机载脉冲激光雷达剖面测量技术的进展及应用
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摘要
机载脉冲激光雷达(LiDAR)剖面测量技术是一种先进的主动遥感测量技术,可以快速、大面积地直接获取地表地物、森林和水下地貌等的三维信息,具有机动性强、高效和实时等优点。该技术可用于海岸线海水深度测量,海岸生态状况监测,森林资源调查及地震等突发事件响应,具有巨大的应用潜力和广阔的发展前景。首先全面介绍了国外机载脉冲激光雷达剖面测量技术的发展历史,评述了各个发展阶段,并介绍了国内该技术的发展状况。然后分析了机载脉冲激光雷达剖面测量技术的主要应用领域。最后对机载脉冲激光雷达剖面测量技术的未来发展趋势作了展望。
Airborne Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR) profile measurement technology is an advanced active remote sensing technology,including airborne LiDAR altimetry,and airborne LiDAR bathymetry.It can provide high resolution three dimensional topography,hydrography and forestry in large area,and has the advantages of accuracy,flexibility,efficiency,speediness.Airborne LiDAR profilometer can be used in fields as bathymetric surveys of large offshore areas and shorelines,coast ecological monitoring,the forest resource investigation and evaluation,and rapid response in natural hazard relief works and so on,has great application potential and broad development prospects.Firstly,a comprehensive summarization for the developments in recent years of airborne LiDAR profilometer abroad is presented,including LiDAR altimeter and LiDAR bathymeter,and comment on each phases is shown,and then the development status of this technology at home followed.Secondly,the main applications of airborne LiDAR altimetry and LiDAR bathymetry are discussed.Finally,the developing prospect in future of this technique is analyzed,wish to contribute to the improvement of airborne LiDAR profile measurement technology.
Airborne Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR) profile measurement technology is an advanced active remote sensing technology,including airborne LiDAR altimetry,and airborne LiDAR bathymetry.It can provide high resolution three dimensional topography,hydrography and forestry in large area,and has the advantages of accuracy,flexibility,efficiency,speediness.Airborne LiDAR profilometer can be used in fields as bathymetric surveys of large offshore areas and shorelines,coast ecological monitoring,the forest resource investigation and evaluation,and rapid response in natural hazard relief works and so on,has great application potential and broad development prospects.Firstly,a comprehensive summarization for the developments in recent years of airborne LiDAR profilometer abroad is presented,including LiDAR altimeter and LiDAR bathymeter,and comment on each phases is shown,and then the development status of this technology at home followed.Secondly,the main applications of airborne LiDAR altimetry and LiDAR bathymetry are discussed.Finally,the developing prospect in future of this technique is analyzed,wish to contribute to the improvement of airborne LiDAR profile measurement technology.
引文
[1]Rempel R C,Parker A K.An Information Note on an Air-borne Laser Terrain Profiler for Microrelief Studies[C]//Processing 3rd Symposium Remote Sensing Environment,1964:321-337.
[2]Kim H H.Airborne Bathymetric Charting Using Pulsed Blue-Green Lasers[J].Applied Optics,1977,16(1):46-56.
[3]Clegg J E,Penny M F.Depth Sounding from the Air by LaserBeam[J].Journal of Navigation,1978,31(1):52-61.
[4]Phillips D M,Abbot R H,Penny M F.Remote Sensing of SeaWater Turbidity with an Airborne Laser System[J].Journalof Physics D:Applied Physics,1984,17:1749-1758.
[5]Penny M F,Abbot R H,Phillips D M,et al.Airborne LaserHydrography in Australia[J].Applied Optics,1986,25(13):2046-2058.
[6]Banic J,Sizgoric S,O’Neil R.Scanning LiDAR Bathymeterfor Water Depth Measurement[J].Geocarto International,1987,2(2):49-56.
[7]Steinvall O,Klevebrant H,Widen A.Laser Depth Sounding inthe Baltic Sea[J].Applied Optics,1981,20(19):3284-3285.
[8]Svensson S,Ekstrom C,Ericson B,et al.Attenuation andScattering Meters for Estimating Laser System Performance[C]//Proceedings of SPIE,1988,925:203-212.
[9]Steinvall K O,Koppari K R,Karlsson U C M.ExperimentalEvaluation of an Airborne Depth-Sounding LiDAR[J].Opti-cal Engineering,1993,32(6):1307-1321.
[10]Arp H,Griesbach J,Burns J.Mapping in Tropical Forests:aNew Approach Using the Laser APR[J].Photo GrammetricEngineering and Remote Sensing,1982,48:91-100.
