汶川地震后沿龙门山裂断带原地应力测量初步结果
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摘要
2008年5月12日在中国四川省西部汶川发生Ms8.0地震,震中位于青藏东缘龙门山断裂带。地震发生后的4个月,沿龙门山断裂带中南段开展了原地应力测量,获得了3个测点的应力大小和方向。在3个测孔中浅部采用压磁应力解除法,深部采用水压致裂法。浅部测量结果显示,位于震中区映秀测点,水平最大主应力值为4.3MPa,最大主应力方向为N19°E;宝兴测点位于震中区西南的龙门山断裂带南段,汶川地震没有导致该段地表破裂,该点获得的水平最大主应力值为9.8MPa,最大主应力方向为N51°W;位于龙门山断裂带最西南端的康定测点,水平最大主应力值为2.6MPa,最大主应力方向为N39°E。利用水压致裂法对各钻孔100～400m深度进行了应力测量,获得了应力随深度变化趋势和应力状态。与震前其它应力测量结果和中国其它地区表层地应力测量结果比较,龙门山断裂带西南段处于相对高应力水平,震中区仍处于中等应力水平。这项研究成果将为评价龙门山断裂带余震和今后强震发展趋势提供关键构造物理参数。
Four months after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake in western Sichuan (China),in situ stress measurements were carried out along the Longmengshan fault zone,with the purpose of obtaining stress parameters for earthquake hazard assessments. In situ stresses were measured in three new boreholes by using overcoring of the piezomagnetic stress gauges for shallow depth and hydraulic fracturing for deeper depth. The results show that the maximum horizontal stress at shallower depth (~20m) is about 4.3 MPa,oriented N19°E,in the epicenter area at Yingxiu Town,about 9.7 MPa,oriented N51°W,at Baoxing County in the southwestern Longmenshan range,and about 2.6MPa,oriented N39°E,near Kangding in the southernmost zone of the Longmenshan range. Hydraulic fracturing at borehole depths from 100 to 400 m shows a tendency towards increasing stress with depth. A comparison with the results measured before the Wenchuan earthquake along the Longmenshan zone and in the Tibetan Plateau demonstrates that the stress level remains relatively high in the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan,and is still moderate in the epicenter zone. These results provide a key appraisal for future assessment of earthquake hazards of the Longmenshan fault zone and the aftershock occurrences of the Wenchuan earthquake.
Four months after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake in western Sichuan (China),in situ stress measurements were carried out along the Longmengshan fault zone,with the purpose of obtaining stress parameters for earthquake hazard assessments. In situ stresses were measured in three new boreholes by using overcoring of the piezomagnetic stress gauges for shallow depth and hydraulic fracturing for deeper depth. The results show that the maximum horizontal stress at shallower depth (~20m) is about 4.3 MPa,oriented N19°E,in the epicenter area at Yingxiu Town,about 9.7 MPa,oriented N51°W,at Baoxing County in the southwestern Longmenshan range,and about 2.6MPa,oriented N39°E,near Kangding in the southernmost zone of the Longmenshan range. Hydraulic fracturing at borehole depths from 100 to 400 m shows a tendency towards increasing stress with depth. A comparison with the results measured before the Wenchuan earthquake along the Longmenshan zone and in the Tibetan Plateau demonstrates that the stress level remains relatively high in the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan,and is still moderate in the epicenter zone. These results provide a key appraisal for future assessment of earthquake hazards of the Longmenshan fault zone and the aftershock occurrences of the Wenchuan earthquake.
引文
[1]毛吉震,李方全,张志国,陈群策,曾纪全,杨旭.1999.硗碛电站水压致裂应力测量报告.
安其美,丁立丰,王海忠,赵仕广,2004.龙门山断裂带的性质与活动性研究.大地测量与地球动力学,24,2:115～119.
黄媛,吴建平,张天中,张东宁.2008.汶川8.0级大地震及其余震序列重定位研究.中国科学D辑,38(10):1242～1249.
李方全,孙世宗,李立球.1982.华北及郯庐断裂带地应力测量.岩石力学与工程学报,1(1):73～86.
廖椿庭,吴满路,张春山,伍刚.2002.青藏高原昆仑山和羊八井现今地应力测量及其工程意义.地球学报,23(4):353～358.
李方全.1998.四川西部水压致裂应力测量.地壳构造与地壳应力文集.北京:地震出版社,43～49.
李海兵,付小方,J Van der Woerd,司家亮,王宗秀,侯立玮,邱祝礼,李宁,吴富尧,许志琴,P Tapponnier.2008.汶川地震(Ms8.0)地表破裂及其同震右旋斜向逆冲作用.地质学报,82(12):1623～1643.
