龙门山褶皱冲断带南北分段性与汶川地震的关系
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摘要
龙门山褶皱冲断带位于青藏高原东缘与四川盆地之间,中生代以来主要经历了晚三叠世和新生代两期重要的地壳缩短变形,形成了典型的逆冲推覆构造带。龙门山的形成和演化与青藏高原隆升以及地震活动有着密切的关系,因此龙门山褶皱冲断带南北两段的差异性被众多学者所关注。文章在前人工作的基础之上从3个角度来阐述龙门山南北两段的差异性:1)地质调查和地震反射剖面解释表明,晚三叠世龙门山北段变形强烈而南段变形不明显,南北分段格局就此形成;2)汶川地震同震地表破裂的差异,北段以右旋斜向逆冲为主,南段则主要以逆冲为主,兼有少量的走滑分量;3)同震断裂的三维构造建模揭示出,同震断层的三维几何形态同样存在南北差异,北段同震断层只有一条且不能向下延伸至深部的主滑脱层,而南段同震断层有两条分支,二者在大约10km的深度合并成一条,并向下延伸至约17km深度与主滑脱层相连。因此,认为汶川地震同震破裂的南北分段性是由于晚三叠世龙门山先存的南北构造差异性所引发的。
The Longmenshan fold-and-thrust belt between the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and the west margin of the Sichuan Basin experienced at least two major periods of crustal shortening in the Late Triassic and Cenozoic, forming a typical nappe system in China.This paper focused on the segmentation of the Longmenshan belt and its significance to the Wenchuan earthquake.The Longmenshan belt can be divided into two different structural segments: the north segment,which extends from the intersection of the Longmenshan Mountains and the Micangshan Mountains to Anxian County,and the south segment,which extends from Anxian County to Baoxing County.In the north segment,that remnants of the Lower Jurassic rocks unconformably overlie folded and thrust Triassic and Paleozoic rocks supports that the first thrusting and folding there occurred in the Late Triassic.In the south segment,the conformable relationship between Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic rocks indicates that unlike the north segment,the deformation of the same time was weak or absent there.Field investigations reveal that the Wenchuan earthquake produced two visible surface rupture zones: one along the Beichuan-Yingxiu thrust fault (260km in length)and another along the Pengguan thrust fault(70km in length).These coseismic surface ruptures can also be divided into two segments: the south segment(Beichuan-Yingxiu and Pengguan surface ruptures)and the north segment(Beichuan-Qinchuan surface rupture).The slip on ruptures of the south segment is characterized mainly by thrusting with a little amount of dextral oblique-slip,whereas the slip on ruptures of the north segment is characterized mainly by dextral strike-slip accompanied by a thrusting component.Similar,the 3-D geometry structural models of co-seismic faults,which integrate surface ruptures,relocated aftershocks,logs from petroleum wells,and seismic reflection profiles,also show a south-north segmentation: only a co-seismic fault exists in the north segment and does not reach the main detachment structure,whereas two co-seismic faults exist in the south segment.They have a complex geometry and appear to merge at 17km depth.Thus it can be believed that the segmentation of co-seismic surface ruptures of the Wenchuan earthquake should result from the pre-existing segmentation of the Longmenshan belt,i,e.the Late Triassic segmentation.
The Longmenshan fold-and-thrust belt between the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and the west margin of the Sichuan Basin experienced at least two major periods of crustal shortening in the Late Triassic and Cenozoic, forming a typical nappe system in China.This paper focused on the segmentation of the Longmenshan belt and its significance to the Wenchuan earthquake.The Longmenshan belt can be divided into two different structural segments: the north segment,which extends from the intersection of the Longmenshan Mountains and the Micangshan Mountains to Anxian County,and the south segment,which extends from Anxian County to Baoxing County.In the north segment,that remnants of the Lower Jurassic rocks unconformably overlie folded and thrust Triassic and Paleozoic rocks supports that the first thrusting and folding there occurred in the Late Triassic.In the south segment,the conformable relationship between Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic rocks indicates that unlike the north segment,the deformation of the same time was weak or absent there.Field investigations reveal that the Wenchuan earthquake produced two visible surface rupture zones: one along the Beichuan-Yingxiu thrust fault (260km in length)and another along the Pengguan thrust fault(70km in length).These coseismic surface ruptures can also be divided into two segments: the south segment(Beichuan-Yingxiu and Pengguan surface ruptures)and the north segment(Beichuan-Qinchuan surface rupture).The slip on ruptures of the south segment is characterized mainly by thrusting with a little amount of dextral oblique-slip,whereas the slip on ruptures of the north segment is characterized mainly by dextral strike-slip accompanied by a thrusting component.Similar,the 3-D geometry structural models of co-seismic faults,which integrate surface ruptures,relocated aftershocks,logs from petroleum wells,and seismic reflection profiles,also show a south-north segmentation: only a co-seismic fault exists in the north segment and does not reach the main detachment structure,whereas two co-seismic faults exist in the south segment.They have a complex geometry and appear to merge at 17km depth.Thus it can be believed that the segmentation of co-seismic surface ruptures of the Wenchuan earthquake should result from the pre-existing segmentation of the Longmenshan belt,i,e.the Late Triassic segmentation.
