砂砾土动力特性的室内试验研究进展
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摘要
简要回顾了国内外有关砂砾土动剪切模量和阻尼比的试验研究进展,总结了围压、固结比、颗粒形状、含砾量、颗粒破碎等因素对砂砾土动剪切模量、阻尼比及归一化动剪切模量比与阻尼比曲线特征的影响规律,发现砂砾土归一化动剪切模量比和阻尼比的曲线形状主要受围压大小的影响,其他因素的影响不明显;总结了砂砾土抗液化强度、振动孔压发展特征、液化判别方法方面的研究进展,含砾量、试样扰动、膜贯效应是影响砂砾土抗液化强度的主要因素;指出了砂砾土动力特性研究中存在的问题及今后应予以更深入关注的研究方向。
On the basis of many studies on the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of gravel soil reported in the literatures,this paper summaries the influence factors including the confining pressure,the consolidation ratio,the particle shape,the gravel contents and the particle breakage.It is found that the normalized dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of gravel soil are mainly influenced by the confining pressure.Other influence factors have a little impact on them.Moreover,the liquefaction characteristics of gravel soil are concluded including the liquefaction resistance,the development characteristics of dynamic pore water pressure and the liquefaction evaluation method.The major factors that influence liquefaction resistance of gravel soil include the gravel contents,the sample disturbance and the membrane penetration effect.Finally,this paper indicates the existing problems about the research on the dynamic characteristics of gravel soil and points out the research topics that more attention should be paid to.
On the basis of many studies on the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of gravel soil reported in the literatures,this paper summaries the influence factors including the confining pressure,the consolidation ratio,the particle shape,the gravel contents and the particle breakage.It is found that the normalized dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of gravel soil are mainly influenced by the confining pressure.Other influence factors have a little impact on them.Moreover,the liquefaction characteristics of gravel soil are concluded including the liquefaction resistance,the development characteristics of dynamic pore water pressure and the liquefaction evaluation method.The major factors that influence liquefaction resistance of gravel soil include the gravel contents,the sample disturbance and the membrane penetration effect.Finally,this paper indicates the existing problems about the research on the dynamic characteristics of gravel soil and points out the research topics that more attention should be paid to.
引文
[1]袁晓铭,曹振中,孙锐,等.汶川8.0级地震液化特征初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(6):1288-1296.YUAN Xiaoming,CAO Zhenzhong,SUN Rui,et al.Preliminary research on liquefaction characteristics of wenchuan 8.0 earthquake[J].ChineseJournal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(6):1288-1296.
[2]陈国兴.岩土地震工程学[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.CHEN Guoxing.Geotechnical earthquake engineering[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007.
[3]Hardin B O,Drnevich V P.Shear modulusand damping in soils:measurement and parameter effects[J].Journal of the Soil Mechanicsand Foun-dations Division,ASCE.1972,98(6):603-624.
[4]吴世明,徐攸在.土动力学现状与发展[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(3):125-131.WU Shiming,XU Yunzai.State-of-art and development of soil dynamics[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1998,20(3):125-131.
[5]王爱萍,耿晔,金锦,等.张峰水库堆石坝料的动力特性研究[J].华北水利水电学院学报,2005,26(3):16-18.WANG Aiping,GENG Ye,JIN Jin,et al.Study on dynamic characteristics of rock filling materials of Zhangfeng reservoir[J].Journal of NorthChina Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power,2005,26(3):16-18.
[6]凌华,傅华,蔡正银,等.坝料动力变形特性试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2009,31(12):1920-1924.LING Hua,FU Hua,CAI Zhengyin,et al.Experimental study on dynamic deformation behaviors of dam materials[J].Chinese Journal of Geotech-nical Engineering,2009,31(12):1920-1924.
[7]王汝恒,贾彬,邓安福,等.砂卵石土动力特性的动三轴试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(z2):4059-4064.WANG Ruheng,JIA Bin,DENG Anfu,et al.Dynamic triaxial testing study on dynamic characteristics of sandy pebble soil[J].Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(z2):4059-4064.
[8]刘汉龙,杨贵,陈育民.筑坝反滤料动剪切模量和阻尼比影响因素试验研究[J].岩土力学.2010,31(7):2030-2034.LIU Hanlong,YANG Gui,CHEN Yumin.Experimental study of factors influencing dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of dam inverted filler[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(7):2030-2034.
[9]Meidani M,Shafiee A,Habibagahi G,et al.Granule shape effect on the shear modulus and damping ratio of mixed gravel and clay[J].IranianJournal of Science&Technology,Transaction B,Engineering.2002,32(B5):501-518.