滕吉文,白登海,杨辉,闫雅芬,张洪双,张永谦,阮小敏.2008.2008汶川Ms8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应.地球物理学报,51(5):1385～1402.
孙世宗,李立球,李方全.1984.二滩电站的地应力测量.水文地质工程地质,(2):7～10.
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,马保起,陈杰,周荣军,何宏林,田勤俭,何玉林,王志才,孙昭民,冯系杰,于贵华,陈立春,陈桂华,于慎鄂,冉永康,李细光,李陈侠,安艳芬.2008.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,30(3):597～629.
易桂喜,闻学泽,王思维,龙锋,范军.2006.由地震活动参数分析龙门山-岷山断裂带的现今活动习性与强震危险性.中国地震,22(2):117～125.
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,冉永康.2008.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,51(4):1066～1073.
张培震.2008.青藏高原东缘川西地区的现今构造变形、应变分配与深部动力过程.中国科学D辑:地球科学,38(9):1041～1056.
张岳桥,杨农,施炜,董树文.2008.青藏高原东缘新构造及其对汶川地震的控制作用.地质学报,82(12):1668～1678.
赵国泽,陈小斌,肖骑彬,王立凤,汤吉,詹艳,王继军,张继红,HUtada,M Uyeshi ma.2009.汶川地震8.0级地震成因三“层次”分析———基于深部电性结构.地球物理学报,52(2):553～563.
An Qi mei,Ding Lifeng,Wang Haizhong,Zhao Shiguang.2004.Reseach of property and activity of Longmen mountain faultzone.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics.24,2:115～119(in Chinese with English abstract).
Aki K,1984.Asperities,barriers,characteristic earthquakes andstrong motion prediction.J Geophys Res,89(B7),5867～5872.
Byerlee J O.1978.Friction of rocks.Pageoph,116(4/5):615～626.
Dong Shuwen,Zhang Yueqiao,Wu Zhenhan,Yang Nong,MaYinsheng,Shi Wei,Chen Zhengle,Long Changxing,AnMeijian.2008.Surface ruptures and co-seismic displacementproduced by the Ms8Wenchuan earthquake on12thMay,2008,Sichuan,China:eastward growth of Qinghai-TibetPlateau.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),82(5):938～948.
Huang Yuan,Wu Jianping,Zhang Tianzhong,Zhang Dongling.2008.Relocation study on the Wenchuan8.0earthquake andandits aftershock sequence.Sciencein China(Series D),38(10):1242～1249.
Li Fangquan.1998.Crustal stress measurement with hydraulicfracturing in west Sichuan.Crustal structure and crust stress.Beijing:Seismological Press.43～49(in Chinese).
Li Fangquan,Sun Shizong,Li Liqiu.1982.In-situ stressmeasurements in North China and Tancheng-Lujiang FaultZone.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1(1):73～86(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Haibing,Fu Xiaofang,J Van Der Woedrd,Si Jianliang,WangZongxiu,Hou Li wei,Qiu Zhuli,Li Ning,Wu Fuyao,XuZhiqin,P Tapponnier.2008.Co-seismic surface rupture anddextral-slip oblique thrusting of the Ms8.0Wenchuanearthquake.Acta Geologica Sinica,82(12):1623～1643.
Liao Chunting,Wu Manlu,Zhang Chunshan,Wu Gang.2002.Recent ground stress measurement of the Kunlun Mountainsand Yangbajing area in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and itsengineering significance.Acta Geoscientica Sinica,23(4):353～358(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liao Chunting,Shi Zhaoxian.1983.In-situ stress measurementsand their applicationto engineering designinthe Jinchuan mine.Proceedings of5th International Congress on Rock Mechanics.
Liao Chunting,Zhang Chunshan,Wu Manlu,Ma Yingsheng,OuMingyi.2003.Stress change near the Kunlun fault before andafter the Ms8.1Kunlun earthquake.Geophysical ResearchLetters,30(20):20～27.
Mao Jizhen,Li Fangquan,Zhang Zhiguo,Chen Qunce,CengJiquan,Yang Xu.1999.Report on stress measurement byhydraulic fracturing in Yaoji reservoir dam.(internal report)(in Chinese).
Sun Shizong,Li Liqiu,Li Fangquan.1984.Crustal stressmeasurement of Ertan hydropower station.Hydrogeology andEngineering Geology,(2):7～10(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Shi Zhaoxian,Ding Xuehu,An Qi mei Liu Zhongjian,ZhaoShiguang,Li Liqiu,Li Wen.1991.Crustal stress measurementof Laxi wa hydropower station and the discussion of the relatedproblem.Proceedings of crustal tecnotics and crustal stress,(5):167～180.
