黄河银川平原段河床沉积速率变化特征
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摘要
黄河银川平原河段近几十年来面临较大的洪灾威胁,几次大洪水造成了很大的经济损失,人们常常将这归结为黄河上游修建大坝导致该河段河床沉积增强所引起的结果。为了分析该河段河床的沉积速率的历史变化特征,用地质尺度时段平均方法、90万年以来不同时段的相关性分析方法以及当前河道断面实测方法分别对其沉积速率进行了估算。结果表明,相关性分析方法中的脉冲函数关系可以很好地估算其历史沉积速率的变化趋势,并且自距今90万年以来其沉积速率大致具有增大的趋势,在2万年左右达到峰值3.43 cm/a;自距今2万年以来其沉积速率有减小的趋势;根据该关系式估算的目前河床沉积速率数值为0.51 cm/a,这与河道断面实测方法估算的该河段河床的平均沉积速率为0.3 cm/a比较接近。显然,该河段的现代河床沉积速率远小于历史上最高的沉积速率,近年来水土保持、大坝建设等人类活动使得进入银川平原河段的粗泥沙明显减少,从而降低了该河段的河床沉积速率。
In the latest decades it has been confronted with the enhanced flood risk in the Yinchuan plain reach of the Yellow River and occurred several large floods have induced much economic losing.Many researches concluded that these flood disasters were resulted from the three large reservoir(Qingtongxia,Liujiaxia and Longyangxia) construction in the upper Yellow River because of the operation of the reservoirs and the water derivation from the reservoirs and the main stream in the upper Yellow River induced the enhanced channel sedimentation rate in the studied river reach.However,many previous studies in the world have showen that large dam or reservoir construction could induce the enhanced channel erosion or decreasing sedimentation rate in the dwonstream reach below the dam or reservoir.The change trends of channel sedimentation rates in long-time scale which includes anthropogenic dominant period(e.g.last 50 years) and natural dominant period(e.g.1 000 years ago) could be used to reveal the influences of human activities on the channel change in the last decades.The aims of this study are to reveal the variation trend of the channel sedimentation rates in the Yinchuan plain reach of the Yellow River since 0.9 Ma B.P.and to evaluate whether the human activities have led to increase the channel sedimentation rates during the last decades.The methods used in this study are mainly the caculation of the average rate of channel sedimentation in geomophological scale according to the chronological analysis of a bore core with depth about 300 m,correlation analysis in different time periods since 0.9 Ma B.P.,and the comparison of channel bed variation according to the 9 channel cross-sections in the river reach measured in the two different years of 1993 and 2001 that could be uesed to assess the present channel sedimentation rate.The results indicate that the pulse function relationship between years and channel sedimentation rates obtained from the correlation analysis method can be used to estimate commendably the historical variation trend of the channel sedimentation rate in the study river reach in geomophological scale.The sedimentation rate has had an increase trend since 0.9 Ma B.P.as a whole,however,a decrease trend of channel sedimentation rates has occurred since 20 ka B.P.The peak value of 3.43 cm/a appeared in 20 ka B.P.,it indictes that the maximum channel sedimentation rate was in 20 ka B.P.The average channel sedimentation rate since 0.04 Ma B.P.calculated from the pulse function is 3.16 cm/a.The present sedimentation rate estimated from this function is 0.51 cm/a which is close to the result of 0.3 cm/a caculated from the actual measurement of the channel cross-section variation.Obviously,the present channel sedimentation rate is far less the maximum sedimentation rate in the geomophological scale as well as the average channel sedimentation rate since 0.04 Ma B.P.The human activities,such as the water and soil conservation,large reservoir or dem constructions,and water derivation in the main stream of the upper Yellow River drainage basin,have decreased a lot of coarse sediment feeding to the Yinchuan plain reach of the upper Yellow river and decreased the channel sedimentation rate in the studied river reach.
