浅层铝土矿采空区探测及引发的地面沉降预测
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摘要
以山东省淄博市某浅层铝土矿采空沉陷灾害为例,采用高密度电阻率和探地雷达技术调查采空区尺寸、范围及充填情况.然后根据探测结果构建相应地质模型,基于Biot固结理论采用有限元法预测采空区上部土层沉降量,对可能发生的沉陷灾害进行预警.研究结果显示两种物探方法相互验证,可准确确定采空区上部土层微结构、采空区边界及充填情况.对于顶部塌陷的小型采空区,沉降量计算可参考荷载作用下的土体固结过程.研究建立了一类无序开采的小型采空区探测及灾害预测方法,突出了高精度物探技术在小型采空区地质灾害调查中的重要作用.
The study takes a subsidence disaster,which happened at the shallow bauxite mine in Zibo,Shandong Province,as an example,high-density resistivity method and ground-penetrating radar technology were used to identify the size of the gob area,distribution range and collapse situation of the roof.Then the corresponding geological model is built according to the detection results,and the finite element method is used to forecast the soil settlement of the upper gob area based on Biot's consolidation theory,the early warnings are made for the possible subsidence disaster.The results of this research show that the two geophysical prospecting methods are reciprocally authenticated,and can identify the soil microstructure of the upper gob area,the boundary and the collapse situation of the roof exactly.For small gob area of the roof collapse,the settlement can be calculated by referring to the soil consolidation process under load.The research establishes the detection and disaster prediction methods for a type of small disordered exploitation gob areas,highlight the important role of the high-precision geophysical detection technology in the investigation of geological disasters happened at small gob areas.
The study takes a subsidence disaster,which happened at the shallow bauxite mine in Zibo,Shandong Province,as an example,high-density resistivity method and ground-penetrating radar technology were used to identify the size of the gob area,distribution range and collapse situation of the roof.Then the corresponding geological model is built according to the detection results,and the finite element method is used to forecast the soil settlement of the upper gob area based on Biot's consolidation theory,the early warnings are made for the possible subsidence disaster.The results of this research show that the two geophysical prospecting methods are reciprocally authenticated,and can identify the soil microstructure of the upper gob area,the boundary and the collapse situation of the roof exactly.For small gob area of the roof collapse,the settlement can be calculated by referring to the soil consolidation process under load.The research establishes the detection and disaster prediction methods for a type of small disordered exploitation gob areas,highlight the important role of the high-precision geophysical detection technology in the investigation of geological disasters happened at small gob areas.
引文
[1]吕惠进,刘少华,刘伯根.高密度电阻率法在地面塌陷调查中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(2):381-386.LüH J,Liu S H,Liu B G.Application of resistivitytomography survey method in detecting ground subsidence[J].Progress in Geophysics,2005,20(2):381-386.
[2]程久龙,胡克峰,王玉和,曹吉胜.探地雷达探测地下采空区的研究[J].岩土力学,2004,25(增刊),79-82.Cheng J L,Hu K F,Wang Y H,Cao J S.Research ondetecting of underground mined-out areas by using GPR[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2004,25(Supplement),79-82.
[3]王育忠,高谦,王正辉.采场坍塌空区地球物理探测及矿山恢复生产设计与安全评价[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3):903-908.Wang Y Z,Gao Q,Wang Z H.Detecting empty in thecollapsed stope using geophysical on technology and design forproduction resume and safety evaluation of the mine[J].Progress in Geophysics,2008,23(3):903-908.
[4]刘敦文,古德生,徐国元,黄仁东.采空区充填物探地雷达识别技术研究及应用[J].北京科技大学学报,2005,27(1):13-16.Liu D W,Gu D S,Xu G Y,Huang R D.Exploration study ofgob filling by ground penetrating radar and it’s application[J].Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing,2005,27(1):13-16.
[5]贾华强,顾湘生,张玉军.铁路穿越盐矿采空区岩体稳定性有限元分析[J].岩土力学,2007,28(11):2391-2395.Jia H Q,Gu X S,Zhang Y J,Finite element analysis ofstability of stope rockmass of salt mine area through whichrailway passes[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2007,28(11):2391-2395.
[6]刘晓明,罗周全,杨承祥,张保,鹿浩.基于实测的采空区稳定性数值模拟分析[J].岩土力学,2007,28(增刊):521-526.Liu X M,Luo Z Q,Yang C X,Zhang B,Lu H.Analysis ofstability of cavity based on cavity monitoring[J].Rock andSoil Mechanics,2007,28(Supplement):521-526.
[7]毕作庆,张振文,徐晓平.建筑载荷下采空区地基变形有限元分析[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2009,28(增刊):62-64.Bi Z Q,Zhang Z W,Xu X P.Finite element analysis ofground deformation under building load in mined-out area[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University,2009,28(Supplement):62-64.