Teng Ji wen,Bai Denghai,Yang Hui,Yan Yafeng,ZhangHongshuang,Zhang Yongqian,Ruan Xiaomin.2008.Deepprocesses and dynamic responses associated with the WenchuanMs8.0earthquake of2008.Chinese J.Geophys,51(5):1385～1402(in Chinese).
The commission on Testing Methods,International Society of RockMechanics.1987.Method2:proposed method for measuringrock stress by hydraulic fracturing,Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.&Geomech.Abster.24(1):53～73.
Wang Lianjie,Liao Chunting,Ding Yuanchen,Ou Mingyi.1986.The Type YG-73piezomagnetic stress gauge for rock stressmeasurement.Proceedings of the International Symposium onRock Stress and Rock Stress Measurements,Stockhol m,Sweden,227～235.
Wiemer S,Wyss M.1997.Mapping the frequency-magnitudedistribution in asperities:An i mproved technique to calculate recurrence ti mes?J Geophys Res,102(B7):15115～15128.
Wiemer S,Wyss M.2000.Mini mum magnitude of completeness inearthquake catalogs:examples from Alaska,the westernUnited States,and Japan.Bull Seismol Soc Am,90:859～869.
Wyss M,SchorlemmerD,Wiemer S.2000.Mapping asperities bymini ma of local recurrence ti me:San Jacinto-Elsinore faultzones.J Geophys Res,105(B4):7829～7844.
Wyss M and Matsumura S.2002.Most likely location of largeearthquakes in the Kanto and Tokai areas,Japan,based on thelocal recurrence ti mes.Physics of the Earth and PlanetaryInteriors,131:173～184.
Xu Guilin,Zhu Xiugang,Sun Shizong.1994.Relationship betweenthe stress field characteristics and strong earthquake activity inChina.Proceedings of Crustal Tectonics and Crustal Stress,7:70～76,
Xu Xi wei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing,Ma Baoqi,Chen Jie,ZhouRongjun,He Honglin,Tian Qinjian,He Yulin,Wang Zicai,Sun Zhaomin,Feng Xijie,Yu Guihua,Chen Lichun,ChenGuihua,Yu Shene,Rang Yongkang,Li Xiguang,Li Chenxia,An Yanfen.2008.The Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake sur-faceruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology andGeology,30(3):597～629.
Xu Zhiqin,Ji Shaocheng,Li Haibing,Hou Li wei,Fu Xiaofang,CaiZhihui.Uplift of the Longmen Shan range and the Wenchuanearthquake.Episodes,31(3):291～301.
Yi Guixi,Wen Xueze,Wang Si wei,Long Feng,Fan Jun.2006.Study on Fault Sliding Behaviors and Strong earthquake risk ofthe Longmenshan-Minshan fault zones from current seismicityparameters.Earthquake Research in China,22(2):117～125(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Peizhen,Xu Xi wei,Wen Xueze,Ran Yongkang.2008.Sliprates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shan active faultzone,and tectonic i mplications for the mechanismof the May12Wenchuan earthquake.2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese J.Geophys,51(4):1066～1073.
Zhang Yueqiao,Yang Nong,Shi Wei,Dong Shuwen.2008.Neotectonics of Eastern Tibet and its control on the Wenchuanearthquake.Acta Geologica Sinica,82(12):1668～1678.
Zhao Guoze,Chen Xiaobin,Xiao Qibin,Wang Lifeng,Tang Ji,Zhan Yan,Wang Jijun,Zhang Jihong,H Utada,MUyeshi ma.2009.Generation mechanismof Wenchuan strong earthquake ofMs8.0inferred from EM measurements in three levels.J.ofGeophysics,52(2):553～563.
Zoback M D.and Healy J H.1984.Faulting and in-situ stress.Annales Geophysics,2(6):689～698.
Zoback M D.and Healy J H.1992.In-situ stress measurements to3.5kmdepthin the Cajon.Pass Scientific Research Borehole:i mplications for the mechanics of crustal faulting.J G R,97(B4):5039～5057.
安其美,丁立丰,王海忠,赵仕广,2004.龙门山断裂带的性质与活动性研究.大地测量与地球动力学,24,2:115～119.
黄媛,吴建平,张天中,张东宁.2008.汶川8.0级大地震及其余震序列重定位研究.中国科学D辑,38(10):1242～1249.
李方全,孙世宗,李立球.1982.华北及郯庐断裂带地应力测量.岩石力学与工程学报,1(1):73～86.
