岩石Kaiser效应方向独立性的研究现状及进展
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摘要
岩石声发射Kaiser效应测量地应力方法具有经济、简便、可大量测试的优点,吸引国内外学者广泛的注意,并进行了大量的研究。然而,由于岩石Kaiser效应的复杂性,还存在一些基础理论问题尚未解决,引起对部分Kaiser效应研究成果的争论。本文简要介绍了Kai-ser效应测量地应力的基本原理,指出声发射Kaiser效应存在方向独立性问题,综述了国内外学者研究Kaiser效应方向独立性的不同成果:有学者研究表明,单轴压缩下,当θ小于10°时可以观察到Kaiser效应,当θ大于10°时则观察不到Kaiser效应;另外一些研究者却认为,Kai-ser效应的存在与否,与两次加载间的夹角无关。在此基础之上探讨了Kaiser效应存在方向性对岩石Kaiser效应测量地应力的影响,并提出需要加强进一步的研究。
The stress measurement method based on Kaiser Effect of acoustic emission(AE)of rock is an economic,simple technique with large amount of tests proceeded.Domestic and foreign scholars paid wide attention to it,and did a lot of research works.However,because of the complexity of the Kaiser Effect of rock,there are still some unsolved basic theoretical problems existed that cause debate on some part of the research on Kaiser Effect.This paper introduced the basic principles of stress measurement on Kaiser Effect and pointed out that there was direction independence of Kaiser Effect in stress measurement.Overview of the different results of the study on the direction independence of Kaiser Effect by domestic and foreign scholars shows:Some scholars have shown that under uniaxial compression,when θ is less than 10°,the Kaiser Effect can be observed,when θ is greater than 10°the Kaiser Effect is not observed;Other researchers suggest that,Kaiser Effect has nothing to do with the angle between the two loadings.On basis of these,the influence of Kaiser Effect's direction independence on measuring ground stress by using Kaiser Effect of a rock is also discussed,and the authors propose that more works should be done in the future.
The stress measurement method based on Kaiser Effect of acoustic emission(AE)of rock is an economic,simple technique with large amount of tests proceeded.Domestic and foreign scholars paid wide attention to it,and did a lot of research works.However,because of the complexity of the Kaiser Effect of rock,there are still some unsolved basic theoretical problems existed that cause debate on some part of the research on Kaiser Effect.This paper introduced the basic principles of stress measurement on Kaiser Effect and pointed out that there was direction independence of Kaiser Effect in stress measurement.Overview of the different results of the study on the direction independence of Kaiser Effect by domestic and foreign scholars shows:Some scholars have shown that under uniaxial compression,when θ is less than 10°,the Kaiser Effect can be observed,when θ is greater than 10°the Kaiser Effect is not observed;Other researchers suggest that,Kaiser Effect has nothing to do with the angle between the two loadings.On basis of these,the influence of Kaiser Effect's direction independence on measuring ground stress by using Kaiser Effect of a rock is also discussed,and the authors propose that more works should be done in the future.
引文
[1]Kaiser,E.J.A study of acoustic phenomena in tensiletests[Ph.D].Dissertation.Technische HochschuleMunchen,Munich,FRG,1953.
[2]Goodman R.E.Subaudible noise during compression ofRock[J].The Geological Society of American Bulletin,1963,74(4):487-490.
[3]Kanagawa T Hayashi M and Nakasa H.Estimation ofspatial geostress components in rock samples using theKaiser effect of acoustic emission.Proceedings of theThird Acoustic Emission Symposium.Tokyo,229-248.1976.
[4]Yoshikawa S and Mogi K.A new method for estimationof crustal stress from cored rock samples,laboratorystudy in the case of uniaxial compression.Techtono-physics,1981,74(3):323-339.
[5]Michihiro K,Fujiwa T and Yoshika H.Study on esti-mating geostresses by the Kaiser effect of A E.Proceed-ings 26th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics/Rapid Cit-y,SD/26-28,June,1985.557-564.
[6]丁原辰,张大伦.以声发射估计岩石试样先存应力的新方法[J].现代地质,1989,(3):350-388.(Ding Yuanchen,Zhang Dalun.A new method for esti-mating pre-existing stress in rock by acoustic emission[J].Geoscience,1989,(3):350-388.(in Chinese))
[7]Holcomb D J.General theory of the Kaiser effect[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sci-ences and Geomechanical Abstract.1993,30(7):929-935.