引文
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2 Burchfiel B C.Presidential address:New technology,new geological challenges.GSA Today,2004,14:4-9
3 Burchfiel C,Royden L,Van der Hilst R et al.A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008,Sichuan,People's Republic of China.GSA Today,2008,15 (7) :4-11,doi:10． 1130/GSATG18A.1
4 Densmore A L,Ellis M A,Li Yong et al.Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26:TC4005,doi:10． 1029/ 2006TC001987
5 Lin Aiming,Ren Zhikun,Jia Dong et al.Co-seismic thrusting rupture and slip distribution produced by the 2008 M_w7． 9 Wenchuan earthquake,China.Tectonophysics,2009,417:203-215
6 Hubbard J,Shaw J H.Uplift of the Longmen Shan and Tibetan Plateau,and the 2008 Wenchuan (M = 7． 9) earthquake.Nature,2008,458:194-197
7 Burchfiel B,Chen Zhiliang,Liu Yupinc et al.Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions,Central China.International Geology Review,1995,37:661-735
8 Jia Dong,Wei Guoqi,Chen Zhuxin et al.Longmen Shan fold-thrust belt and its relation to the Western Sichuaa Basin in Central China: New insights from hydrocarbon exploration.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,2006,90:1425-1447
9 贾东,陈竹新,贾承造等.龙门山前陆褶皱冲断带构造解析与川西前陆盆地的发育.高校地质学报,2003,9(3) :462-469 Jia Dong,Chen Zhuxin,Jia Chengzao et al.Structural features of the Longmen Shan fold and thrust belt and development of the Western Sichuan foreland basin,Central China.Geological Journal of China Universities,2003,9 (3) :462-469
10 钟锴,徐鸣洁,王良书等.川西两期前陆盆地南北两段构造演化的地球物理特征.石油学报,2004,25(6) :29-32,37 Zhong Kai,Xu Mingjie,Wang Liangsbu et al.Geophysical evidences of two-segment tectonic evolution of two-phase foreland basin in the Western Sichuan Province.Acta Petrolei Sinica,2004,25 (6) :29-32,37
11 贾秋鹏,贾东,朱艾斓等.青藏高原东缘龙门山冲断带与四川盆地的现今构造表现:数字地形和地震活动证据.地质科学,2007,42(1) :31-44 Jia Qiupeng,Jia Dong,Zhu Ailan et al.Active tectonics in the Longmen thrust belt to the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Sichuan Basin:Evidence from topography and seismicity.Chinese Journal of Geology,2007,42 (1) :31-44
12 陈竹新,贾东,张惬等.龙门山前陆褶皱冲断带的平衡剖面分析.地质学报,2005,79(1) :38-45 Chen Zhuxin,Jia Dong,Zhang Qie et al.Balanced cross-section analysis of the fold-thrust belt of the Longmen Mountains.Acta Geologica Sinica,2005,79 (1) 38-45
13 Jin Wenzheng,Tang Liangjie,Yang Keming et al.Segmentation of the Longmen mountains thrust belt,Western Sichuan foreland basin,SW China.Tectonophysics,2010,485:107-121,doi:10． 1016/j.recto.2009． 12． 007
14 李智武,刘树根,陈洪德等.龙门山冲断带分段-分带性构造格局及其差异变形特征.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4) :440-454 Li Zhiwu,Liu Sbugen,Chen Hongde et al.Structural segmentation and zonation and differential deformation across and along the Lomgmen thrust belt,West Sichuan,China.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition),2008,35(4) :440-454
15 刘和甫,梁慧社,蔡立国等.川西龙门山冲断系构造样式与前陆盆地演化.地质学报,1994,68(2) :100-118 Liu Hefu,Liang Huishe,Cai Liguo et al.Structural styles of the Longmenshan thrust belt and evolution of the foreland basin in West Sichuan Province,China.Acta Geological Siaica,1994,68 (2) :100-118
16 罗志立.龙门山造山带岩石圈演化的动力学模式.成都地质学院报,1991,18(1) :1-7 Lao Zhili.The dynamical model of the lithospheric evolution in Longmen Shan orogenic belt.Journal of Chengdu College of Geology,1991,18 (1) :1-7
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