ZJU400离心机研制及其振动台性能评价
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摘要
土工离心机可以产生与原型相同的自重应力,保证模型破坏机制与原型一致,是解决岩土工程、水利工程和环境工程等领域复杂问题的理想试验模拟手段。搭配机载振动台系统,离心机还可以在原型应力条件下探讨地震引起的建构筑物变形和稳定特性。鉴于离心机振动台的科研价值,浙江大学建造了有效旋转半径为4.5 m、负载能力400 gt的双吊篮臂式离心机,可开展150g重力加速度下的静态试验和100g重力加速度下的动态试验,吊篮尺寸达1500mm×1200 mm×1500 mm。同时,离心机配置了最大振动幅值为0.6 cm、最大振动加速度为40g的振动台系统,可进行有效负重小于500 kg水平单向地震动响应模拟。静动力试验使用的刚性模型箱和层状剪切模型箱的最大尺寸分别为1.2m×1.0 m×1.0 m和600 mm×350 mm×449 mm。通过饱和砂土地基建筑物震陷试验,初步检验了离心机振动台系统的整体性能。
As an ideal experimental simulation method,geotechnical centrifuge can generate the same gravity stress as the prototype,guarantee the consistency of model deformation and failure mechanism between the centrifugal model and real objects and solve complex problems in geotechnical engineering,hydraulic engineering and environmental engineering etc.Working with a shaking table system,the centrifuge can be employed to study the seismic deformation and stability characteristics under the prototype stress.In view of the scientific values of the centrifuge and shaking table,Zhejiang University has developed one of the largest geotechnical centrifuges in China.The beam type centrifuge has double platforms with a payload capacity of 400 g?t and an effective arm radius of 4.5 m.The maximum centrifugal acceleration is 150g for static tests and 100g for dynamic tests.The centrifuge platforms have overall dimensions of 1.5 m×1.2 m×1.5 m.Meanwhile,an in-flight uni-axial electro-hydraulic shaker has been made for the centrifuge to simulate seismic excitation.Within the payload of 500 kg,the maximum lateral displacement and acceleration are 0.6 cm and 40g.Rigid and laminar containers are used to prepare the model,whose maximum dimensions are 1.2 m×1.0 m×1.0 m and 600 mm×350 mm×449 mm.The performance of the shaking table system of the centrifuge is evaluated through an experiment on seismic differential settlement of buildings on saturated sand.
As an ideal experimental simulation method,geotechnical centrifuge can generate the same gravity stress as the prototype,guarantee the consistency of model deformation and failure mechanism between the centrifugal model and real objects and solve complex problems in geotechnical engineering,hydraulic engineering and environmental engineering etc.Working with a shaking table system,the centrifuge can be employed to study the seismic deformation and stability characteristics under the prototype stress.In view of the scientific values of the centrifuge and shaking table,Zhejiang University has developed one of the largest geotechnical centrifuges in China.The beam type centrifuge has double platforms with a payload capacity of 400 g?t and an effective arm radius of 4.5 m.The maximum centrifugal acceleration is 150g for static tests and 100g for dynamic tests.The centrifuge platforms have overall dimensions of 1.5 m×1.2 m×1.5 m.Meanwhile,an in-flight uni-axial electro-hydraulic shaker has been made for the centrifuge to simulate seismic excitation.Within the payload of 500 kg,the maximum lateral displacement and acceleration are 0.6 cm and 40g.Rigid and laminar containers are used to prepare the model,whose maximum dimensions are 1.2 m×1.0 m×1.0 m and 600 mm×350 mm×449 mm.The performance of the shaking table system of the centrifuge is evaluated through an experiment on seismic differential settlement of buildings on saturated sand.
引文
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[8]KONG L G,ZHANG L M.Centrifuge modeling of torsionallyloaded pile groups[J].Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2007,133(11):1374–1384.
[9]ZHOU Y G,CHEN Y M,SHAMOTO Y.Verification of thesoil-type specific correlation between liquefaction resistanceand shear-wave velocity of sand by dynamic centrifuge test[J].Journal of Geotechnical and GeoenvironmentalEngineering,ASCE,2010,136(1):165–177.
[10]ZELIKSON A,DEVAURE B,BADEL D.Scale modeling ofsoil structure interaction using a programmed series ofexplosions during centrifugation[C]//Proc Int Conf onRecent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineeringand Soil Dynamics,1981,361–366.