[8]黄思静,单钰铭,刘维国,等.陕甘宁盆地G地区岩石声发射实验与构造应力[J].成都理工学院学报,1998,25(4):559-565.(Huang Sijing,Shan Yuming,Liu Weiguo,et al.AE test of reservoir rocks and tec-tonic geostress of the Triassic Yanchang formation inGregion Shanganning basin[J].Journal of Chengdu U-niversity of Technology,1998,25(4):559-565.(inChinese))
[9]黄武来,傅鹤林.利用岩石声发射Kaiser效应测试地应力[J].地下空间,1999,19(5):395-398.(Huang Wulai,Fu Helin.Measuring in situ stress byusing Kaiser effect of acoustic emission of rocks[J].Underground Space,1999,19(5):395-398.(in Chi-nese))
[10]姜永东,鲜学福,许江.岩石声发射Kaiser效应应用于地应力测试的研究[J].岩土力学,2005,26(6):946-949.(Jiang Yongdong,Xian Xuefu,XuJiang.Research on application of Kaiser effect of a-coustic emission to measuring initial stress in rock mass[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2005,26(6):946-949.(in Chinese))
[11]陈强,朱宝龙,胡厚田.岩石Kaiser效应测定地应力场的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(7):1 370-1 376.(Chen Qiang,Zhu Baolong,HuHoutian.Experimental research on measurement of in-situ stress field by Kaiser effect[J].Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(7):1 370-1 376.(in Chinese))
[12]张金航,赵其华,吕韬,等.利用岩石Kaiser效应对地应力的测试实验[J].西安科技大学学报,2010,30(2):207-211.(Zhang Jinhang,Zhao Qi-hua,Lv Tao,et al.Experimental research on measure-ment of in situ stress by using Kaiser effect[J].Jour-nal of Xi’an University of Science and Technology.2010,30(2):207-211.(in Chinese))
[13]李宏,张伯崇.北京房山花岗岩原地应力状态AE法估计[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(8):1 349-1 352.(Li Hong,Zhang Bochong.In situstress measurement of Fangshan granite[J].ChineseJournal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(8):1 349-1 352.(in Chinese))
[14]汪西海.贵州思林电站AE法与套心法地应力测量结果的比较[J].地质力学学报,2002,8(2):136-140.(Wang Xihai.Comparison of geostress measure-ment between AE method with stress relief by overcoringin Silin power station,Guizhou province[J].Journal ofGeomechanics,2002,8(2):136-140.(in Chinese))
[15]A Lavrov,The Kaiser effect in rocks:principles andstress estimation techniques[J].International Journalof Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40:151-171.
[16]C.Li,E.Nordlund.Experimental verification of theKaiser effect in rocks[J].Rock Mechanics and RockEngineering.1993,26(4):333-351.
[17]谢强,余贤斌,Carlos Dinis da Gama.时间延迟对劈裂试验条件下岩石凯塞效应的影响[J].岩土力学,2010,31(1):46-50.(Xie Qiang,Yu Xianbin,Carlos Dinis da Gama.Influence of time-delay on Kai-ser effect of rock under Brazilian tests[J]Rock andSoil Mechanics,2010,31(1):46-50.(in Chinese))
[18]D.J.Holcomb and L.S.Costin.Detecting damagesurfaces in brittle materials using acoustic emissions[J].Journal of Applied Mechanics.1986,53(3):536-544.
[19]丁原辰.矿区地应力状态的声发射粗估法及其应用[J].煤炭工程师,1992,4:50-56.(DingYuanchen.Simple acoustic emission method and itsapplication of the stress state of mining area[J].CoalEngineer,1992,4:50-56.(in Chinese))
[20]Jin Chuanzhong,Lin Zhengfu,Zhong Zuobo.Estima-tion of spatial geo-stress components in rock samples u-sing the Kaiser Effect of acoustic emission,1977.
[21]C.E.Stuart,P.G.Meredith,S.A.F.Murrell and J.G.Van Munster.Anisotropic crack damage and stress-memory effects in rocks under triaxial loading[J].In-ternational Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sci-ences&Geomechanical Abstracts,1993,30(7):937-941.
[22]G.Subhash and S.Nemat-Nasser.Dynamic stress-in-duced transformation and texture formation in uniaxialcompression of zirconia ceramics[J].Journal of Amer-ican Ceramic Society 76(1993),pp.153-165.
[23]K.Shin and T.Kanagawa,Kaiser effect of rock in a-cousto-elasticity,AE and DR.In:Proceedings of theFifth Conference on AE/MA in Geologic Structures andMaterials,Trans Tech Publications,Clausthal-Zeller-feld(1995),pp.197-204.
[24]Z.H.Chen,L.G.Tham,H.Xie,Experimental andnumerical study of the directional dependency of theKaiser effect in granite[J].International Journal ofRock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2007,44(7):1053-1061.