廖椿庭,吴满路,张春山,伍刚.2002.青藏高原昆仑山和羊八井现今地应力测量及其工程意义.地球学报,23(4):353～358.
李方全.1998.四川西部水压致裂应力测量.地壳构造与地壳应力文集.北京:地震出版社,43～49.
李海兵,付小方,J Van der Woerd,司家亮,王宗秀,侯立玮,邱祝礼,李宁,吴富尧,许志琴,P Tapponnier.2008.汶川地震(Ms8.0)地表破裂及其同震右旋斜向逆冲作用.地质学报,82(12):1623～1643.
滕吉文,白登海,杨辉,闫雅芬,张洪双,张永谦,阮小敏.2008.2008汶川Ms8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应.地球物理学报,51(5):1385～1402.
孙世宗,李立球,李方全.1984.二滩电站的地应力测量.水文地质工程地质,(2):7～10.
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,马保起,陈杰,周荣军,何宏林,田勤俭,何玉林,王志才,孙昭民,冯系杰,于贵华,陈立春,陈桂华,于慎鄂,冉永康,李细光,李陈侠,安艳芬.2008.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,30(3):597～629.
易桂喜,闻学泽,王思维,龙锋,范军.2006.由地震活动参数分析龙门山-岷山断裂带的现今活动习性与强震危险性.中国地震,22(2):117～125.
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,冉永康.2008.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,51(4):1066～1073.
张培震.2008.青藏高原东缘川西地区的现今构造变形、应变分配与深部动力过程.中国科学D辑:地球科学,38(9):1041～1056.
张岳桥,杨农,施炜,董树文.2008.青藏高原东缘新构造及其对汶川地震的控制作用.地质学报,82(12):1668～1678.
赵国泽,陈小斌,肖骑彬,王立凤,汤吉,詹艳,王继军,张继红,HUtada,M Uyeshi ma.2009.汶川地震8.0级地震成因三“层次”分析———基于深部电性结构.地球物理学报,52(2):553～563.
An Qi mei,Ding Lifeng,Wang Haizhong,Zhao Shiguang.2004.Reseach of property and activity of Longmen mountain faultzone.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics.24,2:115～119(in Chinese with English abstract).
Aki K,1984.Asperities,barriers,characteristic earthquakes andstrong motion prediction.J Geophys Res,89(B7),5867～5872.
Byerlee J O.1978.Friction of rocks.Pageoph,116(4/5):615～626.
Dong Shuwen,Zhang Yueqiao,Wu Zhenhan,Yang Nong,MaYinsheng,Shi Wei,Chen Zhengle,Long Changxing,AnMeijian.2008.Surface ruptures and co-seismic displacementproduced by the Ms8Wenchuan earthquake on12thMay,2008,Sichuan,China:eastward growth of Qinghai-TibetPlateau.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),82(5):938～948.
Huang Yuan,Wu Jianping,Zhang Tianzhong,Zhang Dongling.2008.Relocation study on the Wenchuan8.0earthquake andandits aftershock sequence.Sciencein China(Series D),38(10):1242～1249.
Li Fangquan.1998.Crustal stress measurement with hydraulicfracturing in west Sichuan.Crustal structure and crust stress.Beijing:Seismological Press.43～49(in Chinese).
Li Fangquan,Sun Shizong,Li Liqiu.1982.In-situ stressmeasurements in North China and Tancheng-Lujiang FaultZone.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1(1):73～86(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Haibing,Fu Xiaofang,J Van Der Woedrd,Si Jianliang,WangZongxiu,Hou Li wei,Qiu Zhuli,Li Ning,Wu Fuyao,XuZhiqin,P Tapponnier.2008.Co-seismic surface rupture anddextral-slip oblique thrusting of the Ms8.0Wenchuanearthquake.Acta Geologica Sinica,82(12):1623～1643.
Liao Chunting,Wu Manlu,Zhang Chunshan,Wu Gang.2002.Recent ground stress measurement of the Kunlun Mountainsand Yangbajing area in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and itsengineering significance.Acta Geoscientica Sinica,23(4):353～358(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liao Chunting,Shi Zhaoxian.1983.In-situ stress measurementsand their applicationto engineering designinthe Jinchuan mine.Proceedings of5th International Congress on Rock Mechanics.
Liao Chunting,Zhang Chunshan,Wu Manlu,Ma Yingsheng,OuMingyi.2003.Stress change near the Kunlun fault before andafter the Ms8.1Kunlun earthquake.Geophysical ResearchLetters,30(20):20～27.
Mao Jizhen,Li Fangquan,Zhang Zhiguo,Chen Qunce,CengJiquan,Yang Xu.1999.Report on stress measurement byhydraulic fracturing in Yaoji reservoir dam.(internal report)(in Chinese).
