in Sea and Land. Beijing:Science Press. 1-575．
中国科学院地质研究所.1959． 中国大地构造纲要.北京:科学出版社.1-260Institute of Geology Academy Sinica. 1959． Geotectonics Outline of Chin. Beijing:Science Press. 1-260．
Ma Jin,Chen Kaiping,Li Qinzu and Che Zhaohong. 1993． Deformation of fault-block system and seismicity in Beijing area. In : Continental Earthquakes. Beijing:Seismological Press. 423-430．
Ma Jin, Liu Liqiang and Ma Shengli. 1998． Fault geometry and departure of precursors from the epicenter. Earthquake Research in China,12( 1 ) : 59-67．
Ma Jin,Ma Shengli,Liu Liqiang, Wang Kaiying and Hu Xiaoyan. 2002． Experimental study on pattern of fault interaction. Progress in Natural Science,12(10) : 759-765．
Scholz C H. 1990． The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. New York:Cambridge University Press. 1-467．
Zhang P Z and Gan W J. 2008． Combined model of rigid-block motion with continuous deformation : Patterns of present-day deformation in continental China. Geological Society of America Special Paper 444． 59-71．
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高文学,马瑾.1993． 首都圈地震地质环境与地震灾害.北京:地震出版社.1-452． Gao Wenxue and Ma Jin. 1993． Seismo-Geological Background and Earthquake Hazard in Beijing Area. Beijing:Seismological
顾功叙,林庭煌,时振梁.1983a.中国地震目录(公元前1831～公元1969) .北京:科学出版社.1-350． Gu Gongxu,Lin Tinghuang and Shi Zhenliang. 1983a. Catalog of Chinese Earthquakes( from 1831 BC to 1969) . Beijing:Science Press. 1-350．
顾功叙,林庭煌,时振梁.1983b.中国地震目录(1970年～1979年).北京:地震出版社.1-280． Gu Gongxu,Lin Tinghuang and Shi Zhenliang. 1983b. Catalog of Chinese Earthquakes (from 1970 to 1979 ). Beijing:Seismological Press. 1-280．
韩新民,赵维城.1979． 龙陵地震的四个九度区--双共轭型极震区.地震研究,2(1) :20-24． Han Xinmin and Zhao Weicheng. 1979． Four intensity IX area of the Longling earthquake-bi-conjugate meizoseismal area. Journal of Seismological Research, 2 (1) : 20-24．
姜 葵主编.1993． 1988年云南澜沧-耿马地震.昆明:云南大学出版社.1-23Jiang Kui(Ed. ). 1993． 1988 Lanchang-Gengma Earthquake in Province Yunnan. Kunming:Yunnan University Press. 1-23．
阚荣举,刘祖荫,王绍晋,宋文,黄毓珍.1983． 龙陵地区大地震前后平均应力轴取向的时间变化.地球物理学报,26(6) :564-573Kan Rongju,Liu Zuyin,Wang Shaojin,Song Wen and Huang Yuzhen. 1983． The temporal variation of the orientation of the mean stress axis both before and after the strong Longling earthquake. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,26 (6) : 564-573．
刘正荣,晏风桐.1978． 龙陵共轭地震群的特征地震研究,1(2) :21-29． Liu Zhengrong and Yan Fengtong. 1978． Characteristics of Longting conjugate earthquakes. Journal of Seismological Research.1(2) : 21-29．
格佐夫斯基.1975． 构造物理学基础.刘鼎文等译.1984． 北京:地震出版社.1-196． #12
马瑾,张渤涛,许秀琴,王宝生.1983． 断层交汇区附近的变形特点与声发射特点的实验研究地震学报,5(2) :195-206． Ma Jin,Zhang Botao,Xu Xiuqin and Wang Baosheng. 1983． Model experimental study on behavior of deformation and acoustic emission near the intersections of faults. Acta Seismologica Sinica,5 (2) : 195--206．
马瑾.1987． 构造物理学概论.北京:地震出版社.1-386． Ma Jin. 1987． Introduction of Tectonophysics. Beijing:Seisrnological Press. 1-386．
马瑾,马胜利,刘力强,邓志辉,马文涛,刘天昌.1996． 断层几何结构与物理场的演化及失稳特征.地震学报,18(2) :200-207．
Ma Jin, Ma Shengli, Liu Liqiang, Deng Zhihui,Ma Wentao and Liu Tianchang. 1996． Geometrical textures of faults, evolution of physical field and instability characteristics. Acta Seismologica Sinica ,9 ( 2 ) : 261--291．
马瑾1999． 从断层中心论向块体中心论转变--论活动块体在地震活动中的作用.地学前缘,6(4) :363-370． Ma Jin 1999． Changing viewpoint from fault to block--A discussion about the role of active block in seismicity. Earth Science Frontiers,6(4) : 363--370．
马瑾,马胜利,刘力强,刘天昌,吴秀泉.2000． 交叉断层的交替活动与块体运动的实验研究.地震地质,22(1) :65-73． Ma Jin, Ma Shengli,Liu Liqiang,Liu Tianchang and Wu Xiuquan. 2000． Experimental study on alternate slip of intersecting faults and block movement. Seismology and Geology, 22 ( 1 ) : 65-73．