[10]Rollins K M,Evans M D,Diehl N B,et al.Shear modulus and damping relationships for gravels[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviron-mental Engineering,1998,124(5):396-405.
[11]Hardin B O,Kalinski M E.Estimating the shear modulusof gravelly soils[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2005,131(7):867-875.
[12]Wichtmann T,TriantafyllidisT.Influence of the grain-size distribution curve of quartzsand on the small strain shear modulusGmax[J].Journalof Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering.2009,135(10):1404-1418.
[13]Sahaphol T,Miura S.Shear moduli of volcanic soils[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2005,36(1):166-186.
[14]Kokusho T,Tanaka Y.Dynamic properties of gravel layers investigated by in-situ freezing sampling[Z].In:Prakash S,Dakoulas P,editors.Ground failures under seismic conditions,Atlanta,Georgia,9-13 October 1994.ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No.44:121-40.
[15]Goto S,Nishio S,Yoshimi Y.Dynamic properties of gravels sampled by ground freezing[Z].In:Prakash S,Dakoulas P,editors.Ground fail-ures under seismic conditions,Atlanta,Georgia,9–13 October 1994.ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No.44:141–57.
[16]Konno T,Hatanaka M,Ishihara K,Ibe Y,Iizuka S.Gravelly soil properties evaluation by large scale in-situ cyclic shear tests[Z].In:PrakashS,Dakoulas P,editors.Ground failures under seismic conditions,Atlanta,Georgia,9–13 October 1994.ASCE Geotechnical Special Publica-tion No.44:177-200.
[17]Seed H B,WongRT,IdrissIM,etal.Moduliand dampingfactorsfordynamicanalysesofcohesionlesssoils[J].JournalofGeotechnicalEngi-neering.1986,112(11):1016-1032.
[18]Seed H B,Idriss I M.Soil modulus and damping factors for dynamic response analysis[R].California:Eearthquake Engineering Research Cen-ter,1970.
[19]孔宪京,娄树莲,邹德高,等.筑坝堆石料的等效动剪切模量与等效阻尼比[J].水利学报,2001,23(8):20-25.KONG Xianjing,LOU Shulian,ZOU Degao,et al.The equivalent dynamic shear modulus and equivalent damping ratio of rockfill material for dam[J].SHUI LI XUE BAO.2001,23(8):20-25.
[20]Wong R T,Chan C K,Seed H B.Cyclic loading liquefaction of gravelly soils[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division.1975,101(6):571-583.
[21]Baneriee N G,Seed H B,Chan C K.Cyclic behavior of dense coarse-grained materials in relation to dams[J].1979,No.UCB/EERC(79/13).
[22]汪闻韶,常亚屏,左秀泓.饱和砂砾料在振动和往返加荷下的液化特性[C]//水利水电科学研究院研究论文集.北京:水利电力出版社,1986.WANG Wenshao,CHANG Yapping,ZUO Xiuhong.Liquefaction characteristics of saturated sandy gravel under cycle load[C]//Collected Re-seareh Papers of Institute of Woter Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power Researeh.Beijing:Hydraulic Power Press,1986.
[23]刘令瑶,李桂,丙东屏.密云水库白河主坝保护层地震破坏及砂砾料振动液化特性[C].北京:水利电力出版社,1982.LIU Lingyao,LI Gui,BING Dongping.Earthquake damage of Miyun reservoir’sbaihe protective layer and liquefaction characteristics of saturatedsandy gravel[C].Beijing:Hydraulic Power Press,1982.
[24]Evans M D,Zhou S.Liquefaction behavior of sand-gravel composites[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.1995,121(3):287-298.
[25]Ping-Sien L,Chi-Wen C,Wen-Jong C.Characterization of liquefaction resistance in gravelly soil:large hammer penetration Test and shearwave velocity approach[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2004,24(9-10):675-687.
[26]Evans M D,Seed H B,Seed R B.Membrane Compliance and Liquefaction of Sluiced Gravel Specimens[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineer-ing,1992,118(6):856-872.
[27]常亚屏,王昆耀,陈宁.关于一个饱和砂砾料液化性状的试验研究[C].大连:大连理工大学出版社,1998.CHANG Yaping,WANG Kunyao,CHEN Ning.Experimental study on liquefaction characteristics of saturated sandy gravel[C].Dalian:DalianUniversity of Technology Press,1998.