[11]ARULANANDAN K,CANCLINI J,ANANDARAJAH A.Simulation of earthquake motions in the centrifuge[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE,1982,108(5):730–742.
[12]FUJII N.Development of an electromagnetic centrifugeearthquake simulator[C]//Proc of Int Conf Centrifuge,1991:351–354.
[13]NG C W W,LI X S,LAAK P A V,et al.Centrifuge modelingof loose fill embankment subjected to uni-axial and bi-axialearthquakes[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering2004,24(4):305–318.
[14]刘守华,蔡正银,徐光明,等.超深厚吹填粉细砂地基大型离心模型试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(6):846–850.(LIU Shou-hua,CAI Zheng-yin,XU Guang-ming,etal.Centrifuge modeling of the silty sand foundation ofsuper-high fill[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,2004,26(6):846–850.(in Chinese))
[15]张延亿,徐泽平,温彦锋,等.糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝离心模拟试验研究[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2008,6(2):86–92.(ZHANG Yan-yi,XU Ze-ping,WEN Yan-feng,et al.Centrifugal modeling test on the Nuozhadu high centralcore earth-rockfill dam[J].Journal of China Institute of WaterResource and Hydropower Research,2008,6(2):86–92.(inChinese))
[16]高长胜,陈生水,徐光明,等.堤防边坡稳定离心模型试验技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(23):4308–4312.(GAO Chang-sheng,CHEN Sheng-shui,XUGuang-ming,et al.Centrifugal model test on slope stabilityof levee project[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2005,24(23):4308–4312.(in chinese))
[17]张嘎,牟太平,张建民.基于图像分析的土坡离心模型试验变形场测量[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(1):94–97.2007.(ZHANG Ga,MU Tai-ping,ZHANG Jian-min.Displacement measurement using image analysis incentrifuge modeling of slopes[J].Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,2007,29(1):94–97.(inChinese))
[18]刘光磊,宋二祥,刘华北,等.饱和砂土地层中隧道结构动力离心模型试验[J].岩土力学,2008,29(8):2070–2076.(LIU Guang-lei,SONG Er-xiang,LIU Hua-bei,et al.Dynamic centrifuge tests on seismic response of tunnel insaturated sandy foundation[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(8):2070–2076.(in Chinese))
[19]黄茂松,曹杰.隧道地震响应简化分析与动力离心试验验证[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(2):271–280.(HUANG Mao-song,CAO Jie.Simplified analysis of tunnelearthquake response and centrifuge modelling calibration[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(2):271–280.(in Chinese))
[20]张建红,劳敏慈,胡黎明.非饱和土中水分迁移及污染物扩散的离心模拟[J].岩土工程学报,2002,24(5):622–625.(ZHANG Jian-hong,LO I M C,HU Li-ming.Centrifugemodeling of moisture and contaminant migration inunsaturated soils[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,2002,24(5):622–625.(in Chinese))
[21]WHITMAN R V,LAMBE P C.Effect of boundary conditionsupon centrifuge experiments using ground motion simulation[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,ASTM,1986,9(2):61–71.
[22]HYODO M,TANIMIZU H,YASUFUKU N,et al.Undrainedcyclic and monotonic triaxial behaviour of saturated loosesand[J].Soils and Foundations,1994,34(1):19–32.
[2]TAYLOR R N.Geotechnical centrifuge technology[M].London:Blackie Academic&Professional,1995.
[3]黄志全,王思敬.离心模型试验技术在我国的应用概况[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1998,17(2):199–203.(HUANGZhi-quan,WANG Si-jing.A survey of application ofcentrifugal model testing in China[J].Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanics and Engineering,1998,17(2):199–203.(inChinese))
[4]侯瑜京.土工离心机振动台及其试验技术[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2006,4(1):15–22.(HOU Yu-jing.Centrifuge shakers and testing technique[J].Journal of ChinaInstitute of Water Resource and Hydropower Research,2006,4(1):15–22.(in Chinese))
[5]陈云敏,陈仁朋,詹良通,等.岩土工程的多尺度试验[C]//第25届全国土工测试学术研讨会论文集.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2008:43–56.(CHEN Yun-min,CHEN Ren-peng,ZHAN Liang-tong,et al.The multi-scale tests in geotechnicalengineering[C]//Proc of 25th China National Symposium onGeotechnical Testing.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University Press,2008:43–56.(in Chinese))
[6]YANG D,NAESGAARD E,BYRNE P M,et al.Numericalmodel verification and calibration of George Massey Tunnelusing centrifuge models[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2004,41(5):921–942.
