北京城区绿地防灾避险功能评估
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摘要
城市绿地具有重要的防灾避险功能。以北京城区具有防灾避险功能的绿地为研究对象,划定了不同类型绿地的防灾避险服务半径,利用ArcGIS的缓冲区分析工具,对研究区内绿地的防灾避险服务范围进行了分析。结果表明:绿地防灾避险有效服务面积占研究区的71.22%,3.94万hm2的区域处于服务盲区,主要分布在五环路以外的海淀、丰台和朝阳区;从防灾避险绿地和服务范围的覆盖率来看,西城区>东城区>朝阳区>石景山区>海淀区>丰台区,有111个街道、地区办事处和乡镇覆盖率在90%以上,但仍有占研究区面积24.08%的办事处和乡镇覆盖率在80%以下;此外,防灾避险绿地及服务区覆盖率由市中心向外围呈现递减趋势。
Urban green spaces can play an important role in disaster prevention and reduction,which has aroused more attention.This paper selected the green lands with function of disaster prevention and reduction in six districts of Beijing city as case studies.The service radius of different types of green spaces was calculated on the basis of corresponding relationship between disaster prevention systems and different types of urban green spaces.And the radiation range of green spaces in different districts,streets and towns were analyzed with the aid of ArcGIS buffer tool.The results showed that the effective service area accounted for 71.22% of the total area,and there was a blind area of 39377.3 hm2,mainly distributed outside the Fifth Ring Road.The coverage rate of service areas was ranked in a descending order of Xicheng District,Dongcheng District,Chaoyang District,Shijingshan District,Haidian District and Fengtai District.The coverage percentage was above 90% in 111 out of 130 blocks and towns,whereas the ratio was below 80% in 24.08% of the area.Wangzuo town in Fengtai District and Sujiatuo town in Haidian District had lower coverage rates of service areas,being 44.6% and 46.6%,respectively.The coverage of green space and buffer zones from the city center to the periphery showed a decreasing trend.
Urban green spaces can play an important role in disaster prevention and reduction,which has aroused more attention.This paper selected the green lands with function of disaster prevention and reduction in six districts of Beijing city as case studies.The service radius of different types of green spaces was calculated on the basis of corresponding relationship between disaster prevention systems and different types of urban green spaces.And the radiation range of green spaces in different districts,streets and towns were analyzed with the aid of ArcGIS buffer tool.The results showed that the effective service area accounted for 71.22% of the total area,and there was a blind area of 39377.3 hm2,mainly distributed outside the Fifth Ring Road.The coverage rate of service areas was ranked in a descending order of Xicheng District,Dongcheng District,Chaoyang District,Shijingshan District,Haidian District and Fengtai District.The coverage percentage was above 90% in 111 out of 130 blocks and towns,whereas the ratio was below 80% in 24.08% of the area.Wangzuo town in Fengtai District and Sujiatuo town in Haidian District had lower coverage rates of service areas,being 44.6% and 46.6%,respectively.The coverage of green space and buffer zones from the city center to the periphery showed a decreasing trend.
引文
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[24]张宁,方琳娜,周杰,等.北京城市边缘区空间扩展特征及驱动机制.地理研究,2010,29(3):471～480.
[25]叶明武,王军,刘耀龙,等.基于GIS的上海城区公园避难可达性研究.地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(2):96～103.
[26]Tai C A,Lee Y L,Lin C Y,et al.Earthquake evacuation shelter feasibility analysis applying with GIS model build-er.In:40th International Conference on Computers and Industrial Engineering:Soft Computing Techniques forAdvanced Manufacturing and Service Systems,Awaji:CIE40,2010.
[27]李树华,李延明,任斌斌,等.园林植物的防火功能以及防火型园林绿地的植物配置手法.风景园林,2008,(6):92～97.
[2]杨文斌,韩世文,张敬军,等.地震应急避难场所的规划建设与城市防灾.自然灾害学报,2004,13(1):126～131.