[8]杨家岭,丰定祥,葛修润.厚覆盖岩层下采矿引起地表变形的三维有限元分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(10):1629-1635.Yang J L,Feng D X,Ge X R,3DFEM analysis on groundsurface deformation caused by mining under thick rockoverburden[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2003,22(10):1629-1635.
[9]祁民,张宝林,梁光河,陈友明,管刚.高分辨率预测地下复杂采空区的空间分布特征—高密度电法在山西阳泉某复杂采空区中的初步应用研究[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(1):256-262.Qi M,Zhang B L,Liang G H,Cheng Y M,Guan G.High-resolution prediction of space distribution characteristics ofcomplicated underground cavities—Preliminary application ofhigh-density electrical technique in an area of Yangquan,Shanxi[J].Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(1):256-262.
[10]王超凡,赵永贵,靳洪晓,郭鸿,李勤.地震CT及其在采空区探测中的应用[J].地球物理学报,1998,41(5):367-375.Wang C F,Zhao Y G,Jin H X,Guo H,Li Q.Seismictomography and its application to the investigation of buriedworked-out area[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1998,41(5):367-375.
[11]刘菁华,王祝文,朱士,翁爱华,夏安营.煤矿采空区及塌陷区的地球物理探查[J].煤炭学报,2005,30(6):715-719.Liu J H,Wang Z W,Zhu S,Weng A H,Xia A Y.Thegeophysical exploration about exhausted area and sinking areain coalmine[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2005,30(6):715-719.
[12]李娟娟,潘冬明,胡明顺,张伟强.煤矿采空区探测的几种工程物探方法的应用[J].工程地球物理学报,2009,6(6):728-732.Li J J,Pan D M,Hu M S,Zhang W Q.Application ofgeophysical methods in detecting coal mined-out areas[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2009,6(6):728-732.
[13]陈杰,朱国荣,顾阿明,王彩会.Biot固结理论在地面沉降计算中的应用[J].水文地质工程地质,2003,3:28-31.Chen J,Zhu G R,Gu A M,Wang C H.The application ofBiot’s consolidation theory in the calculation of landsubsidence[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2003,3:28-31.
[14]Olson R E.Consolidation under time dependent loading.J.ofGeo.Eng.Div.,Proc.of ASCE,1977,103(GT1):55-60.
[15]黄传志,肖原.二维固结问题的解析解[J].岩土工程学报,1996,18(3):47-54.Huang C Z,Xiao Y.Two-dimensional analytical solution ofconsolidation problems[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,1996,18(3):47-54.
[16]祝波恩,蔡袁强,凌道盛.饱和地基二维动力Biot固结分析[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(2):248-253.Zhu E B,Cai Y Q,Ling D S.A study on two-dimensionalBiot’s consolidation of saturated under cyclic loading[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2004,26(2):248-253.
[17]邵秀民,蓝志凌.流体饱和多孔介质波动方程的有限元解法[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(2):264-278.Shao X M,Lan Z L.Finite element methods for theequations of waves in fluid-saturated porous media[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2000,43(2):264-278.
[18]李斌,孙立军.水平边界条件对排水固结处理地基沉降的影响[J].地下空间与工程学报,2009,5(8):587-592.Li B,Sun L J.Influence of horizontal boundary condition onsettlement of subgrade improved with drainage consolidation[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2009,5(8):587-592.
[19]钱家欢,殷宗泽.土工原理与计算(第二版)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1996.Qian J H,Yin Z Z.Geotechnical principles and calculation(Second)[M].Beijing:China Water and Power Press,1996.
[20]朱百里,沈珠江.计算土力学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1990.Zhu B L,Shen Z J.Calculation of soil mechanics[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1990.
[21]陈善民,黄博.面向对象方法在Biot固结有限元程序中的应用[J].岩土力学,2002,23(4):465-469.Chen S M,Huang B.Application of object-oriented FEM inBiot consolidation programming[J].Rock and soilmechanics.2002,23(4):465-469.
[2]程久龙,胡克峰,王玉和,曹吉胜.探地雷达探测地下采空区的研究[J].岩土力学,2004,25(增刊),79-82.Cheng J L,Hu K F,Wang Y H,Cao J S.Research ondetecting of underground mined-out areas by using GPR[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2004,25(Supplement),79-82.
[3]王育忠,高谦,王正辉.采场坍塌空区地球物理探测及矿山恢复生产设计与安全评价[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3):903-908.Wang Y Z,Gao Q,Wang Z H.Detecting empty in thecollapsed stope using geophysical on technology and design forproduction resume and safety evaluation of the mine[J].Progress in Geophysics,2008,23(3):903-908.
[4]刘敦文,古德生,徐国元,黄仁东.采空区充填物探地雷达识别技术研究及应用[J].北京科技大学学报,2005,27(1):13-16.Liu D W,Gu D S,Xu G Y,Huang R D.Exploration study ofgob filling by ground penetrating radar and it’s application[J].Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing,2005,27(1):13-16.
