堰塞坝漫顶溃决过程数值模拟
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摘要
根据堰塞坝坝体材料的宽级配特性,建立描述堰塞坝漫顶溃决溃口发展规律与流量过程的数值模型。该模型引入与水流方向垂直的附加作用力来考虑粗颗粒对细颗粒的阻拦和遮蔽作用以及细颗粒对粗颗粒的包围和填实作用。基于不同土体陡水槽冲蚀试验结果,针对宽级配堰塞坝材料在高强度水流侵蚀条件下的冲蚀特性,建议采用能反映坝体材料颗粒级配、密实度、强度、坝体坡度、水流速度及摩阻流速对冲蚀量影响的土体冲蚀公式。利用该数值模型对唐家山堰塞坝溃决案例进行计算分析,所得溃坝洪水流量过程与实测结果接近,验证了该模型和计算方法的合理性,表明该模型能准确反映水库库容和上游补给水流量对堰塞坝漫顶溃决发展过程的影响。
Based on the wide gradation characteristics of barrier dam materials,a numerical model describing the discharge process and breach development due to overtopping failure of a barrier dam is proposed.Additional force that is perpendicular to the water flow direction was introduced into the model to consider the block function and bridging effect of coarse particles on fine particles,and the way in which fine particles surround and fill coarse particles.Based on the results of steep sink tests of different soils and erosion characteristics of the barrier dam materials with wide gradation under high strength water conditions,a formula was put forward to calculate the erosion of dam materials during the dam break process.The formula can reasonably reflect the influences of gradation,compactness,strength of dam materials,dam slope,flow velocity,and friction velocity on the erosion quantity.The proposed model was used to calculate and analyze the break of the Tangjiashan Barrier Dam.The calculated result of the flood discharge process was close to the observed one,indicating that the model and the calculation method were reasonable and could exactly reflect the influences of the reservoir capacity and recharge water from upstream on the overtopping failure of the barrier dam.
Based on the wide gradation characteristics of barrier dam materials,a numerical model describing the discharge process and breach development due to overtopping failure of a barrier dam is proposed.Additional force that is perpendicular to the water flow direction was introduced into the model to consider the block function and bridging effect of coarse particles on fine particles,and the way in which fine particles surround and fill coarse particles.Based on the results of steep sink tests of different soils and erosion characteristics of the barrier dam materials with wide gradation under high strength water conditions,a formula was put forward to calculate the erosion of dam materials during the dam break process.The formula can reasonably reflect the influences of gradation,compactness,strength of dam materials,dam slope,flow velocity,and friction velocity on the erosion quantity.The proposed model was used to calculate and analyze the break of the Tangjiashan Barrier Dam.The calculated result of the flood discharge process was close to the observed one,indicating that the model and the calculation method were reasonable and could exactly reflect the influences of the reservoir capacity and recharge water from upstream on the overtopping failure of the barrier dam.
引文
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[2]邓明枫,陈宁生,胡桂胜,等.松散及弱固结堰塞体溃坝形式与流量过程[J].水利水电科技进展,2011,31(1):11-14.(DENG Mingfeng,CHEN Ningsheng,HU Guisheng,et al.Outburst patterns and discharge process for weakly consolidated and loosebarrier dams[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2011,31(1):11-14.(in Chinese))
[3]COATA J E,SCHUSTER R L.The formation and failure of natural dams[J].Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin,1988,100(1):1054-1068.
[4]王光谦,钟德钰,张红武,等.汶川地震唐家山堰塞湖泄流过程的数值模拟[J].科学通报,2008,53(24):3127-3133.(WANG Guangqian,ZHONG Deyu,ZHANGHongwu,et al.Numerical simulation ofdischarge process forTangjiashan barrier lake dueto Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(24):3127-3133.(in Chinese))
[5]黄金池.堰塞坝漫顶溃口流量变化过程的数值模拟[J].水利学报,2008,39(10):1235-1240.(HUANG Jinchi.Numericalmodeling of flow through breach of landslide dams[J].Journal ofHydraulic Engineering,2008,39(10):1235-1240.(in Chinese))
[6]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[7]韩其为,何明民.泥沙起动规律及起动流速[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.
[8]李荣,王迎春.非均匀沙起动规律研究[J].泥沙研究,1999(2):27-32.(LI Rong,WANG Yingchun.Study on laws ofthreshold motion for non-uniform sediment[J].Journal of Sediment Research,1999(2):27-32.(in Chinese))
[9]秦荣昱,王崇浩.河流推移质运动理论及应用[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1996.
[10]王协康,敖汝庄.泥沙起动条件及机理的非线性研究[J].长江科学院院报,1999,16(4):39-41.(WANG Xiekang,AORuzhuang.Nonlinear study on sediment incipient motion condition and its mechanism[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific ResearchInstitute,1999,16(4):39-41.(in Chinese))
[11]杨具瑞,方铎,何文社,等.非均匀沙起动规律研究[J].水利学报,2002,33(10):82-86.(YANG Jurui,FANG Duo,HEWenshe,et al.Study on laws of incipient motion for non-uniform sediment[J].Journal ofHydraulic Engineering,2002,33(10):82-86.(in Chinese))
[12]LIUNing,CHEN Zuyu,ZHANG Jianxin,et al.Draining the Tangjiashan barrier lake[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,ASCE,2010,136(11):914-923.
[13]胡卸文,黄润秋,施裕兵,等.唐家山滑坡堵江机制及堰塞坝溃坝模式分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(1):181-189.(HU Xiewen,HUANG Runqiu,SHI Yubing,et al.Analysis of blocking river mechanism of Tangjiashan landslide an dam-breaking mode of its barrier dam[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(1):181-189.(in Chinese))
[14]MEYER-PETER E,MULLER R.Formulas for bed load transport[C]//Proceedings of Second Meeting International Association for Hydraulic Research.Stockholm:IAHR,1948:39-64.
[15]SMARTGM.Sediment transport formula for steep channels[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,ASCE,1984,110(3):267-276.
[16]范家骅,陈裕泰,金德春,等.悬移质挟沙能力水槽试验研究[J].水利水运工程学报,2011(1):1-16.(FAN Jiahua,CHEN Yutai,JIN Dechun,et al.Experimental studies on carrying capacity of suspended load[J].Hydro-Science and Engineering,2011(1):1-16.(in Chinese))
[17]李家星,赵振兴.水力学[M].南京:河海大学出版社,2001.
[18]SINGHV P.Dam breach modeling technology[M].Dordrecht,Netherland:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1996.
[19]刘宁,张建新,林伟,等.汶川地震唐家山堰塞引流除险工程及溃坝洪水演进过程[J].中国科学E辑:技术科学,2009,39(8):1359-1366.(LIU Ning,ZHANG Jianxin,LIN Wei,et al.Drainage reinforcement project and dam break flood process of Tangjiashanbarrier due to Wenchuan earthquake[J].Science in China E:Technological Sciences,2009,39(8):1359-1366.(in Chinese))
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