具有多种断层结构岩样的形变和破裂特征的试验研究
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摘要
在岩石板上切割出多条切缝并以石膏填充,将其分为3个构造特征区:A区(断层交汇区)、B区(左行左列岩桥区)、C区(右行左列岩桥区)。采用双轴加压、定点应变、声发射信息系统和实时全息干涉计量方法(激光)进行观测研究。结果表明:在岩样破坏孕育过程中,各个特征区都出现了特大破裂。每个特大破裂发生前定点应变、激光干涉条纹图(应变场)和声发射信息都出现了特征变化。特大破裂的发生有先后,其前兆特征的出现也有先后,并且各区有各自的特点,某些前兆还可能在各区之间交替出现。研究认为,三个区的断层结构性质不同,这就导致了不同的破裂顺序,甚至产生不同的前兆现象。
V-shaped block boundaries consisting of en echelon faults(slots or prefabricated cracks)were cut in a coarse-grained granite board.The slots were filled with gypsum.According to the structural characteristics,the board was divided into three zones:Zone A(where the faults converge),Zone B(where the faults form left-lateral and left-stepping rock bridges),and Zone C(where the faults form right-lateral and left-stepping rock bridges).An observational study was made by means of biaxial loading,fixed-point strain measurement,AE information system,and real-time holometry(laser).Results are as the following:All extra-fractures emerge in various structural zones during process of preparing failure of the sample.Before extra-fracturing,the variation characteristics such as the strains at measuring points increased with the increase of stress,message of AE events and fringes are observed by real-time holometry.Extra-fractures occurred in order,and the precursors of the extra-fractures emerged in order too.The three zones had their own characteristics with regard to the fracturing.Some precursors emerge alternately in various zones.When examined from the structural characteristics,it can be seen that the three zones are places where different structures meet and therefore are sensitive sections for events to occur.This has led to different orders of fracture or even resulted in different precursors.
V-shaped block boundaries consisting of en echelon faults(slots or prefabricated cracks)were cut in a coarse-grained granite board.The slots were filled with gypsum.According to the structural characteristics,the board was divided into three zones:Zone A(where the faults converge),Zone B(where the faults form left-lateral and left-stepping rock bridges),and Zone C(where the faults form right-lateral and left-stepping rock bridges).An observational study was made by means of biaxial loading,fixed-point strain measurement,AE information system,and real-time holometry(laser).Results are as the following:All extra-fractures emerge in various structural zones during process of preparing failure of the sample.Before extra-fracturing,the variation characteristics such as the strains at measuring points increased with the increase of stress,message of AE events and fringes are observed by real-time holometry.Extra-fractures occurred in order,and the precursors of the extra-fractures emerged in order too.The three zones had their own characteristics with regard to the fracturing.Some precursors emerge alternately in various zones.When examined from the structural characteristics,it can be seen that the three zones are places where different structures meet and therefore are sensitive sections for events to occur.This has led to different orders of fracture or even resulted in different precursors.
引文
陈顺云,许昭永,杨润海,等.2002.含多组雁列构造试样的特征位移场与声发射的关系——应变空区的实验与理论探讨[J].地震学报,24(6):627-637.
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胡毅力,文丽敏,杨润海,等.2006.孕震过程中几个典型形变场的实验研究[J].地震研究,29(2):182-187.
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王彬,许昭永,赵晋明,等.1999.含坚固体试样破裂孕育过程中声发射的强度特征及其地震学意义,地震地质,21(4):411-416.
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熊秉衡,王正荣,吕晓旭,等.2002.一种新型的实验地震学光学测量系统[J].中国激光,29(4):376-380.
许昭永,舒燕华,包一峰.1989.单轴压缩下填充物灌溉切口岩样的破裂特征//[C]实验地球物理研究文集.北京:地震出版社,269-274.
许昭永,杨润海,赵晋明,等.2002.Y形块体交界处多点大破裂的模拟实验研究[J].地球物理学报,45(增刊):214-224.
杨润海,许昭永,胡毅力,等.2006.组合岩样破裂孕育过程中应变场的动态变化特征[J].地震研究,29(4):360-365.
张之立,方兴.1989.含非均匀岩板中混合型裂纹扩展过程实验[J].地球物理学报,32(专辑1):183-193.
张之立,方兴,阎红,等.1989.拼接岩板受压混合型裂纹扩展过程位移和应变场的光测实验[J].地球物理学报,32(专辑1):194-203.
赵永红,黄杰藩,王仁.1993.破裂带发展的扫描电镜实验研究及其对地震前兆的启示[J].地球物理学报,36(4):453-462.
赵豫生,陈顒,王仁.1988.岩石裂纹附近的变形局部化和破坏——激光全息干涉法的应用[J].地球物理学报,31:294-305.
H o rii H,Nemat-Nasser S.1985.Compression-induced microcrack growthin brittle solids[J].JGR,90:3105-3125.