[11]Maclean G A,Krabill W B.Gross-Merchantable Timber Vol-ume Estimation Using an Airborne LiDAR System[J].Cana-dian Journal of Remote Sensing,1986,12(1):7-18.
[12]R^omkens M J M,Singarayar S,Gantzer C J.An AutomatedNon-Contact Surface Profile Meter[J].Soil and Tillage Re-search,1986,6:198-202.
[13]Nelson R,Krabill W B,Maclean G A.Determining ForestCanopy Characteristics Using Airborne Laser Data[J].Re-mote Sensing of Environment,1984,15:201-212.
[14]Setter C,Willis R J.LADS Form Development to Hydrogra-phic Operations[C]//Proceedings United State HydrographicConference,1994:134-143.
[15]Penny M F,Billard B,Abbot R H.LADS-the Australian La-ser Airborne Depth Sounder[J].International Journal of Re-mote Sensing,1989,10(9):1463-1497.
[16]Koppari K,Karlsson U,Steinvall O.Airborne Sounding inSweden[C]//Proceedings United State Hydrographic Confer-ence,1994:124-133.
[17]Steinvall O,Koppari K,Karlsson U.Airborne Laser DepthSounding:System Aspects and Performance[C]//Proceed-ings of SPIE,1994,2258:392-412.
[18]Lillyeop W J,Parson L E,Estep L L.Field Testing of the USArmy Cope of Engineers Airborne LiDAR Hydrography Sur-vey System[C]//Proceedings United State HydrographicConference,1994:144-151.
[19]Ritchie J C,Evans D L,Jacobs D,et al.Measuring CanopyStructure with an Airborne Laser Altimeter[J].Transactionsof the ASAE,1993,36(4):1235-1238.
[20]Nilsson M.Estimation of Tree Heights and Stand Volume U-sing an Airborne LiDAR System[J].Remote Sensing of Envi-ronment,1996,56(1):1-7.
[21]Nesset E.Determination of Mean Tree Height of ForestStands Using Airborne Laser Scanner Data[J].ISPRS Journalof Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1997,52(2):49-56.
[22]Kuffner I B,Brock J C,Grober D R.Relationship betweenFish Communities and Remotely Sensed Measurements in Bis-cayne National Park,Florida,USA[J].Environmental Biologyof Fishes,2007,78(1):71-82.
[23]Wedding L,Friedlander A,McGranaghan M,et al.Using Ba-thymetric LiDAR to Define Nearshore Benthic Babitat Com-plexity:Implications for Management of Reef Fish Assembla-ges in Hawaii[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,112(11):4159-4165.
[24]Pittman S J,Costa B,Battista T A.Using LiDAR Bathymetryand Boosted Regression Trees to Predict the Diversity and A-bundance of Fish and Corals[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2009,53:27-38.
[25]Antoine C,Bernard L,Phillippe A.Salt-Marsh Characteriza-tion,Zonation Assessment and Mapping through a Dual-Wavelength LiDAR[J].Remote Sensing of Environment.2010,114(3):520-530.
[26]Brock J C,Wright C W,Clayton T D.LiDAR Optical Rugosi-ty of Coral Reefs in Biscayne National Park,Florida[J].CoralReefs,2004,23(1):48-59.
[27]Brock J C,Wright C W,Kuffner I B.Airborne LiDAR Sensingof Massive Stony Coral Colonies on Patch Reefs in the North-ern Florida Reef Tract[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2006,104(1):31-42.
[28]Storlazzi C D,Logan J B.Quantitative Morphology of a Fring-ing Reef Tract from High-Resolution Laser Bathymetry:Southern Molokai,Hawaii[J].Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,2003,115(11):1344-1355.
[29]Costa B M,Battista T A,Pittman S J.Comparative Evaluationof Airborne LiDAR and Ship-based Multibeam Sonar Ba-thymetry and Intensity for Mapping Coral Reef Ecosystems[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2009,113(5):1082-1100.
[30]Blair J B,Rabine D L,Hofton M A.The Laser Vegetation Im-aging Sensor:a Medium-Altitude,Digitisation-Only,AirborneLaser Altimeter for Mapping Vegetation and Topography[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1999,54(2):115-122.
[31]Lefsky M A,Cohen W B,Parker G G,et al.LiDAR RemoteSensing for Ecosystem Studies[J].Bioscience,2002,52(1):19-30.
[32]Brandtberg T,Warner T A,Landenberger R E,et al.Detec-tion and Analysis of Individual Leaf-off Tree Crowns in SmallFootprint,High Sampling Density LiDAR Data from theEastern Deciduous Forest in North America[J].Remote Sens-ing of Environment,2003,85(3):290-303.