[7]BYRNE P M,PARK S S,BEATY M,et al.Numericalmodeling of liquefaction and comparison with centrifugetests[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2004,41(2):193–211.
[8]KONG L G,ZHANG L M.Centrifuge modeling of torsionallyloaded pile groups[J].Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2007,133(11):1374–1384.
[9]ZHOU Y G,CHEN Y M,SHAMOTO Y.Verification of thesoil-type specific correlation between liquefaction resistanceand shear-wave velocity of sand by dynamic centrifuge test[J].Journal of Geotechnical and GeoenvironmentalEngineering,ASCE,2010,136(1):165–177.
[10]ZELIKSON A,DEVAURE B,BADEL D.Scale modeling ofsoil structure interaction using a programmed series ofexplosions during centrifugation[C]//Proc Int Conf onRecent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineeringand Soil Dynamics,1981,361–366.
[11]ARULANANDAN K,CANCLINI J,ANANDARAJAH A.Simulation of earthquake motions in the centrifuge[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE,1982,108(5):730–742.
[12]FUJII N.Development of an electromagnetic centrifugeearthquake simulator[C]//Proc of Int Conf Centrifuge,1991:351–354.
[13]NG C W W,LI X S,LAAK P A V,et al.Centrifuge modelingof loose fill embankment subjected to uni-axial and bi-axialearthquakes[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering2004,24(4):305–318.
[14]刘守华,蔡正银,徐光明,等.超深厚吹填粉细砂地基大型离心模型试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(6):846–850.(LIU Shou-hua,CAI Zheng-yin,XU Guang-ming,etal.Centrifuge modeling of the silty sand foundation ofsuper-high fill[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,2004,26(6):846–850.(in Chinese))
[15]张延亿,徐泽平,温彦锋,等.糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝离心模拟试验研究[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2008,6(2):86–92.(ZHANG Yan-yi,XU Ze-ping,WEN Yan-feng,et al.Centrifugal modeling test on the Nuozhadu high centralcore earth-rockfill dam[J].Journal of China Institute of WaterResource and Hydropower Research,2008,6(2):86–92.(inChinese))
[16]高长胜,陈生水,徐光明,等.堤防边坡稳定离心模型试验技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(23):4308–4312.(GAO Chang-sheng,CHEN Sheng-shui,XUGuang-ming,et al.Centrifugal model test on slope stabilityof levee project[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2005,24(23):4308–4312.(in chinese))
[17]张嘎,牟太平,张建民.基于图像分析的土坡离心模型试验变形场测量[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(1):94–97.2007.(ZHANG Ga,MU Tai-ping,ZHANG Jian-min.Displacement measurement using image analysis incentrifuge modeling of slopes[J].Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,2007,29(1):94–97.(inChinese))
[18]刘光磊,宋二祥,刘华北,等.饱和砂土地层中隧道结构动力离心模型试验[J].岩土力学,2008,29(8):2070–2076.(LIU Guang-lei,SONG Er-xiang,LIU Hua-bei,et al.Dynamic centrifuge tests on seismic response of tunnel insaturated sandy foundation[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(8):2070–2076.(in Chinese))
[19]黄茂松,曹杰.隧道地震响应简化分析与动力离心试验验证[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(2):271–280.(HUANG Mao-song,CAO Jie.Simplified analysis of tunnelearthquake response and centrifuge modelling calibration[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(2):271–280.(in Chinese))
[20]张建红,劳敏慈,胡黎明.非饱和土中水分迁移及污染物扩散的离心模拟[J].岩土工程学报,2002,24(5):622–625.(ZHANG Jian-hong,LO I M C,HU Li-ming.Centrifugemodeling of moisture and contaminant migration inunsaturated soils[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,2002,24(5):622–625.(in Chinese))
[21]WHITMAN R V,LAMBE P C.Effect of boundary conditionsupon centrifuge experiments using ground motion simulation[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,ASTM,1986,9(2):61–71.
[22]HYODO M,TANIMIZU H,YASUFUKU N,et al.Undrainedcyclic and monotonic triaxial behaviour of saturated loosesand[J].Soils and Foundations,1994,34(1):19–32.
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