[28]王昆耀,常亚屏,陈宁.饱和砂砾料液化特性的试验研究[J].水利学报,2000(2):37-41.WANG Kunyao,CHANG Yaping,CHEN Ning.Experimental study on liquefaction characteristics of saturated sandy gravel[J].SHU ILI XUEBAO,2000(2):37-41.
[29]邹德高,徐斌,孔宪京.饱和砂砾料液化后应力应变关系及参数确定方法[J].土木工程学报.2009,42(5):117-124.ZOU Dega,XU Bi,KONG Xianjin.Study on the stress-strain relation of liquefied saturated sand-gravel composites and method of parameter i-dentification[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2009,42(5):117-124.
[30]Hatanaka M,Uchida A,Oh-Oka H.Correlation between the liuefaction strengths of saturated sands obtained by in-situ freezing method androtary-type tirple tube method[J].Soils and Foundations,1995,35(2):67-75.
[31]Hatanaka M,Uchida A,Ohara J.liquefaction characteristics of a gravelly fill liquefied during the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu Earthquake[J].Soils and Foundations,1997,37(3):107-115.
[32]Suzuki Y,Hatanaka M,Ishinara K,et al.Engineering properties of undisturbed gravel sample[C].1992.
[33]张建民,谢定义.饱和砂土振动孔隙水压力增长的实用算法[J].水利学报,1991,8(06):45-51.ZHANG Jianming,XIE Dingyi.Practical algorithm for pore water pressure growth of saturated sand[J].SHUI LI XUE BAO,1991,8(06):45-51.
[34]张茹,何昌荣,费文平,等.饱和黏性土和砂砾石料振动孔压的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2006,27(10):1805-1810.ZHANG Ru,HE Changrong,FEI Wenping,LI Jiyan.Experimental study on dynamic pore water pressure of saturated cohesive soil and gravel[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics.2006,27(10):1805-1810.
[35]徐斌,孔宪京,邹德高,等.砂砾料液化机理与孔压特性的试验研究[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2005,35(A01):100-104.XU Bin,KONG Xianjing,ZOU Degao,et al.Laboratory study on the mechanism and behaviour of saturated sand-gravel composites[J].JournalOf Southeast University(Natural Science Edition).2005,35(A01):100-104.
[36]李铮.动力荷载作用下砂砾料的尺寸效应试验研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007.
[37]付磊,王洪瑾,周景星.主应力偏转角对砂砾料动力特性影响的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(4):435-440.FU Le,WANG Hongjin,ZHOU Jingxing.Effect of the initial rotation angle of principal stress on the dynamic properties of soil[J].Chinese Jour-nal of Geotechnical Engineering.2000,22(4):435-440.
[38]Lin P,Chang C,Chang W.Characterization of liquefaction resistance in gravelly soil:large hammer penetration test and shear wave velocity ap-proach[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.2004,24(9-10):675-687.
[39]曹振中,袁晓铭.砂砾土液化的剪切波速判别方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(5):943-951.CAO Zhenzhong,YUAN Xiaoming.Shear Wave Velocity-Based Approach For Evaluating Gravel Soils Liquefaction[J].Chinese Journal of RocMechanics and Engineering.2010,29(5):943-951.
[40]石兆吉,郁寿松,丰万玲.土壤液化式的剪切波速判别方法[J].岩土工程学报,1993,15(1):74-80.SHI ZhaoJi,YU Shusong,FENG Wangling.Shear wave velocity identifying method of Soil liquefaction[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engi-neering.1993,15(1):74-80.
[41]ASTM.American Society for Testing and Materials[S].ASTM,2003.
[2]陈国兴.岩土地震工程学[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.CHEN Guoxing.Geotechnical earthquake engineering[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007.
[3]Hardin B O,Drnevich V P.Shear modulusand damping in soils:measurement and parameter effects[J].Journal of the Soil Mechanicsand Foun-dations Division,ASCE.1972,98(6):603-624.
[4]吴世明,徐攸在.土动力学现状与发展[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(3):125-131.WU Shiming,XU Yunzai.State-of-art and development of soil dynamics[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1998,20(3):125-131.
[5]王爱萍,耿晔,金锦,等.张峰水库堆石坝料的动力特性研究[J].华北水利水电学院学报,2005,26(3):16-18.WANG Aiping,GENG Ye,JIN Jin,et al.Study on dynamic characteristics of rock filling materials of Zhangfeng reservoir[J].Journal of NorthChina Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power,2005,26(3):16-18.