In the latest decades it has been confronted with the enhanced flood risk in the Yinchuan plain reach of the Yellow River and occurred several large floods have induced much economic losing.Many researches concluded that these flood disasters were resulted from the three large reservoir(Qingtongxia,Liujiaxia and Longyangxia) construction in the upper Yellow River because of the operation of the reservoirs and the water derivation from the reservoirs and the main stream in the upper Yellow River induced the enhanced channel sedimentation rate in the studied river reach.However,many previous studies in the world have showen that large dam or reservoir construction could induce the enhanced channel erosion or decreasing sedimentation rate in the dwonstream reach below the dam or reservoir.The change trends of channel sedimentation rates in long-time scale which includes anthropogenic dominant period(e.g.last 50 years) and natural dominant period(e.g.1 000 years ago) could be used to reveal the influences of human activities on the channel change in the last decades.The aims of this study are to reveal the variation trend of the channel sedimentation rates in the Yinchuan plain reach of the Yellow River since 0.9 Ma B.P.and to evaluate whether the human activities have led to increase the channel sedimentation rates during the last decades.The methods used in this study are mainly the caculation of the average rate of channel sedimentation in geomophological scale according to the chronological analysis of a bore core with depth about 300 m,correlation analysis in different time periods since 0.9 Ma B.P.,and the comparison of channel bed variation according to the 9 channel cross-sections in the river reach measured in the two different years of 1993 and 2001 that could be uesed to assess the present channel sedimentation rate.The results indicate that the pulse function relationship between years and channel sedimentation rates obtained from the correlation analysis method can be used to estimate commendably the historical variation trend of the channel sedimentation rate in the study river reach in geomophological scale.The sedimentation rate has had an increase trend since 0.9 Ma B.P.as a whole,however,a decrease trend of channel sedimentation rates has occurred since 20 ka B.P.The peak value of 3.43 cm/a appeared in 20 ka B.P.,it indictes that the maximum channel sedimentation rate was in 20 ka B.P.The average channel sedimentation rate since 0.04 Ma B.P.calculated from the pulse function is 3.16 cm/a.The present sedimentation rate estimated from this function is 0.51 cm/a which is close to the result of 0.3 cm/a caculated from the actual measurement of the channel cross-section variation.Obviously,the present channel sedimentation rate is far less the maximum sedimentation rate in the geomophological scale as well as the average channel sedimentation rate since 0.04 Ma B.P.The human activities,such as the water and soil conservation,large reservoir or dem constructions,and water derivation in the main stream of the upper Yellow River drainage basin,have decreased a lot of coarse sediment feeding to the Yinchuan plain reach of the upper Yellow river and decreased the channel sedimentation rate in the studied river reach.
引文
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16张天曾.黄土高原论纲[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1993:1-213[Zhang Tianzeng.Outline of Loess Plateau[M].Beijing:Chi-na Environmental Press,1993]
17童国榜,石英,郑宏瑞,等.银川盆地第四纪地层学研究[J].地层学杂志,1998,22(1):42-51[Tong Guobang,Shi Ying,ZhengHongrui,et al.Stratigraphy research of Quaternary period in Yin-chuan Basin[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,1998,22(1):42-51]
18李祥根.中国新构造运动概论[M].北京:地质出版社,2003:1-424[Li Xianggen.Tectonic Movement Conspectus[M].Beijing:Ge-ological Publishing House,2003:1-424]
19王随继.黄河下游不同河型河道的水沙效应及演变趋势分析[J].沉积学报,2009,27(6):1163-1171[Wang Suiji.Analysisof effect of water and sediment load and evolution trend of the differentchannel patterns in the Lower Yellow River[J].Acta SedimentologicaSinica,2009,27(6):1163-1171]
20戴英生.黄河的形成与发育[J].人民黄河,1986,5:2-7[DaiYingsheng.Formation and development of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,1986,5:2-7]
