核电站事故对水资源安全的影响研究
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摘要
随着国家能源结构的调整,发展新能源、节能减排战略的实施,核能已逐渐成为我国新能源的主力军。但历史上几次重大的核电事故,尤其是2011年日本福岛核电站事故,对水资源安全产生了严重的威胁和危害,也给我国核电水资源管理提出了新的警示。在回顾国外重大核电站事故的基础上,分析了事故对水资源安全的影响,从水质、水量和水功能区三个角度探讨了核电站事故的影响对象、影响范围、影响时间、主要释放核素、影响方式等,最后在核事故应急、核事故处置、核电站选址和设计等方面提出了建议,以供水资源管理部门及核电管理、建设部门参考。
Along with implementation of strategy for new energy development and energy conservation and emission reduction and adjustment of national energy structure,nuclear energy has gradually become one of the major new energy resources in China.However,the happening of significant accidents of nuclear power plant in the history,Japan's Fukushima nuclear crisis in 2011 for instance,resulted in serious damages to the safety of water resource,and gives us a warning shot in the management of water resource in China.After review of major nuclear power plant accidents in other countries,the impact of these accidents on water resources security is investigated,and affected target,scope,duration of accidents as well as released radionuclides and effect pattern are discussed from three aspects of water quality,water quantity and water function zone.Finally,suggestions are put forward regarding to emergency handling and treatment of accident,site selection and design of nuclear power plant,which are expected to provide a reference value for managers and constructors of nuclear power plant.
Along with implementation of strategy for new energy development and energy conservation and emission reduction and adjustment of national energy structure,nuclear energy has gradually become one of the major new energy resources in China.However,the happening of significant accidents of nuclear power plant in the history,Japan's Fukushima nuclear crisis in 2011 for instance,resulted in serious damages to the safety of water resource,and gives us a warning shot in the management of water resource in China.After review of major nuclear power plant accidents in other countries,the impact of these accidents on water resources security is investigated,and affected target,scope,duration of accidents as well as released radionuclides and effect pattern are discussed from three aspects of water quality,water quantity and water function zone.Finally,suggestions are put forward regarding to emergency handling and treatment of accident,site selection and design of nuclear power plant,which are expected to provide a reference value for managers and constructors of nuclear power plant.
引文
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[14]张淑玲,陈庆伟.日本福岛核泄漏事故对我国核电水资源管理的警示[J].水利发展研究,2011(8).
[2]周全之.中国核电发展概况及展望[J].大众用电,2009(5).
[3]凤凰网.日本东北部9.0级大地震专题报道[EB/OL].2011,http://news.ifeng.com/world/special/ribendizhen/.
[4]新华网.多方认为疏于防范是福岛核事故重要原因[EB/OL].(2011-03-18),http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2011-03/18/c_121205617.htm.
[5]新华网.2011年全国能源工作会议在京召开[EB/OL].(2011-01-18).
[6]万育生,张淑玲,陈庆伟.核电发展的水资源论证管理应对策略[J].水利发展研究,2011(10).
[7]郑通汉,陈庆伟.内陆核电项目水资源论证关键问题与对策研究[J].中国水利,2011(21).
[8]国际原子能机构.核或辐射应急的安排与响应[M].北京:原子能出版社,2002.
[9]国际原子能机构.制定核或辐射应急响应方案的方法[M].北京:原子能出版社,1997.
[10]Mitchell Rogovin,George T.Frampton,Three mile island:A report tothe commissioners and to the public[R].vol 2(1),1980.
[11]Luigi Monte.Regional-scale appli-cation of the decision support systemMOIRA-PLUS:an example of assess-ment of the radiological impact of theChernobyl accident on the fresh water e-cosystem in Italy[J].Journal of Environ-mental Radioactivity,102(2011)73-83.
[12]N.Buraglioa,A.Aldahanb,G.Possnerta.129I in lakes of the Cher-nobyl fallout region and its environmen-tal implications[J].Applied Radiationand Isotopes,55(2001)715-720.
[13]IAEA.Environmental Conse-quences of the Chernobyl Accident andtheir Remediation:Twenty Years of Ex-perience,Report of the Chernobyl Fo-rum Expert Group‘Environment’[R].2006.
[14]张淑玲,陈庆伟.日本福岛核泄漏事故对我国核电水资源管理的警示[J].水利发展研究,2011(8).
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