[6]凌华,傅华,蔡正银,等.坝料动力变形特性试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2009,31(12):1920-1924.LING Hua,FU Hua,CAI Zhengyin,et al.Experimental study on dynamic deformation behaviors of dam materials[J].Chinese Journal of Geotech-nical Engineering,2009,31(12):1920-1924.
[7]王汝恒,贾彬,邓安福,等.砂卵石土动力特性的动三轴试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(z2):4059-4064.WANG Ruheng,JIA Bin,DENG Anfu,et al.Dynamic triaxial testing study on dynamic characteristics of sandy pebble soil[J].Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(z2):4059-4064.
[8]刘汉龙,杨贵,陈育民.筑坝反滤料动剪切模量和阻尼比影响因素试验研究[J].岩土力学.2010,31(7):2030-2034.LIU Hanlong,YANG Gui,CHEN Yumin.Experimental study of factors influencing dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of dam inverted filler[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(7):2030-2034.
[9]Meidani M,Shafiee A,Habibagahi G,et al.Granule shape effect on the shear modulus and damping ratio of mixed gravel and clay[J].IranianJournal of Science&Technology,Transaction B,Engineering.2002,32(B5):501-518.
[10]Rollins K M,Evans M D,Diehl N B,et al.Shear modulus and damping relationships for gravels[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviron-mental Engineering,1998,124(5):396-405.
[11]Hardin B O,Kalinski M E.Estimating the shear modulusof gravelly soils[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2005,131(7):867-875.
[12]Wichtmann T,TriantafyllidisT.Influence of the grain-size distribution curve of quartzsand on the small strain shear modulusGmax[J].Journalof Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering.2009,135(10):1404-1418.
[13]Sahaphol T,Miura S.Shear moduli of volcanic soils[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2005,36(1):166-186.
[14]Kokusho T,Tanaka Y.Dynamic properties of gravel layers investigated by in-situ freezing sampling[Z].In:Prakash S,Dakoulas P,editors.Ground failures under seismic conditions,Atlanta,Georgia,9-13 October 1994.ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No.44:121-40.
[15]Goto S,Nishio S,Yoshimi Y.Dynamic properties of gravels sampled by ground freezing[Z].In:Prakash S,Dakoulas P,editors.Ground fail-ures under seismic conditions,Atlanta,Georgia,9–13 October 1994.ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No.44:141–57.
[16]Konno T,Hatanaka M,Ishihara K,Ibe Y,Iizuka S.Gravelly soil properties evaluation by large scale in-situ cyclic shear tests[Z].In:PrakashS,Dakoulas P,editors.Ground failures under seismic conditions,Atlanta,Georgia,9–13 October 1994.ASCE Geotechnical Special Publica-tion No.44:177-200.
[17]Seed H B,WongRT,IdrissIM,etal.Moduliand dampingfactorsfordynamicanalysesofcohesionlesssoils[J].JournalofGeotechnicalEngi-neering.1986,112(11):1016-1032.
[18]Seed H B,Idriss I M.Soil modulus and damping factors for dynamic response analysis[R].California:Eearthquake Engineering Research Cen-ter,1970.
[19]孔宪京,娄树莲,邹德高,等.筑坝堆石料的等效动剪切模量与等效阻尼比[J].水利学报,2001,23(8):20-25.KONG Xianjing,LOU Shulian,ZOU Degao,et al.The equivalent dynamic shear modulus and equivalent damping ratio of rockfill material for dam[J].SHUI LI XUE BAO.2001,23(8):20-25.
[20]Wong R T,Chan C K,Seed H B.Cyclic loading liquefaction of gravelly soils[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division.1975,101(6):571-583.
[21]Baneriee N G,Seed H B,Chan C K.Cyclic behavior of dense coarse-grained materials in relation to dams[J].1979,No.UCB/EERC(79/13).
[22]汪闻韶,常亚屏,左秀泓.饱和砂砾料在振动和往返加荷下的液化特性[C]//水利水电科学研究院研究论文集.北京:水利电力出版社,1986.WANG Wenshao,CHANG Yapping,ZUO Xiuhong.Liquefaction characteristics of saturated sandy gravel under cycle load[C]//Collected Re-seareh Papers of Institute of Woter Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power Researeh.Beijing:Hydraulic Power Press,1986.
[23]刘令瑶,李桂,丙东屏.密云水库白河主坝保护层地震破坏及砂砾料振动液化特性[C].北京:水利电力出版社,1982.LIU Lingyao,LI Gui,BING Dongping.Earthquake damage of Miyun reservoir’sbaihe protective layer and liquefaction characteristics of saturatedsandy gravel[C].Beijing:Hydraulic Power Press,1982.
