大型冷却塔结构抗风研究综述与展望
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摘要
大型冷却塔是典型的风敏感结构,其抗风安全性直接关系到国家电力系统运行的可靠性。本文介绍了国内外大型冷却塔的建设现状,综述了大型冷却塔风洞试验、表面风荷载、风振响应、等效静力风荷载和风致振动控制等几个方面的研究进展;在此基础上并结合国外主要冷却塔设计规范指出我国大型冷却塔抗风设计相关规范条款的不足,建议需要进一步研究的若干新问题。从而可为在建或拟建的火(核)电超大型冷却塔工程提供一定的理论基础和设计指导,同时为超大型冷却塔的风致振动控制设计与实现提供重要的参考。
Large cooling towers are typical wind sensitive structures,and the wind resistance safety directly determines the reliability of national electric power system.The status quo of development for large cooling towers are introduced in the paper,and the researches advances of wind tunnel tests,surface wind loads,wind induced responses, equivalent static wind loads and vibration control are summarized;on this basis the shortages for the standards of designing large cooling towers in our country are pointed out according with foreign relative design specification,and the new problems on wind resistance researches are proposed.The conclusions may supply the theory basis and designing guide for large cooling towers in China,meanwhile provide the important references of the design of wind induced vibration control system.
Large cooling towers are typical wind sensitive structures,and the wind resistance safety directly determines the reliability of national electric power system.The status quo of development for large cooling towers are introduced in the paper,and the researches advances of wind tunnel tests,surface wind loads,wind induced responses, equivalent static wind loads and vibration control are summarized;on this basis the shortages for the standards of designing large cooling towers in our country are pointed out according with foreign relative design specification,and the new problems on wind resistance researches are proposed.The conclusions may supply the theory basis and designing guide for large cooling towers in China,meanwhile provide the important references of the design of wind induced vibration control system.
引文
[1]武际可.大型冷却塔结构分析的回顾与展望[J].力学与实践.1996,18(6):1-5(WU Jike.Review and expectation of structure analysis for large cooling tower[J].Mechanics and Practice.1996,18(6):l-5)
[2]T.F.Sun,Z.F.Gu.Interference between wind loading on group of structures[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aer- odynamics.1995,55(54):213-225
[3]H.J.Niemann,H.D.Kopper,Influence of adjacent buildings on wind effects on cooling towers[J].Engineering Structures.1998. 20(10):874-880
[4]Maurizio Orlando.Wind-induced interference effects on two adjacent cooling towers[J].Engineering Structures.2001,23:979-992
[5]J.F.Zhang,Y.J.Ge,L.Zhao.Effect of latitude wind pressure distribution on the load effects of hyperboloidal cooling tower shell [C].The 13th International Conference on Wind Engineering. Amsterdam,Netherlands.July 10-15,2011
[6]Maria Radwanska,Zenon Waszczyszyn.Buckling analysis of a cooling tower shell with measured and theoretically - modelled imperfections[J].Thin - Walled Structures.1995,23:107-121
[7]Hyuk Chun Noh.Nonlinear behavior and ultimate load bearing capacity of reinforced concrete natural draught cooling tower shell [J].Engineering Structures.2006,28:399-410
[8]S.T.Ke,Y.J.Ge,L.Zhao.Evaluation of Strength and Local Buckling for Cooling Tower with Gas Flue[C].Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computational Structural Engineering. Beijing,China,P:545-551.August 8-10,2009
[9]Karisiddalppa.M.N.Viladkar.P.N.Godbole.Finite element analysis of column supported hyperbolic cooling towers using semiloof shell and beam elements[J].Engineering Structures.1998, 20(1):75-85
[10]Zenon Waszczyszyn,Ewa Pabisek,Jerzy Pamin,Maria Radwanska. Nonlinear analysis of a RC cooling tower with geometrical imperfections and a technological cut-out[J].Engineering Structures.2000,22:480-489
