堰塞坝漫顶溃决过程与机理试验研究
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摘要
为了分析堰塞坝的溃决过程与机理,进行了堰塞坝漫顶溃决试验。结合堰塞坝的溃口扩展和溃决流量过程,将漫顶溃决过程分为最初的缓慢侵蚀阶段和之后的快速侵蚀阶段。在这个过程中,溃口在纵向上的扩展以陡坎侵蚀的方式推进,而横向上的扩展由土体坍滑失稳引起。坝体漫顶破坏属于冲刷破坏。通过分析陡坎后退过程、冲刷过程及其机理,认为冲刷过程包括土粒间剪切和孤粒搬运两个过程,土粒间剪切为搬运过程提供孤粒,而搬运过程为土粒间剪切提供作用空间。颗粒间剪切发生后,细颗粒随即被搬运,而粗颗粒多在溃口表层形成"拟混凝土"结构,阻碍陡坎下蚀。快速侵蚀阶段,随着流速、流量的增加,"拟混凝土"结构遭到破坏,溃口进一步发展。
In order to analyze the outburst process and its mechanism of a barrier dam,the authors carried out overtopping outburst experiment of the barrier dam.Combined with the development of the breach and outburst discharge,the overtopping outburst is divided into two processes: slow-erosion process ahead and quick-erosion process later.During these processes,the breach in the longitudinal way develops in the means of headcut erosion,while in the cross way through soil mass collapse.Overtopping outburst is a kind of erosion failure.By analyzing the process and mechanism of the headcut development and soil erosion,people can find that the erosion process includes the inter-particle shearing failure and particle transportation process.the inter-particle failure provides particles for transportation,and the particle transportation process produces an operation room for the inter-particle shearing failure.After the inter-particle shearing failure,the fine particles are carried away at once,and the coarse particles settle down on the surface of the breach and form "near-concrete" structure,preventing the headcut from incising vertically.During the quick-erosion process,with the increase of velocity and discharge,the "near-concrete" structure is destroyed,leading to the second development of breach.
In order to analyze the outburst process and its mechanism of a barrier dam,the authors carried out overtopping outburst experiment of the barrier dam.Combined with the development of the breach and outburst discharge,the overtopping outburst is divided into two processes: slow-erosion process ahead and quick-erosion process later.During these processes,the breach in the longitudinal way develops in the means of headcut erosion,while in the cross way through soil mass collapse.Overtopping outburst is a kind of erosion failure.By analyzing the process and mechanism of the headcut development and soil erosion,people can find that the erosion process includes the inter-particle shearing failure and particle transportation process.the inter-particle failure provides particles for transportation,and the particle transportation process produces an operation room for the inter-particle shearing failure.After the inter-particle shearing failure,the fine particles are carried away at once,and the coarse particles settle down on the surface of the breach and form "near-concrete" structure,preventing the headcut from incising vertically.During the quick-erosion process,with the increase of velocity and discharge,the "near-concrete" structure is destroyed,leading to the second development of breach.
引文
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[16]Temple D M,Moore J S.Headcut advance predic-tion for earth spillways[J].Transaction of ASAE,1997,40(3):557-562.
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[18]Hanson G J,K R Cook,Simon A.Determining ero-sion resistance of cohesive materials[C]//Proceed-ings of ASCE Water Resources Engineering Confer-ence.Seattle,Wash.CD?ROM,1999.
[19]唐存本.论泥沙起动规律[J].水力学报,1963(2):1-12.
[20]曹叔尤,刘兴年,黄尔,等.地震诱发山洪形成机理与评估指标初探[J].西南民族大学学报:自然科学版,2008,34(6):1077-1082.
[2]Costa J E,Schuster R L.The formation and failureof natural dams[J].Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,1988,100:1054-1068.
[3]Gasiev E.Study of the Usoy landslide in Pamir:in-ternational symposium on landslide[C]//4thToronto,Canada,1984:511-515.
[4]中国水利水电科学研究院水利史研究室.1933年岷江叠溪地震堰塞湖的形成及次生灾害[J].中国水利,2008(10):88-89.
[5]徐方军,韩丽宇.部分国家和地区地震诱发堰塞湖及其抢险概况[J].水利发展研究,2008(6):7-9.
[6]崔鹏,韩用顺,陈晓清.汶川地震堰塞湖分布规律与风险评估[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):35-42.
[7]Bovis M J,Jakob M.The July 29,1998,Debris flowand landslide dam at Capricorn Creek,Mount MeagerVolcanic Complex,southern Coast Mountains,British Columbia[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sci-ence,2000,37:1321-1334.
[8]hang Yanjun,Yang Zhifa,Li Lihui,et al.A super-large landslide in Tibet in 2000:Background,occur-rence,disaster,and origin[J].Geomorphology,2003,54:225-243.
[9]Chen Chien-Yuan,Chen Tien-Chien,Yu Fan-Chieh,et al.A landslide dam breach induced debris flow-acase study on downstream hazard areas delineation[J].Environmental Geology,2004,47(1):91-101.
[10]McKillop R J,Clague J J.Statistical,remote sens-ing-based approach for estimating the probability ofcatastrophic drainage from moraine-dammed lakes insouthwestern British Columbia[J].Global andPlanetary Change,2007,56:153-171.
[11]程尊兰,朱平一,宫怡文.典型冰湖溃决型泥石流形成机制分析[J].山地学报,2003,21(6):716-720.
[12]程尊兰,朱平一,党超,等.藏东南冰湖溃决泥石流灾害及其发展趋势[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(6):954-959.
[13]Fread D L.BREACH—An erosion model for earth-en dam failures[M].Silver Spring,Maryland,Na-tional Weather Service,1985:29.
[14]Robinson K M,Hanson G J.A deterministic head-cut advance model[J].Transaction of ASAE,1994,37(5):437-1443.
[15]Hanson G J,Robinson K M,Cook K R.Headcutmigration analysis of a compacted soil[J].Transac-tion of ASAE,1997,40(2):355-361.
[16]Temple D M,Moore J S.Headcut advance predic-tion for earth spillways[J].Transaction of ASAE,1997,40(3):557-562.
[17]Hanson G J,Robinson K M,Cook K R.Predictionof headcut migration using a deterministic approach[J].Transaction of ASAE,2001,44(3):525-531.
[18]Hanson G J,K R Cook,Simon A.Determining ero-sion resistance of cohesive materials[C]//Proceed-ings of ASCE Water Resources Engineering Confer-ence.Seattle,Wash.CD?ROM,1999.
[19]唐存本.论泥沙起动规律[J].水力学报,1963(2):1-12.
[20]曹叔尤,刘兴年,黄尔,等.地震诱发山洪形成机理与评估指标初探[J].西南民族大学学报:自然科学版,2008,34(6):1077-1082.
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