[3]邱健,江俊浩,贾刘强.汶川地震对我国公园防灾减灾系统建设的启示.城市规划,2008,32(11):72～77.
[4]李树华.防灾避险型城市绿地规划设计.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010.
[5]Ulrich R S,Simons R S,Losito B D,et al.Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments.Journal of Environmental Psychology,1991,11(3):201～233.
[6]Hartig T,Bk A,Garvill J,et al.Environmental influences on psychological restoration.Scandinavian Journal ofPsychology,1996,37(4):378～393.
[7]李景奇,夏季.城市防灾公园规划研究.中国园林,2007,(7):16～22.
[8]Wolshon B.Emergency transport preparedness,management,and response in urban planning and development.Journal of Urban Planning and Development,2007,133(1):1～2.
[9]Alada-Almeida L,Tralh珘ao L,Santos L,et al.A multiobjective approach to locate emergency shelters and identifyevacuation routes in urban areas.Geographical Analysis,2009,41(1):9～29.
[10]Fernandez A R,Studnek J R,Margolis G S,et al.Disaster preparedness of nationally certified emergency medicalservices professionals.Academic Emergency Medicine,2011,18(4):403～412.
[11]Satoh K,Yoshihara H,Sagae K,et al.Reduction of fire hazards downwind of wind-driven fires by tree barriers.Part IV:Numerical simulation of real-scale fires located in Kobe City,Japan.American Society of Mechanical En-gineers,Heat Transfer Division,(Publication)HTD,1999,364-4:175～182.
[12]Satou Y,Koshizawa A,Sakai A.The planning of the fire prevention boulevards and park in Otaru in Meiji era.AIJJournal of Technology and Design,2008,14(27):321～324.
[13]齐藤庸平,沈悦.日本都市绿地防灾系统规划的思路.中国园林,2007,(7):1～5.
[14]包志毅,陈波.城市绿地系统建设与城市减灾防灾.自然灾害学报,2004,13(2):155～160.
[15]刘海燕,武志东.基于GIS的城市防灾公园规划研究.规划师,2006,22(10):55～58.
[16]Li Y Y,Zhou T J.Analysis of disaster prevention and reduction of urban green space planning in mountain city.Disaster Advances,2010,3(4):133～137.
[17]张敏.国外城市防灾减灾及我们的思考.规划师,2000,16(2):101～104.
[18]郑曦,孙晓春.城市绿地防灾规划建设和管理探讨———基于四川汶川大地震的思考.中国人口.资源与环境,2008,18(6):152～156.
[19]江俊浩,史劲松,李有旺.从防灾减灾看城市公园的规划建设———以成都市为例.西南交通大学学报:社会科学版,2008,9(5):72～77.
[20]金磊.北京城市灾害及新世纪安全战略.灾害学,2000,15(2):23～28.
[21]王丹丹.城市绿地的避灾作用及其规划设计的探讨.北京:北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[22]申世良,王浩,费文君.基于避震减灾的城市绿地规划建设思考.林业科技开发,2009,23(2):1～4.
[23]林康,陆玉麟,刘俊,等.基于可达性角度的公共产品空间公平性的定量评价方法———以江苏省仪征市为例.地理研究,2009,28(1):215～224.
[24]张宁,方琳娜,周杰,等.北京城市边缘区空间扩展特征及驱动机制.地理研究,2010,29(3):471～480.
[25]叶明武,王军,刘耀龙,等.基于GIS的上海城区公园避难可达性研究.地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(2):96～103.
[26]Tai C A,Lee Y L,Lin C Y,et al.Earthquake evacuation shelter feasibility analysis applying with GIS model build-er.In:40th International Conference on Computers and Industrial Engineering:Soft Computing Techniques forAdvanced Manufacturing and Service Systems,Awaji:CIE40,2010.
[27]李树华,李延明,任斌斌,等.园林植物的防火功能以及防火型园林绿地的植物配置手法.风景园林,2008,(6):92～97.
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