[11]R.Witasse,J.F.Georgin,J.M.Reynouard.Nuclear cooling tower submitted to shrinkage:behavior under weight and wind [J].Nuclear Engineering and Design.2002,21(7):247-257
[12]J.Noorzaei.AIi Naghshineh,M.R.Abdul Kadir,W.A.Thanoon. Nonlinear interactive analysis of cooling tower - foundation - soil interaction under unsymmetrical wind load[J].ThinWalled Structures.2006,44:997-1005
[13]M.N.Viladkar,Karisiddappa,P.Bhargava,P.N.Godbole. Static soil - structure interaction response of hyperbolic cooling towers to symmetrical wind loads[J].Engineering Structures. 2006,28:1236-1251
[14]Wolfhard Zahlten,Claudio Borri.Time-domain simulation of the non - linear response of cooling tower shell subjected to stochastic wind loading[J].Engineering Structures.1998,20(10): 881-889
[15]Dieter Busch,Reinhard Harte,Wilfried B.Kratzig,Ulrich Montag. World tallest natural draft cooling tower,near Cologne,Germany [J].Engineering Structures International.2001,11(2): 107-109
[16]19NDGJ5-1988,火力发电厂水工设计技术规范[S].北京.中国电力出版社,1988(1998,DL/T 5339.Technical specification for hydraulic design of thermal power plant[S].China Electric Power Publishing House,Beijing)
[17]2003GB/T 50102,工业循环水冷却设计规范[S].沈阳:东北电力设计院,2003(2003,GB/T 50102,Code for design of cooling for industrial recirculating water[S].Northeast Electric Power Publishing House,Shenyang)
[18]2006,NDG15,火力发电厂水工设计技术规范[S].中国电力出版社,北京.2006(DL/T 5339,Technical specification for hydraulic design of thermal power plant[S].China Electric Power Publishing House,Beijjing)
[19]刘天成,赵林,丁志斌.圆形截面冷却塔不同表面粗糙度时绕流特性的试验研究[J].工业建筑.2006,36(396):301-304. (LIU Tian-cheng,ZHAO Lin,DING Zhi-bin.Test research of flow feature for hyperbolic circular section cooling tower with different superficial roughness[J].Industrial Construcction.2006, 36(396):301-304)
[20]柯世堂,赵林,葛耀君等.大型双曲冷却塔气弹模型风洞试验和响应特性[J].建筑结构学报.2010,31(2):61-68(Shitang Ke,Lin Zhao,Yao-jun Ge.Wind tunnel test on aeroelastic model of large hyperbolic cooling towers and features ofwind 2induced response[J].Journal of Building Structure.2010, 31(2):61 -68)
[21]L.Zhao,Y.J.Ge.Aerodynamic and aero - elastic model lests of the highest cooling towers in China[J].Cairns,Australia,P; 935-942.2007
[22]赵林,宋锦忠,高玲.冷却塔群塔刚体测压试验研究[J].实验流体力学.2007,21(2):79-84(ZHAO Lin,SONG Jinzong, GAO Ling,ete.External pressure wind-tunnel tests of several neighboring cooling towers[J].Experiments and Measurements in Fluid Mechanics.2007.6)
[23]陈凯,魏庆鼎.冷却塔风致振动实验研究[C].第十一届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集.P177-182,2003(CEEN kai, WEI Qing-ding.Investigation of wind-induced of cooling towers. The proceedings of 11 th Structural Wind Engineering Conference, pp.177-182.2003 )
[24]柯世堂,赵林,葛耀君等.超大型冷却塔结构风振与地震作用影响比较[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2010,42(10):1635-1641. (Shi-tang Ke,Lin Zhao,Yao-jun Ge etc.Comparison of super large cooling towers under earthquake excitation and wind loading [J].Journal of Haerbin Industry University.2010,42(10): 1635-1641)
[25]张彬乾,李建英,阎文成.超大型双曲冷却塔双塔干扰的风荷载特性研究[J].流体力学试验与测量.2003,17(增刊):93-97. (ZHANG Bin-qian,LI Jian-ying,YAN Wen-cheng.Investigation on interrelation of wind load for double super large hyperbolic cooling tower[J].Experiments and Mechanics,2003,17(Specialissue): 93-97)
[26]柯世堂,葛耀君,赵林,张军锋.大型冷却塔结构的等效静力风荷载[J].同济大学学报,2011.8,Vol.39,No.8,pp1132-1137. (Ke shitang,Ge yaojun,Zhao lin,Zhang junfeng.Equivalent static wind loadings of large cooling towers[J].Tongji Journey. 2011.8,Vol.39,No.8,ppl 132-1137)
[27]鲍侃袁.大型双曲冷却塔的风荷载和风致响应理论分析与试验研究[D].2009,浙江大学博士学位论文(Bao Kangyuan. Theory analysis and test research of wind loads and wind induced response for large cooling towers[D].2009,Zhejiang University)
[28]王铭,黄志龙.娴塔合一自然通风冷却塔的有限元分析[J].力学与实践.2006,26(68):2-4.(WANG Min,HUANG Zhilong. Finite element analysis of a narural draft cooling tower with gas flue inlets integrated[J].Mechanics and Practice.2006,26 (68):2-4)