[33]Brandtberg T.Classifying Individual Tree Species Under Leaf-off and Leaf-on Conditions Using Airborne LiDAR[J].ISPRSJournal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2007,61(5):325-340.
[34]Maltamo M,Eerikainen K,Pitkanen J,et al.Estimation ofTimber Volume and Stem Density based on Scanning LaserAltimetry and Expected Tree Size Distribution Functions[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2004,90(3):319-330.
[35]Maltamo M,Packalén P,Yu X,et al.Identifying and Quantif-ying Structural Characteristics of Heterogeneous Boreal For-ests Using Laser Scanner Data[J].Forest Ecology and Man-agement,2005,216(1):41-50.
[36]Wagner W,Ullrich A,Ducic V.Gaussian Decomposition andCalibration of a Novel Small-Footprint Full-Waveform Digiti-zing Airborne Laser Scanner[J].ISPRS Journal of Photo-grammetry and Remote Sensing,2006,60(2):100-112.
[37]Popescu S C,Wynne R H,Scrivani J A.Fusion of Small Foot-print LiDAR and Multispectral Data to Estimate Plot LevelVolume and Biomass in Deciduous and Pine Forests in Virgin-ia,USA[J].Forest Science,2004,50(4):551-565.
[38]Moffiet T,Mengersen K,Witte C,et al.Airborne Laser Scan-ning:Exploratory Data Analysis Indicates Potential Variablesfor Classification of Individual Trees or Forest Stands Accord-ing to Species[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Re-mote Sensing,2005,59(5):289-309.
[39]Lei W Q,Zhu X,Yang K C,et al.Airborne Laser Bathymetry Ex-periment[C]//Processing of SPIE,1999,3862(9):568-572.
[40]Jian H Y,Chen W B,Wang Y,et al.Data Processing of LaserAirborne Depth Mapping[C]//Processing of SPIE,2003,4893(3):406-413.
[41]Liu Zheng.Creating a DEM based on Terrain Mapping withLaser Radar[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Applica-tion,2002,17(10):264-268[刘征.基于激光雷达地形测绘建立DEM模型[J],遥感技术与应用,2002,17(10):264-268]
[42]Pang Yong,Li Zengyuan,Chen Erxue,et al.LiDAR RemoteSensing Technology and Its Application in Forestry[J].Scien-tia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(3):129-136.[庞勇,李增元,陈尔学,等.激光雷达技术及其在林业上的应用[J].林业科学,2005,41(3):129-136.]
[43]Zhou Shufang,Li Zengyuan,Fan Wenyi,et al.DEM Extrac-tion and Its Application based on Airborne LiDAR Data[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2007,22(3):356-360.[周淑芳,李增元,范文义,等.基于机载激光雷达数据的DEM获取及应用[J].遥感技术与应用,2007,22(3):356-360.]
[44]Zhao Feng.Forest Parameter Extraction Using LiDAR Dataand Digital Camera Image[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy ofForestry,2007.[赵峰.机载激光雷达数据和数码相机影像林木参数提取研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2007.]
[45]Ma Hongchao,Yao Chunjing,Zhang Shengde.Some TechnicalIssues of Airborne LiDAR System Applied to WenchuanEarthquake Reliefworks[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2008,12(6):925-932.[马洪超,姚春静,张生德.机载激光雷达在汶川地震应急响应中的若干关键问题探讨[J].遥感学报,2008,12(6):925-932.]
[46]Zhang Qiyong.Extracting Trees from LiDAR Data in UrbanRegion[D].Xi'an:Southwest JiaoTong University,2009.[张齐勇.城区LIOAR点云的树木提取[D].西安:西南交通大学,2009.]
[2]Kim H H.Airborne Bathymetric Charting Using Pulsed Blue-Green Lasers[J].Applied Optics,1977,16(1):46-56.
[3]Clegg J E,Penny M F.Depth Sounding from the Air by LaserBeam[J].Journal of Navigation,1978,31(1):52-61.
[4]Phillips D M,Abbot R H,Penny M F.Remote Sensing of SeaWater Turbidity with an Airborne Laser System[J].Journalof Physics D:Applied Physics,1984,17:1749-1758.
[5]Penny M F,Abbot R H,Phillips D M,et al.Airborne LaserHydrography in Australia[J].Applied Optics,1986,25(13):2046-2058.
[6]Banic J,Sizgoric S,O’Neil R.Scanning LiDAR Bathymeterfor Water Depth Measurement[J].Geocarto International,1987,2(2):49-56.