马胜利,刘力强,马瑾,巴晶,王凯英,扈小燕.2003． 基于实验结果讨论断层破裂与强震物理过程的若干问题.地学前缘,10(增刊):225-232Ma Shengli,Liu Liqiang,Ma Jin, Ba Jing, Wang Kaiying and Hu Xiaoyan. 2003． A discussion on related issues of physical process of faulting and strong earthquake based on experimental results. Earth Science Frontiers,l0( suppl. ) : 225-232．
苏 刚.1993． 临汾两次8级地震重复发生的动力学特征研究,见马宗晋主编:山西临汾地震研究与系统减灾.北京:地震出版社.461-473． Su Gang. 1993． Study on dynamical characteristics of recrudescence of twice strong M 8 earthquakes in Linfen. In: Ma Zongjin (Ed.). Study on Linfen Earthquake and Disaster Mitigation. Beijing:Seismological Press. 461-473．
王绍晋,阚荣举,宋文,黄毓珍.1993． 澜沧-耿马地震孕育过程中应力场时空变化与预报检验.地震研究,16(2) :111-118． Wang Shaojin, Kan Rongju, Song Wen and Huang Yuzhen. 1993． The temporal-spatial variation of stress field in the seismogenic process of Lancang-Gengma earthquake and its forecast inspection. Journal of Seismological Research,16 (2) : 111-118．
张国民.1988． 地震前兆地区性差异的力学成因分析.地震,7(2) :1-6．Zhang Guomin. 1988． On the mechanical cause of regional differences of earthquake precursors. Earthquake, 7(2) : 1-6．
张培震,邓起东,张国民,马瑾,甘卫军,闵伟,毛凤英,王琪.2003． 中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),33(增刊):12-20． Zhang Peizhen,Deng Qidong, Zhang Guomin, Ma Jin, Gan Weijun, Min Wei, Mao Fengying and Wang Qi. 2003． Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China. Science in China( Series D) ,33( suppl. ) : 12-20．
张培震,甘军,沈正康,王敏.2005． 中国大陆现今构造作用的地块运动和连续变形欧和模型.地质学报,79(6) :748-756． Zhang Peizhen, Gan Weijun,Shen Zhengkang and Wang Min. 2005． A coupling model of rigid-block movement and continuous deformation:Patterns of the present-day deformation of China's Continent and its vicinity. Acta Geologica Sinica,79(6) : 748-756．
张培震,闻学泽,徐锡伟,甘卫军,王敏,沈正康,王庆良,黄媛,郑勇,李小军,张竹琪,马胜利,冉勇康,刘启元,丁志峰,吴建平.2009． 2008年汶川8． 0特大地震孕育和发生的多单元组合模式.科学通报,54(7) :944-953． Zhang Peizhen, Wen Xueze, Xu Xiwei, Gan Weijun, Wang Min, Shen Zhengkang, Wang Qingling, Huang Yuan, Zheng Yong, Li Xiaojun,Zhang Zhuqi, Ma Shengli, Ran Yongkang, Liu Qiyuan, Ding Zhifeng and Wu Jianping. 2009． Tectonic mode, of the great Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008, Sichuan, China. Chinese Science Bulletin,54 (7) : 944-953．
张四昌,徐杰.1978． 1976年龙陵地震地质特征的探讨.地震研究,1(3) :44-54． Zhang Sichang and Xu Jie. 1978． Discuss the seismo-geological characteristics of the 1976 Longling earthquake. Journal of Seismological Research, 1(3) : 44-54．
张四昌.1991． 中国大陆共轭地震构造研究.中国地震,7(2) :69-76． Zhang Sichang. 1991． Studies of conjugate seismotectonics of the continental earthquakes in China. Earthquake Research in China,7(2) : 69-76．
张文佑.1984． 断块构造导论北京:石油工业出版社.1-361． Zhang Wenyou. 1984． An Introduction to Fault-Block Tectonics. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press. 1-361．
张文佑.1986． 中国及邻区海陆大地构造.北京:科学出版社.1-575． Zhang Wenyou. 1986． Geotectonics in China and Its Neighboring Area in Sea and Land. Beijing:Science Press. 1-575．
中国科学院地质研究所.1959． 中国大地构造纲要.北京:科学出版社.1-260Institute of Geology Academy Sinica. 1959． Geotectonics Outline of Chin. Beijing:Science Press. 1-260．
Ma Jin,Chen Kaiping,Li Qinzu and Che Zhaohong. 1993． Deformation of fault-block system and seismicity in Beijing area. In : Continental Earthquakes. Beijing:Seismological Press. 423-430．
Ma Jin, Liu Liqiang and Ma Shengli. 1998． Fault geometry and departure of precursors from the epicenter. Earthquake Research in China,12( 1 ) : 59-67．
Ma Jin,Ma Shengli,Liu Liqiang, Wang Kaiying and Hu Xiaoyan. 2002． Experimental study on pattern of fault interaction. Progress in Natural Science,12(10) : 759-765．
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