[29]刘若斐,沈国辉,孙炳楠.大型冷却塔风荷载的数值模拟研究[J].工程力学,2006.6,Vol.23,pp1177-184.(LIU Ruo-fei, SHEN Guo-hui,SUN Bing-nan,Numerical simulation study of wind load on large hyperbolic cooling tower[J].Engineering Mechanics. 2006.6,Vol.23,pp:177-184)
[30]鲍侃袁,沈国辉,孙炳楠.大型双曲冷却塔平均风荷载的数值模拟研究[J].空气动力学学报.2009,27(6):650-655 (BAO Kangyuan,SHEN Guohui,SUN Bingnan.Numerical simulation of mean wind load on large hyperbolic cooling tower[J]. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica.2009,27(6):650-655)
[31]许林汕,赵林,葛耀君.超大型冷却塔随机风振响应分析[J].振动与冲击.2009,28(4):180-184(XU Linshan, ZHAO Lin,GE Yaojun.Wind-excited stochastic responses of super large cooling towers[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2009,28(4):180-184)
[32]柯世堂.大型冷却塔结构风效应和等效风荷载研究[D]. 2011,同济大学博士学位论文(Ke Shitang.Wind Effects and Equivalent Static Wind Loads of Large Cooling Towers[D]. 2011,Tongji University)
[33]VGB R610Ue:Structural Design of Cooling Towers[S].Germany. 2005
[34]BS 4485 4:Water Cooling Towers,Part 4:Code of Practice for Structural Design and Construction[S].Londotn.1996
[2]T.F.Sun,Z.F.Gu.Interference between wind loading on group of structures[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aer- odynamics.1995,55(54):213-225
[3]H.J.Niemann,H.D.Kopper,Influence of adjacent buildings on wind effects on cooling towers[J].Engineering Structures.1998. 20(10):874-880
[4]Maurizio Orlando.Wind-induced interference effects on two adjacent cooling towers[J].Engineering Structures.2001,23:979-992
[5]J.F.Zhang,Y.J.Ge,L.Zhao.Effect of latitude wind pressure distribution on the load effects of hyperboloidal cooling tower shell [C].The 13th International Conference on Wind Engineering. Amsterdam,Netherlands.July 10-15,2011
[6]Maria Radwanska,Zenon Waszczyszyn.Buckling analysis of a cooling tower shell with measured and theoretically - modelled imperfections[J].Thin - Walled Structures.1995,23:107-121
[7]Hyuk Chun Noh.Nonlinear behavior and ultimate load bearing capacity of reinforced concrete natural draught cooling tower shell [J].Engineering Structures.2006,28:399-410
[8]S.T.Ke,Y.J.Ge,L.Zhao.Evaluation of Strength and Local Buckling for Cooling Tower with Gas Flue[C].Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computational Structural Engineering. Beijing,China,P:545-551.August 8-10,2009
[9]Karisiddalppa.M.N.Viladkar.P.N.Godbole.Finite element analysis of column supported hyperbolic cooling towers using semiloof shell and beam elements[J].Engineering Structures.1998, 20(1):75-85
[10]Zenon Waszczyszyn,Ewa Pabisek,Jerzy Pamin,Maria Radwanska. Nonlinear analysis of a RC cooling tower with geometrical imperfections and a technological cut-out[J].Engineering Structures.2000,22:480-489
[11]R.Witasse,J.F.Georgin,J.M.Reynouard.Nuclear cooling tower submitted to shrinkage:behavior under weight and wind [J].Nuclear Engineering and Design.2002,21(7):247-257
[12]J.Noorzaei.AIi Naghshineh,M.R.Abdul Kadir,W.A.Thanoon. Nonlinear interactive analysis of cooling tower - foundation - soil interaction under unsymmetrical wind load[J].ThinWalled Structures.2006,44:997-1005
[13]M.N.Viladkar,Karisiddappa,P.Bhargava,P.N.Godbole. Static soil - structure interaction response of hyperbolic cooling towers to symmetrical wind loads[J].Engineering Structures. 2006,28:1236-1251
[14]Wolfhard Zahlten,Claudio Borri.Time-domain simulation of the non - linear response of cooling tower shell subjected to stochastic wind loading[J].Engineering Structures.1998,20(10): 881-889
[15]Dieter Busch,Reinhard Harte,Wilfried B.Kratzig,Ulrich Montag. World tallest natural draft cooling tower,near Cologne,Germany [J].Engineering Structures International.2001,11(2): 107-109
[16]19NDGJ5-1988,火力发电厂水工设计技术规范[S].北京.中国电力出版社,1988(1998,DL/T 5339.Technical specification for hydraulic design of thermal power plant[S].China Electric Power Publishing House,Beijing)