[5]贾华强,顾湘生,张玉军.铁路穿越盐矿采空区岩体稳定性有限元分析[J].岩土力学,2007,28(11):2391-2395.Jia H Q,Gu X S,Zhang Y J,Finite element analysis ofstability of stope rockmass of salt mine area through whichrailway passes[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2007,28(11):2391-2395.
[6]刘晓明,罗周全,杨承祥,张保,鹿浩.基于实测的采空区稳定性数值模拟分析[J].岩土力学,2007,28(增刊):521-526.Liu X M,Luo Z Q,Yang C X,Zhang B,Lu H.Analysis ofstability of cavity based on cavity monitoring[J].Rock andSoil Mechanics,2007,28(Supplement):521-526.
[7]毕作庆,张振文,徐晓平.建筑载荷下采空区地基变形有限元分析[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2009,28(增刊):62-64.Bi Z Q,Zhang Z W,Xu X P.Finite element analysis ofground deformation under building load in mined-out area[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University,2009,28(Supplement):62-64.
[8]杨家岭,丰定祥,葛修润.厚覆盖岩层下采矿引起地表变形的三维有限元分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(10):1629-1635.Yang J L,Feng D X,Ge X R,3DFEM analysis on groundsurface deformation caused by mining under thick rockoverburden[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2003,22(10):1629-1635.
[9]祁民,张宝林,梁光河,陈友明,管刚.高分辨率预测地下复杂采空区的空间分布特征—高密度电法在山西阳泉某复杂采空区中的初步应用研究[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(1):256-262.Qi M,Zhang B L,Liang G H,Cheng Y M,Guan G.High-resolution prediction of space distribution characteristics ofcomplicated underground cavities—Preliminary application ofhigh-density electrical technique in an area of Yangquan,Shanxi[J].Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(1):256-262.
[10]王超凡,赵永贵,靳洪晓,郭鸿,李勤.地震CT及其在采空区探测中的应用[J].地球物理学报,1998,41(5):367-375.Wang C F,Zhao Y G,Jin H X,Guo H,Li Q.Seismictomography and its application to the investigation of buriedworked-out area[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1998,41(5):367-375.
[11]刘菁华,王祝文,朱士,翁爱华,夏安营.煤矿采空区及塌陷区的地球物理探查[J].煤炭学报,2005,30(6):715-719.Liu J H,Wang Z W,Zhu S,Weng A H,Xia A Y.Thegeophysical exploration about exhausted area and sinking areain coalmine[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2005,30(6):715-719.
[12]李娟娟,潘冬明,胡明顺,张伟强.煤矿采空区探测的几种工程物探方法的应用[J].工程地球物理学报,2009,6(6):728-732.Li J J,Pan D M,Hu M S,Zhang W Q.Application ofgeophysical methods in detecting coal mined-out areas[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2009,6(6):728-732.
[13]陈杰,朱国荣,顾阿明,王彩会.Biot固结理论在地面沉降计算中的应用[J].水文地质工程地质,2003,3:28-31.Chen J,Zhu G R,Gu A M,Wang C H.The application ofBiot’s consolidation theory in the calculation of landsubsidence[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2003,3:28-31.
[14]Olson R E.Consolidation under time dependent loading.J.ofGeo.Eng.Div.,Proc.of ASCE,1977,103(GT1):55-60.
[15]黄传志,肖原.二维固结问题的解析解[J].岩土工程学报,1996,18(3):47-54.Huang C Z,Xiao Y.Two-dimensional analytical solution ofconsolidation problems[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,1996,18(3):47-54.
[16]祝波恩,蔡袁强,凌道盛.饱和地基二维动力Biot固结分析[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(2):248-253.Zhu E B,Cai Y Q,Ling D S.A study on two-dimensionalBiot’s consolidation of saturated under cyclic loading[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2004,26(2):248-253.
[17]邵秀民,蓝志凌.流体饱和多孔介质波动方程的有限元解法[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(2):264-278.Shao X M,Lan Z L.Finite element methods for theequations of waves in fluid-saturated porous media[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2000,43(2):264-278.
[18]李斌,孙立军.水平边界条件对排水固结处理地基沉降的影响[J].地下空间与工程学报,2009,5(8):587-592.Li B,Sun L J.Influence of horizontal boundary condition onsettlement of subgrade improved with drainage consolidation[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2009,5(8):587-592.
[19]钱家欢,殷宗泽.土工原理与计算(第二版)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1996.Qian J H,Yin Z Z.Geotechnical principles and calculation(Second)[M].Beijing:China Water and Power Press,1996.
[20]朱百里,沈珠江.计算土力学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1990.Zhu B L,Shen Z J.Calculation of soil mechanics[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1990.
[21]陈善民,黄博.面向对象方法在Biot固结有限元程序中的应用[J].岩土力学,2002,23(4):465-469.Chen S M,Huang B.Application of object-oriented FEM inBiot consolidation programming[J].Rock and soilmechanics.2002,23(4):465-469.
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