[25]谢强,江小城,余贤斌,等.加载方向变化对细晶花岗岩凯塞效应的影响[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(10):1 627-1 632.(Xie Qiang,Jiang Xiaocheng,YuXianbin,et al.Influence of rotation angle of principalstress axes between loading cycles on aplite granite’sKaiser effect[J].Journal of the China Coal Society,2010,35(10):1 627-1 632.(in Chinese))
[26]Michihiro K,Fujiwa T and Yoshika H.Determinationof the initial stresses on rock mass using acoustic emis-sion method[J].J Acoust Emission 10 1-2(1991/1992),pp.S63-S76.
[27]金川忠.利用AE的岩石试验和测量—在地应力测量中的应用[J].陈宏德译.地壳构造与地壳应力,1994,5:6-15.(Kanagawa.Rock test and measure-ment by using acoustic emission method-in the appli-cation of in-situ measurements[J].Translated ChenHongde,by Crustal Structure and Crustal Stress,1994,5:6-15.(in Chinese))
[28]黄志鹏,朱可善,郭映忠.岩石Kaiser效应方向独立性试验研究[J].长江科学院院报,1998,15(2):8-9.(Huang Zhipeng,Zhu Keshan,Guo Ying-zhong.Experimental study on rock Kaiser Effect’s di-rection independence[J].Yangtze River Scientific Re-search Institute,1998,15(2):8-9.(in Chinese))
[29]邓荣贵,付小敏,徐进.三向应力下长石石英砂岩凯塞尔效应试验研究[J].成都理工学院院报,2002,29(1):97-100.(Deng Ronggui,Fu Xiaomin,Xu Jin.The test study on the Kaiser effect of the feld-spathic quartz sandstone under triaxial compression[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2002,29(1).(in Chinese))
[30]Lavrov A,Vervootr A,Wevers M.,et al.Experimen-tal and numerical study of the Kaiser effect in cyclicBrazilian tests with disk rotation[J].InternationalJournal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2002,39(3):287-302.
[31]阎南.岩石Kaiser效应方向独立性研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2008.(Yan Nan.Study on rock Kai-ser Effect’s direction independence[D].Kunming:Kunming University of Science and Technology,2008.(in Chinese))
[32]方亚如.岩石声发射Kaiser效应的方向独立性[J].地震地磁观测与研究,1986,(2):51-57.(Fang Ya-ru,.The direction independence of Kaiser Effect of a-coustic emission of rocks[J].Seismological and Geo-magnetic Observation and Research,1986,(2):51-57.(in Chinese))
[33]张雪,刘建中,曹新玲,等.岩石在有围压条件下的声发射Kaiser效应[J].东北地震研究,1990,4(6):47-53.(Zhang Xue,Liu Jianzhong,Cao Xinling,et al.The Kaiser effect of acoustic emission of rocksunder the condition with confining pressure[J].North-eastern Seismological Research,1990,4(6):47-53.(in Chinese))
[34]丁原辰,徐和聆,邵兆刚,等.AE法测量岩石记忆应力机理的初步探讨[A]//第9届全国实验力学学术会议论文集[C].2000年1月1日,中国,广州.(Ding Yuanchen,Xu Heling.Shao Zhaogang,et al.Preliminary discussion of the mechanism of measuringrock’s memory stress by using acoustic emission meth-od[A]//The 9th national experimental mechanics aca-demic conference proceedings[C].January 1,Guang-zhou,China.(in Chinese))
[35]赵兴东,李元辉,袁瑞甫,等.花岗岩Kaiser效应的实验验证与分析[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版,2000),2007,28(2):254-257.(Zhao Xing-dong,Li Yuanhui,Yuan Ruifu,et al.Experimentalverification/analysis of Kaiser effect in Granite[J].Journal of Northeastern University(Natural ScienceEdition),2007,28(2):254-257.(in Chinese))
[2]Goodman R.E.Subaudible noise during compression ofRock[J].The Geological Society of American Bulletin,1963,74(4):487-490.
[3]Kanagawa T Hayashi M and Nakasa H.Estimation ofspatial geostress components in rock samples using theKaiser effect of acoustic emission.Proceedings of theThird Acoustic Emission Symposium.Tokyo,229-248.1976.
[4]Yoshikawa S and Mogi K.A new method for estimationof crustal stress from cored rock samples,laboratorystudy in the case of uniaxial compression.Techtono-physics,1981,74(3):323-339.
[5]Michihiro K,Fujiwa T and Yoshika H.Study on esti-mating geostresses by the Kaiser effect of A E.Proceed-ings 26th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics/Rapid Cit-y,SD/26-28,June,1985.557-564.