[7]Steinvall O,Klevebrant H,Widen A.Laser Depth Sounding inthe Baltic Sea[J].Applied Optics,1981,20(19):3284-3285.
[8]Svensson S,Ekstrom C,Ericson B,et al.Attenuation andScattering Meters for Estimating Laser System Performance[C]//Proceedings of SPIE,1988,925:203-212.
[9]Steinvall K O,Koppari K R,Karlsson U C M.ExperimentalEvaluation of an Airborne Depth-Sounding LiDAR[J].Opti-cal Engineering,1993,32(6):1307-1321.
[10]Arp H,Griesbach J,Burns J.Mapping in Tropical Forests:aNew Approach Using the Laser APR[J].Photo GrammetricEngineering and Remote Sensing,1982,48:91-100.
[11]Maclean G A,Krabill W B.Gross-Merchantable Timber Vol-ume Estimation Using an Airborne LiDAR System[J].Cana-dian Journal of Remote Sensing,1986,12(1):7-18.
[12]R^omkens M J M,Singarayar S,Gantzer C J.An AutomatedNon-Contact Surface Profile Meter[J].Soil and Tillage Re-search,1986,6:198-202.
[13]Nelson R,Krabill W B,Maclean G A.Determining ForestCanopy Characteristics Using Airborne Laser Data[J].Re-mote Sensing of Environment,1984,15:201-212.
[14]Setter C,Willis R J.LADS Form Development to Hydrogra-phic Operations[C]//Proceedings United State HydrographicConference,1994:134-143.
[15]Penny M F,Billard B,Abbot R H.LADS-the Australian La-ser Airborne Depth Sounder[J].International Journal of Re-mote Sensing,1989,10(9):1463-1497.
[16]Koppari K,Karlsson U,Steinvall O.Airborne Sounding inSweden[C]//Proceedings United State Hydrographic Confer-ence,1994:124-133.
[17]Steinvall O,Koppari K,Karlsson U.Airborne Laser DepthSounding:System Aspects and Performance[C]//Proceed-ings of SPIE,1994,2258:392-412.
[18]Lillyeop W J,Parson L E,Estep L L.Field Testing of the USArmy Cope of Engineers Airborne LiDAR Hydrography Sur-vey System[C]//Proceedings United State HydrographicConference,1994:144-151.
[19]Ritchie J C,Evans D L,Jacobs D,et al.Measuring CanopyStructure with an Airborne Laser Altimeter[J].Transactionsof the ASAE,1993,36(4):1235-1238.
[20]Nilsson M.Estimation of Tree Heights and Stand Volume U-sing an Airborne LiDAR System[J].Remote Sensing of Envi-ronment,1996,56(1):1-7.
[21]Nesset E.Determination of Mean Tree Height of ForestStands Using Airborne Laser Scanner Data[J].ISPRS Journalof Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1997,52(2):49-56.
[22]Kuffner I B,Brock J C,Grober D R.Relationship betweenFish Communities and Remotely Sensed Measurements in Bis-cayne National Park,Florida,USA[J].Environmental Biologyof Fishes,2007,78(1):71-82.
[23]Wedding L,Friedlander A,McGranaghan M,et al.Using Ba-thymetric LiDAR to Define Nearshore Benthic Babitat Com-plexity:Implications for Management of Reef Fish Assembla-ges in Hawaii[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,112(11):4159-4165.
[24]Pittman S J,Costa B,Battista T A.Using LiDAR Bathymetryand Boosted Regression Trees to Predict the Diversity and A-bundance of Fish and Corals[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2009,53:27-38.
[25]Antoine C,Bernard L,Phillippe A.Salt-Marsh Characteriza-tion,Zonation Assessment and Mapping through a Dual-Wavelength LiDAR[J].Remote Sensing of Environment.2010,114(3):520-530.
[26]Brock J C,Wright C W,Clayton T D.LiDAR Optical Rugosi-ty of Coral Reefs in Biscayne National Park,Florida[J].CoralReefs,2004,23(1):48-59.
[27]Brock J C,Wright C W,Kuffner I B.Airborne LiDAR Sensingof Massive Stony Coral Colonies on Patch Reefs in the North-ern Florida Reef Tract[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2006,104(1):31-42.
[28]Storlazzi C D,Logan J B.Quantitative Morphology of a Fring-ing Reef Tract from High-Resolution Laser Bathymetry:Southern Molokai,Hawaii[J].Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,2003,115(11):1344-1355.