2路秉慧,郭德成,张亚彤,等.黄河宁蒙河段凌汛特点分析[J].内蒙古水利,2005,(4):15-16[Lu Binghui,Guo Decheng,ZhangYatong,et al.Analysis on the ice flood characteristics of Ningxia-InnerMongolia reach of Yellow River[J].Inner Mongolia Water Resources,2005,(4):15-16]
3龙虎,杜宇,邬虹霞,等.黄河宁蒙河段河道淤积萎缩及其对凌汛的影响[J].人民黄河,2007,29(3):25-26[Long Hu,Du Yu,Wu Hongxia,et al.Channel deposit and shrinkage and their influenceon ice flood in the Ningmeng reach of the Yellow River[J].YellowRiver,2007,29(3):25-26]
4郑广兴,罗义贤.黄河上游水库对宁夏河段防洪防凌及灌溉的影响与对策[J].人民黄河,1998,20(6):4-13[Zheng Guangxing,Luo Yixian.Influence of the upstream reservoirs on flood preventionand irrigation in the Ningxia reach of the Yellow River[J].Yellow Riv-er,1998,20(6):4-13]
5 Wang Houjie,Yang Zuosheng,Saito Yoshiki,et al.Stepwise decrea-ses of the Huanghe(Yellow River)sediment load(1950-2005):Im-pacts of climate change and human activities[J].Global and PlanetaryChange,2007,57(3-4):355-370
6范小黎,王随继,冉立山.黄河宁夏河段河道演变及其影响因素分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,2010,21(1):5-11[Fan Xiaoli,Wang Suiji,Ran Lishan.The study of channel evolution in the Ningxiareach of the Yellow River and the influence factors[J].Journal of Wa-ter Resources and Engineering,2010,21(1):5-11]
7 Yao Zhengyi,Ta Wanquan,Jia Xiaopeng,et al.Bank erosion and ac-cretion along the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reaches of the Yellow Riverfrom 1958 to 2008[J].Geomorphology,doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.12.010
8申冠卿,张原锋,侯素珍,等.黄河上游干流水库调节水沙对宁蒙河道的影响[J].泥沙研究,2007,(1):67-75[Shen Guanqing,Zhang Yuanfeng,Hou Suzhen,et al.Impact of water and sedimentregulation by reservoirs in the upper Yellow River on Inner-Mongoliareaches[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2007,(1):67-75]
9 Ran Lishan,Wang Suiji,Fan Xiaoli.Channel change at ToudaoguaiStation and its responses to the operation of upstream reservoirs in theupper Yellow River[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2010,20(2):231-247
10 Ta Wanquan,Honglang Xiao,Zhibao Dong.Long-term morphody-namic changes of a desert reach of the Yellow River following up-stream large reservoirs’operation[J].Geomorphology,2008,97:249-259
11黄河水利委员会黄河志编辑室.黄河防洪志[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,1991[Yellow River Record Editor Office of Yellow RiverWater Conservation Committee.The Record of Flood Prevention ofYellow River[M].Zhengzhou:Henan People Press,1991]
12宁夏地质矿产局.宁夏回族自治区区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版社,1982[Ningxia Geological Minerals Bureau.Regional Geo-logical Record of Ningxia[M].Beijing:Geological PublishingHouse,1982]
13周特先,姚茂文,王利,等.宁夏构造地貌[M].银川:宁夏人民出版社,1993[Zhou Texian,Yao Maowen,Wang Li,et al.Tecton-ic Geomorphology[M].Yinchuan:Ningxia People Press,1993]
14国家地震局鄂尔多斯活动断裂课题组.鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系[M].北京:地质出版社,1988[Research Group of Erdos ActiveFaultage,National Earthquake Bureau.The Active Faultage Aroundthe Erdos[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1988]
15中国科学院-国家计划委员会自然资源综合考察委员会.黄土高原地区资源与环境遥感调查数据集[M].西安:西安地图出版社,1991:1-245[Natural Resources Compositive Investigate Com-mittee,CAS and China Plan Committee.Remote Sensing Data Set onResources and Environment of Loess Plateau[M].Xi’an:Xi’anMap Press,1991:1-245]
16张天曾.黄土高原论纲[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1993:1-213[Zhang Tianzeng.Outline of Loess Plateau[M].Beijing:Chi-na Environmental Press,1993]
17童国榜,石英,郑宏瑞,等.银川盆地第四纪地层学研究[J].地层学杂志,1998,22(1):42-51[Tong Guobang,Shi Ying,ZhengHongrui,et al.Stratigraphy research of Quaternary period in Yin-chuan Basin[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,1998,22(1):42-51]
18李祥根.中国新构造运动概论[M].北京:地质出版社,2003:1-424[Li Xianggen.Tectonic Movement Conspectus[M].Beijing:Ge-ological Publishing House,2003:1-424]
19王随继.黄河下游不同河型河道的水沙效应及演变趋势分析[J].沉积学报,2009,27(6):1163-1171[Wang Suiji.Analysisof effect of water and sediment load and evolution trend of the differentchannel patterns in the Lower Yellow River[J].Acta SedimentologicaSinica,2009,27(6):1163-1171]
20戴英生.黄河的形成与发育[J].人民黄河,1986,5:2-7[DaiYingsheng.Formation and development of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,1986,5:2-7]
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