[17]2003GB/T 50102,工业循环水冷却设计规范[S].沈阳:东北电力设计院,2003(2003,GB/T 50102,Code for design of cooling for industrial recirculating water[S].Northeast Electric Power Publishing House,Shenyang)
[18]2006,NDG15,火力发电厂水工设计技术规范[S].中国电力出版社,北京.2006(DL/T 5339,Technical specification for hydraulic design of thermal power plant[S].China Electric Power Publishing House,Beijjing)
[19]刘天成,赵林,丁志斌.圆形截面冷却塔不同表面粗糙度时绕流特性的试验研究[J].工业建筑.2006,36(396):301-304. (LIU Tian-cheng,ZHAO Lin,DING Zhi-bin.Test research of flow feature for hyperbolic circular section cooling tower with different superficial roughness[J].Industrial Construcction.2006, 36(396):301-304)
[20]柯世堂,赵林,葛耀君等.大型双曲冷却塔气弹模型风洞试验和响应特性[J].建筑结构学报.2010,31(2):61-68(Shitang Ke,Lin Zhao,Yao-jun Ge.Wind tunnel test on aeroelastic model of large hyperbolic cooling towers and features ofwind 2induced response[J].Journal of Building Structure.2010, 31(2):61 -68)
[21]L.Zhao,Y.J.Ge.Aerodynamic and aero - elastic model lests of the highest cooling towers in China[J].Cairns,Australia,P; 935-942.2007
[22]赵林,宋锦忠,高玲.冷却塔群塔刚体测压试验研究[J].实验流体力学.2007,21(2):79-84(ZHAO Lin,SONG Jinzong, GAO Ling,ete.External pressure wind-tunnel tests of several neighboring cooling towers[J].Experiments and Measurements in Fluid Mechanics.2007.6)
[23]陈凯,魏庆鼎.冷却塔风致振动实验研究[C].第十一届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集.P177-182,2003(CEEN kai, WEI Qing-ding.Investigation of wind-induced of cooling towers. The proceedings of 11 th Structural Wind Engineering Conference, pp.177-182.2003 )
[24]柯世堂,赵林,葛耀君等.超大型冷却塔结构风振与地震作用影响比较[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2010,42(10):1635-1641. (Shi-tang Ke,Lin Zhao,Yao-jun Ge etc.Comparison of super large cooling towers under earthquake excitation and wind loading [J].Journal of Haerbin Industry University.2010,42(10): 1635-1641)
[25]张彬乾,李建英,阎文成.超大型双曲冷却塔双塔干扰的风荷载特性研究[J].流体力学试验与测量.2003,17(增刊):93-97. (ZHANG Bin-qian,LI Jian-ying,YAN Wen-cheng.Investigation on interrelation of wind load for double super large hyperbolic cooling tower[J].Experiments and Mechanics,2003,17(Specialissue): 93-97)
[26]柯世堂,葛耀君,赵林,张军锋.大型冷却塔结构的等效静力风荷载[J].同济大学学报,2011.8,Vol.39,No.8,pp1132-1137. (Ke shitang,Ge yaojun,Zhao lin,Zhang junfeng.Equivalent static wind loadings of large cooling towers[J].Tongji Journey. 2011.8,Vol.39,No.8,ppl 132-1137)
[27]鲍侃袁.大型双曲冷却塔的风荷载和风致响应理论分析与试验研究[D].2009,浙江大学博士学位论文(Bao Kangyuan. Theory analysis and test research of wind loads and wind induced response for large cooling towers[D].2009,Zhejiang University)
[28]王铭,黄志龙.娴塔合一自然通风冷却塔的有限元分析[J].力学与实践.2006,26(68):2-4.(WANG Min,HUANG Zhilong. Finite element analysis of a narural draft cooling tower with gas flue inlets integrated[J].Mechanics and Practice.2006,26 (68):2-4)
[29]刘若斐,沈国辉,孙炳楠.大型冷却塔风荷载的数值模拟研究[J].工程力学,2006.6,Vol.23,pp1177-184.(LIU Ruo-fei, SHEN Guo-hui,SUN Bing-nan,Numerical simulation study of wind load on large hyperbolic cooling tower[J].Engineering Mechanics. 2006.6,Vol.23,pp:177-184)
[30]鲍侃袁,沈国辉,孙炳楠.大型双曲冷却塔平均风荷载的数值模拟研究[J].空气动力学学报.2009,27(6):650-655 (BAO Kangyuan,SHEN Guohui,SUN Bingnan.Numerical simulation of mean wind load on large hyperbolic cooling tower[J]. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica.2009,27(6):650-655)
[31]许林汕,赵林,葛耀君.超大型冷却塔随机风振响应分析[J].振动与冲击.2009,28(4):180-184(XU Linshan, ZHAO Lin,GE Yaojun.Wind-excited stochastic responses of super large cooling towers[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2009,28(4):180-184)
[32]柯世堂.大型冷却塔结构风效应和等效风荷载研究[D]. 2011,同济大学博士学位论文(Ke Shitang.Wind Effects and Equivalent Static Wind Loads of Large Cooling Towers[D]. 2011,Tongji University)
[33]VGB R610Ue:Structural Design of Cooling Towers[S].Germany. 2005
[34]BS 4485 4:Water Cooling Towers,Part 4:Code of Practice for Structural Design and Construction[S].Londotn.1996
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