[29]Costa B M,Battista T A,Pittman S J.Comparative Evaluationof Airborne LiDAR and Ship-based Multibeam Sonar Ba-thymetry and Intensity for Mapping Coral Reef Ecosystems[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2009,113(5):1082-1100.
[30]Blair J B,Rabine D L,Hofton M A.The Laser Vegetation Im-aging Sensor:a Medium-Altitude,Digitisation-Only,AirborneLaser Altimeter for Mapping Vegetation and Topography[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1999,54(2):115-122.
[31]Lefsky M A,Cohen W B,Parker G G,et al.LiDAR RemoteSensing for Ecosystem Studies[J].Bioscience,2002,52(1):19-30.
[32]Brandtberg T,Warner T A,Landenberger R E,et al.Detec-tion and Analysis of Individual Leaf-off Tree Crowns in SmallFootprint,High Sampling Density LiDAR Data from theEastern Deciduous Forest in North America[J].Remote Sens-ing of Environment,2003,85(3):290-303.
[33]Brandtberg T.Classifying Individual Tree Species Under Leaf-off and Leaf-on Conditions Using Airborne LiDAR[J].ISPRSJournal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2007,61(5):325-340.
[34]Maltamo M,Eerikainen K,Pitkanen J,et al.Estimation ofTimber Volume and Stem Density based on Scanning LaserAltimetry and Expected Tree Size Distribution Functions[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2004,90(3):319-330.
[35]Maltamo M,Packalén P,Yu X,et al.Identifying and Quantif-ying Structural Characteristics of Heterogeneous Boreal For-ests Using Laser Scanner Data[J].Forest Ecology and Man-agement,2005,216(1):41-50.
[36]Wagner W,Ullrich A,Ducic V.Gaussian Decomposition andCalibration of a Novel Small-Footprint Full-Waveform Digiti-zing Airborne Laser Scanner[J].ISPRS Journal of Photo-grammetry and Remote Sensing,2006,60(2):100-112.
[37]Popescu S C,Wynne R H,Scrivani J A.Fusion of Small Foot-print LiDAR and Multispectral Data to Estimate Plot LevelVolume and Biomass in Deciduous and Pine Forests in Virgin-ia,USA[J].Forest Science,2004,50(4):551-565.
[38]Moffiet T,Mengersen K,Witte C,et al.Airborne Laser Scan-ning:Exploratory Data Analysis Indicates Potential Variablesfor Classification of Individual Trees or Forest Stands Accord-ing to Species[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Re-mote Sensing,2005,59(5):289-309.
[39]Lei W Q,Zhu X,Yang K C,et al.Airborne Laser Bathymetry Ex-periment[C]//Processing of SPIE,1999,3862(9):568-572.
[40]Jian H Y,Chen W B,Wang Y,et al.Data Processing of LaserAirborne Depth Mapping[C]//Processing of SPIE,2003,4893(3):406-413.
[41]Liu Zheng.Creating a DEM based on Terrain Mapping withLaser Radar[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Applica-tion,2002,17(10):264-268[刘征.基于激光雷达地形测绘建立DEM模型[J],遥感技术与应用,2002,17(10):264-268]
[42]Pang Yong,Li Zengyuan,Chen Erxue,et al.LiDAR RemoteSensing Technology and Its Application in Forestry[J].Scien-tia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(3):129-136.[庞勇,李增元,陈尔学,等.激光雷达技术及其在林业上的应用[J].林业科学,2005,41(3):129-136.]
[43]Zhou Shufang,Li Zengyuan,Fan Wenyi,et al.DEM Extrac-tion and Its Application based on Airborne LiDAR Data[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2007,22(3):356-360.[周淑芳,李增元,范文义,等.基于机载激光雷达数据的DEM获取及应用[J].遥感技术与应用,2007,22(3):356-360.]
[44]Zhao Feng.Forest Parameter Extraction Using LiDAR Dataand Digital Camera Image[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy ofForestry,2007.[赵峰.机载激光雷达数据和数码相机影像林木参数提取研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2007.]
[45]Ma Hongchao,Yao Chunjing,Zhang Shengde.Some TechnicalIssues of Airborne LiDAR System Applied to WenchuanEarthquake Reliefworks[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2008,12(6):925-932.[马洪超,姚春静,张生德.机载激光雷达在汶川地震应急响应中的若干关键问题探讨[J].遥感学报,2008,12(6):925-932.]
[46]Zhang Qiyong.Extracting Trees from LiDAR Data in UrbanRegion[D].Xi'an:Southwest JiaoTong University,2009.[张齐勇.城区LIOAR点云的树木提取[D].西安:西南交通大学,2009.]
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