Sun Shizong,Li Liqiu,Li Fangquan.1984.Crustal stressmeasurement of Ertan hydropower station.Hydrogeology andEngineering Geology,(2):7～10(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Shi Zhaoxian,Ding Xuehu,An Qi mei Liu Zhongjian,ZhaoShiguang,Li Liqiu,Li Wen.1991.Crustal stress measurementof Laxi wa hydropower station and the discussion of the relatedproblem.Proceedings of crustal tecnotics and crustal stress,(5):167～180.
Teng Ji wen,Bai Denghai,Yang Hui,Yan Yafeng,ZhangHongshuang,Zhang Yongqian,Ruan Xiaomin.2008.Deepprocesses and dynamic responses associated with the WenchuanMs8.0earthquake of2008.Chinese J.Geophys,51(5):1385～1402(in Chinese).
The commission on Testing Methods,International Society of RockMechanics.1987.Method2:proposed method for measuringrock stress by hydraulic fracturing,Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.&Geomech.Abster.24(1):53～73.
Wang Lianjie,Liao Chunting,Ding Yuanchen,Ou Mingyi.1986.The Type YG-73piezomagnetic stress gauge for rock stressmeasurement.Proceedings of the International Symposium onRock Stress and Rock Stress Measurements,Stockhol m,Sweden,227～235.
Wiemer S,Wyss M.1997.Mapping the frequency-magnitudedistribution in asperities:An i mproved technique to calculate recurrence ti mes?J Geophys Res,102(B7):15115～15128.
Wiemer S,Wyss M.2000.Mini mum magnitude of completeness inearthquake catalogs:examples from Alaska,the westernUnited States,and Japan.Bull Seismol Soc Am,90:859～869.
Wyss M,SchorlemmerD,Wiemer S.2000.Mapping asperities bymini ma of local recurrence ti me:San Jacinto-Elsinore faultzones.J Geophys Res,105(B4):7829～7844.
Wyss M and Matsumura S.2002.Most likely location of largeearthquakes in the Kanto and Tokai areas,Japan,based on thelocal recurrence ti mes.Physics of the Earth and PlanetaryInteriors,131:173～184.
Xu Guilin,Zhu Xiugang,Sun Shizong.1994.Relationship betweenthe stress field characteristics and strong earthquake activity inChina.Proceedings of Crustal Tectonics and Crustal Stress,7:70～76,
Xu Xi wei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing,Ma Baoqi,Chen Jie,ZhouRongjun,He Honglin,Tian Qinjian,He Yulin,Wang Zicai,Sun Zhaomin,Feng Xijie,Yu Guihua,Chen Lichun,ChenGuihua,Yu Shene,Rang Yongkang,Li Xiguang,Li Chenxia,An Yanfen.2008.The Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake sur-faceruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology andGeology,30(3):597～629.
Xu Zhiqin,Ji Shaocheng,Li Haibing,Hou Li wei,Fu Xiaofang,CaiZhihui.Uplift of the Longmen Shan range and the Wenchuanearthquake.Episodes,31(3):291～301.
Yi Guixi,Wen Xueze,Wang Si wei,Long Feng,Fan Jun.2006.Study on Fault Sliding Behaviors and Strong earthquake risk ofthe Longmenshan-Minshan fault zones from current seismicityparameters.Earthquake Research in China,22(2):117～125(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Peizhen,Xu Xi wei,Wen Xueze,Ran Yongkang.2008.Sliprates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shan active faultzone,and tectonic i mplications for the mechanismof the May12Wenchuan earthquake.2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese J.Geophys,51(4):1066～1073.
Zhang Yueqiao,Yang Nong,Shi Wei,Dong Shuwen.2008.Neotectonics of Eastern Tibet and its control on the Wenchuanearthquake.Acta Geologica Sinica,82(12):1668～1678.
Zhao Guoze,Chen Xiaobin,Xiao Qibin,Wang Lifeng,Tang Ji,Zhan Yan,Wang Jijun,Zhang Jihong,H Utada,MUyeshi ma.2009.Generation mechanismof Wenchuan strong earthquake ofMs8.0inferred from EM measurements in three levels.J.ofGeophysics,52(2):553～563.
Zoback M D.and Healy J H.1984.Faulting and in-situ stress.Annales Geophysics,2(6):689～698.
Zoback M D.and Healy J H.1992.In-situ stress measurements to3.5kmdepthin the Cajon.Pass Scientific Research Borehole:i mplications for the mechanics of crustal faulting.J G R,97(B4):5039～5057.
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