[6]丁原辰,张大伦.以声发射估计岩石试样先存应力的新方法[J].现代地质,1989,(3):350-388.(Ding Yuanchen,Zhang Dalun.A new method for esti-mating pre-existing stress in rock by acoustic emission[J].Geoscience,1989,(3):350-388.(in Chinese))
[7]Holcomb D J.General theory of the Kaiser effect[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sci-ences and Geomechanical Abstract.1993,30(7):929-935.
[8]黄思静,单钰铭,刘维国,等.陕甘宁盆地G地区岩石声发射实验与构造应力[J].成都理工学院学报,1998,25(4):559-565.(Huang Sijing,Shan Yuming,Liu Weiguo,et al.AE test of reservoir rocks and tec-tonic geostress of the Triassic Yanchang formation inGregion Shanganning basin[J].Journal of Chengdu U-niversity of Technology,1998,25(4):559-565.(inChinese))
[9]黄武来,傅鹤林.利用岩石声发射Kaiser效应测试地应力[J].地下空间,1999,19(5):395-398.(Huang Wulai,Fu Helin.Measuring in situ stress byusing Kaiser effect of acoustic emission of rocks[J].Underground Space,1999,19(5):395-398.(in Chi-nese))
[10]姜永东,鲜学福,许江.岩石声发射Kaiser效应应用于地应力测试的研究[J].岩土力学,2005,26(6):946-949.(Jiang Yongdong,Xian Xuefu,XuJiang.Research on application of Kaiser effect of a-coustic emission to measuring initial stress in rock mass[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2005,26(6):946-949.(in Chinese))
[11]陈强,朱宝龙,胡厚田.岩石Kaiser效应测定地应力场的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(7):1 370-1 376.(Chen Qiang,Zhu Baolong,HuHoutian.Experimental research on measurement of in-situ stress field by Kaiser effect[J].Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(7):1 370-1 376.(in Chinese))
[12]张金航,赵其华,吕韬,等.利用岩石Kaiser效应对地应力的测试实验[J].西安科技大学学报,2010,30(2):207-211.(Zhang Jinhang,Zhao Qi-hua,Lv Tao,et al.Experimental research on measure-ment of in situ stress by using Kaiser effect[J].Jour-nal of Xi’an University of Science and Technology.2010,30(2):207-211.(in Chinese))
[13]李宏,张伯崇.北京房山花岗岩原地应力状态AE法估计[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(8):1 349-1 352.(Li Hong,Zhang Bochong.In situstress measurement of Fangshan granite[J].ChineseJournal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(8):1 349-1 352.(in Chinese))
[14]汪西海.贵州思林电站AE法与套心法地应力测量结果的比较[J].地质力学学报,2002,8(2):136-140.(Wang Xihai.Comparison of geostress measure-ment between AE method with stress relief by overcoringin Silin power station,Guizhou province[J].Journal ofGeomechanics,2002,8(2):136-140.(in Chinese))
[15]A Lavrov,The Kaiser effect in rocks:principles andstress estimation techniques[J].International Journalof Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40:151-171.
[16]C.Li,E.Nordlund.Experimental verification of theKaiser effect in rocks[J].Rock Mechanics and RockEngineering.1993,26(4):333-351.
[17]谢强,余贤斌,Carlos Dinis da Gama.时间延迟对劈裂试验条件下岩石凯塞效应的影响[J].岩土力学,2010,31(1):46-50.(Xie Qiang,Yu Xianbin,Carlos Dinis da Gama.Influence of time-delay on Kai-ser effect of rock under Brazilian tests[J]Rock andSoil Mechanics,2010,31(1):46-50.(in Chinese))
[18]D.J.Holcomb and L.S.Costin.Detecting damagesurfaces in brittle materials using acoustic emissions[J].Journal of Applied Mechanics.1986,53(3):536-544.
[19]丁原辰.矿区地应力状态的声发射粗估法及其应用[J].煤炭工程师,1992,4:50-56.(DingYuanchen.Simple acoustic emission method and itsapplication of the stress state of mining area[J].CoalEngineer,1992,4:50-56.(in Chinese))
[20]Jin Chuanzhong,Lin Zhengfu,Zhong Zuobo.Estima-tion of spatial geo-stress components in rock samples u-sing the Kaiser Effect of acoustic emission,1977.
[21]C.E.Stuart,P.G.Meredith,S.A.F.Murrell and J.G.Van Munster.Anisotropic crack damage and stress-memory effects in rocks under triaxial loading[J].In-ternational Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sci-ences&Geomechanical Abstracts,1993,30(7):937-941.