H u ang J F,Chen G L,Zhao YH,et al.1990.An experimental study of thestrain field development prior to failure of a marble plate under com-pression[J].Tectonophysics,175:269-284.
Kr anz R L.1979.Crack-crack and crack-pore interactions in stressedgranite[J].Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr,16:37-47.
L oc kner D,Byerlee J D.1993.The role of acoustic emission in the studyof rock fracture[J].Int J Rock Mech Min Sci&Geomeck.Abstr,30:7883-899.
N o len-hoeksema R C,Gordon R B.1987.Optical detection of crack pat-terns in the opening-mode fracture of marble[J].Int J Rock MechMin Sci Geomech Abstr.24:135-144.
R u dnicki J W,Kanamori H.1981.Effects of fault interaction on moment,stress drop and strain energy release[J].JGR,86:1785-1793.
Sch olz C H.1968.Frequency-magnitude relation of microfracturing inrock and its relaton to earthquake[J].BSSA,58:399-415.
W a ng R,Zhao Y,Chen Y,et al.1987.Experiment and finite element sim-ulation of X-type shear fractures from a crack in marble[J].Tectonophysics,144:141-150.
陈顺云,许昭永,杨润海,等.2003.含V形构造花岗岩块体破坏过程中的声发射特征[J].地震地质,25(2):317-326.
杜异军,马瑾,李建国.1989.雁列式裂纹的相互作用及其稳定性[J].地球物理学报,32(专辑1):218-231.
胡毅力,文丽敏,杨润海,等.2006.孕震过程中几个典型形变场的实验研究[J].地震研究,29(2):182-187.
李世愚,尹祥础,李红,等.1989.闭合裂纹面相互作用过程中的多点破裂现象及其分析[J].地球物理学报,32(专辑1):174-182.
李世愚,滕春凯,卢振业,等.2000.典型构造微破裂集结的实验研究[J].地震学报,22(3):278-287.
茂木清夫.1984.地震预报的基础研究//[C]国家地震局科技监测司.大陆地震活动和地震预报国际学术讨论会论文集.北京:地震出版社,375-402.
王彬,许昭永,赵晋明,等.1999.含坚固体试样破裂孕育过程中声发射的强度特征及其地震学意义,地震地质,21(4):411-416.
王仁,赵豫生,陈顒,等.1986.大理岩试件中裂缝的逆向共扼剪切破裂[J].地震学报,8(2):191-196.
熊秉衡,王正荣,吕晓旭,等.2002.一种新型的实验地震学光学测量系统[J].中国激光,29(4):376-380.
许昭永,舒燕华,包一峰.1989.单轴压缩下填充物灌溉切口岩样的破裂特征//[C]实验地球物理研究文集.北京:地震出版社,269-274.
许昭永,杨润海,赵晋明,等.2002.Y形块体交界处多点大破裂的模拟实验研究[J].地球物理学报,45(增刊):214-224.
杨润海,许昭永,胡毅力,等.2006.组合岩样破裂孕育过程中应变场的动态变化特征[J].地震研究,29(4):360-365.
张之立,方兴.1989.含非均匀岩板中混合型裂纹扩展过程实验[J].地球物理学报,32(专辑1):183-193.
张之立,方兴,阎红,等.1989.拼接岩板受压混合型裂纹扩展过程位移和应变场的光测实验[J].地球物理学报,32(专辑1):194-203.
赵永红,黄杰藩,王仁.1993.破裂带发展的扫描电镜实验研究及其对地震前兆的启示[J].地球物理学报,36(4):453-462.
赵豫生,陈顒,王仁.1988.岩石裂纹附近的变形局部化和破坏——激光全息干涉法的应用[J].地球物理学报,31:294-305.
H o rii H,Nemat-Nasser S.1985.Compression-induced microcrack growthin brittle solids[J].JGR,90:3105-3125.
H u ang J F,Chen G L,Zhao YH,et al.1990.An experimental study of thestrain field development prior to failure of a marble plate under com-pression[J].Tectonophysics,175:269-284.
Kr anz R L.1979.Crack-crack and crack-pore interactions in stressedgranite[J].Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr,16:37-47.
L oc kner D,Byerlee J D.1993.The role of acoustic emission in the studyof rock fracture[J].Int J Rock Mech Min Sci&Geomeck.Abstr,30:7883-899.
N o len-hoeksema R C,Gordon R B.1987.Optical detection of crack pat-terns in the opening-mode fracture of marble[J].Int J Rock MechMin Sci Geomech Abstr.24:135-144.
R u dnicki J W,Kanamori H.1981.Effects of fault interaction on moment,stress drop and strain energy release[J].JGR,86:1785-1793.
Sch olz C H.1968.Frequency-magnitude relation of microfracturing inrock and its relaton to earthquake[J].BSSA,58:399-415.
W a ng R,Zhao Y,Chen Y,et al.1987.Experiment and finite element sim-ulation of X-type shear fractures from a crack in marble[J].Tectonophysics,144:141-150.
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