[24]Evans M D,Zhou S.Liquefaction behavior of sand-gravel composites[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.1995,121(3):287-298.
[25]Ping-Sien L,Chi-Wen C,Wen-Jong C.Characterization of liquefaction resistance in gravelly soil:large hammer penetration Test and shearwave velocity approach[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2004,24(9-10):675-687.
[26]Evans M D,Seed H B,Seed R B.Membrane Compliance and Liquefaction of Sluiced Gravel Specimens[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineer-ing,1992,118(6):856-872.
[27]常亚屏,王昆耀,陈宁.关于一个饱和砂砾料液化性状的试验研究[C].大连:大连理工大学出版社,1998.CHANG Yaping,WANG Kunyao,CHEN Ning.Experimental study on liquefaction characteristics of saturated sandy gravel[C].Dalian:DalianUniversity of Technology Press,1998.
[28]王昆耀,常亚屏,陈宁.饱和砂砾料液化特性的试验研究[J].水利学报,2000(2):37-41.WANG Kunyao,CHANG Yaping,CHEN Ning.Experimental study on liquefaction characteristics of saturated sandy gravel[J].SHU ILI XUEBAO,2000(2):37-41.
[29]邹德高,徐斌,孔宪京.饱和砂砾料液化后应力应变关系及参数确定方法[J].土木工程学报.2009,42(5):117-124.ZOU Dega,XU Bi,KONG Xianjin.Study on the stress-strain relation of liquefied saturated sand-gravel composites and method of parameter i-dentification[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2009,42(5):117-124.
[30]Hatanaka M,Uchida A,Oh-Oka H.Correlation between the liuefaction strengths of saturated sands obtained by in-situ freezing method androtary-type tirple tube method[J].Soils and Foundations,1995,35(2):67-75.
[31]Hatanaka M,Uchida A,Ohara J.liquefaction characteristics of a gravelly fill liquefied during the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu Earthquake[J].Soils and Foundations,1997,37(3):107-115.
[32]Suzuki Y,Hatanaka M,Ishinara K,et al.Engineering properties of undisturbed gravel sample[C].1992.
[33]张建民,谢定义.饱和砂土振动孔隙水压力增长的实用算法[J].水利学报,1991,8(06):45-51.ZHANG Jianming,XIE Dingyi.Practical algorithm for pore water pressure growth of saturated sand[J].SHUI LI XUE BAO,1991,8(06):45-51.
[34]张茹,何昌荣,费文平,等.饱和黏性土和砂砾石料振动孔压的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2006,27(10):1805-1810.ZHANG Ru,HE Changrong,FEI Wenping,LI Jiyan.Experimental study on dynamic pore water pressure of saturated cohesive soil and gravel[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics.2006,27(10):1805-1810.
[35]徐斌,孔宪京,邹德高,等.砂砾料液化机理与孔压特性的试验研究[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2005,35(A01):100-104.XU Bin,KONG Xianjing,ZOU Degao,et al.Laboratory study on the mechanism and behaviour of saturated sand-gravel composites[J].JournalOf Southeast University(Natural Science Edition).2005,35(A01):100-104.
[36]李铮.动力荷载作用下砂砾料的尺寸效应试验研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007.
[37]付磊,王洪瑾,周景星.主应力偏转角对砂砾料动力特性影响的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(4):435-440.FU Le,WANG Hongjin,ZHOU Jingxing.Effect of the initial rotation angle of principal stress on the dynamic properties of soil[J].Chinese Jour-nal of Geotechnical Engineering.2000,22(4):435-440.
[38]Lin P,Chang C,Chang W.Characterization of liquefaction resistance in gravelly soil:large hammer penetration test and shear wave velocity ap-proach[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.2004,24(9-10):675-687.
[39]曹振中,袁晓铭.砂砾土液化的剪切波速判别方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(5):943-951.CAO Zhenzhong,YUAN Xiaoming.Shear Wave Velocity-Based Approach For Evaluating Gravel Soils Liquefaction[J].Chinese Journal of RocMechanics and Engineering.2010,29(5):943-951.
[40]石兆吉,郁寿松,丰万玲.土壤液化式的剪切波速判别方法[J].岩土工程学报,1993,15(1):74-80.SHI ZhaoJi,YU Shusong,FENG Wangling.Shear wave velocity identifying method of Soil liquefaction[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engi-neering.1993,15(1):74-80.
[41]ASTM.American Society for Testing and Materials[S].ASTM,2003.
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