[22]G.Subhash and S.Nemat-Nasser.Dynamic stress-in-duced transformation and texture formation in uniaxialcompression of zirconia ceramics[J].Journal of Amer-ican Ceramic Society 76(1993),pp.153-165.
[23]K.Shin and T.Kanagawa,Kaiser effect of rock in a-cousto-elasticity,AE and DR.In:Proceedings of theFifth Conference on AE/MA in Geologic Structures andMaterials,Trans Tech Publications,Clausthal-Zeller-feld(1995),pp.197-204.
[24]Z.H.Chen,L.G.Tham,H.Xie,Experimental andnumerical study of the directional dependency of theKaiser effect in granite[J].International Journal ofRock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2007,44(7):1053-1061.
[25]谢强,江小城,余贤斌,等.加载方向变化对细晶花岗岩凯塞效应的影响[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(10):1 627-1 632.(Xie Qiang,Jiang Xiaocheng,YuXianbin,et al.Influence of rotation angle of principalstress axes between loading cycles on aplite granite’sKaiser effect[J].Journal of the China Coal Society,2010,35(10):1 627-1 632.(in Chinese))
[26]Michihiro K,Fujiwa T and Yoshika H.Determinationof the initial stresses on rock mass using acoustic emis-sion method[J].J Acoust Emission 10 1-2(1991/1992),pp.S63-S76.
[27]金川忠.利用AE的岩石试验和测量—在地应力测量中的应用[J].陈宏德译.地壳构造与地壳应力,1994,5:6-15.(Kanagawa.Rock test and measure-ment by using acoustic emission method-in the appli-cation of in-situ measurements[J].Translated ChenHongde,by Crustal Structure and Crustal Stress,1994,5:6-15.(in Chinese))
[28]黄志鹏,朱可善,郭映忠.岩石Kaiser效应方向独立性试验研究[J].长江科学院院报,1998,15(2):8-9.(Huang Zhipeng,Zhu Keshan,Guo Ying-zhong.Experimental study on rock Kaiser Effect’s di-rection independence[J].Yangtze River Scientific Re-search Institute,1998,15(2):8-9.(in Chinese))
[29]邓荣贵,付小敏,徐进.三向应力下长石石英砂岩凯塞尔效应试验研究[J].成都理工学院院报,2002,29(1):97-100.(Deng Ronggui,Fu Xiaomin,Xu Jin.The test study on the Kaiser effect of the feld-spathic quartz sandstone under triaxial compression[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2002,29(1).(in Chinese))
[30]Lavrov A,Vervootr A,Wevers M.,et al.Experimen-tal and numerical study of the Kaiser effect in cyclicBrazilian tests with disk rotation[J].InternationalJournal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2002,39(3):287-302.
[31]阎南.岩石Kaiser效应方向独立性研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2008.(Yan Nan.Study on rock Kai-ser Effect’s direction independence[D].Kunming:Kunming University of Science and Technology,2008.(in Chinese))
[32]方亚如.岩石声发射Kaiser效应的方向独立性[J].地震地磁观测与研究,1986,(2):51-57.(Fang Ya-ru,.The direction independence of Kaiser Effect of a-coustic emission of rocks[J].Seismological and Geo-magnetic Observation and Research,1986,(2):51-57.(in Chinese))
[33]张雪,刘建中,曹新玲,等.岩石在有围压条件下的声发射Kaiser效应[J].东北地震研究,1990,4(6):47-53.(Zhang Xue,Liu Jianzhong,Cao Xinling,et al.The Kaiser effect of acoustic emission of rocksunder the condition with confining pressure[J].North-eastern Seismological Research,1990,4(6):47-53.(in Chinese))
[34]丁原辰,徐和聆,邵兆刚,等.AE法测量岩石记忆应力机理的初步探讨[A]//第9届全国实验力学学术会议论文集[C].2000年1月1日,中国,广州.(Ding Yuanchen,Xu Heling.Shao Zhaogang,et al.Preliminary discussion of the mechanism of measuringrock’s memory stress by using acoustic emission meth-od[A]//The 9th national experimental mechanics aca-demic conference proceedings[C].January 1,Guang-zhou,China.(in Chinese))
[35]赵兴东,李元辉,袁瑞甫,等.花岗岩Kaiser效应的实验验证与分析[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版,2000),2007,28(2):254-257.(Zhao Xing-dong,Li Yuanhui,Yuan Ruifu,et al.Experimentalverification/analysis of Kaiser effect in Granite[J].Journal of Northeastern University(Natural ScienceEdition),2007,28(2):254-257.(in Chinese))
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