水位变化诱发粉土边坡失稳离心模型试验
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摘要
粉土具有明显的非饱和土力学特性,坡内外水位变化诱发粉土边坡失稳是常见工程灾害之一。分别针对坡内和坡外水位变化诱发的粉土边坡失稳情况,开展了相应的离心模型试验研究,结合非饱和土力学相关理论分析和数值模拟,揭示了粉土边坡在两种情况下的变形及失稳模式和发生机制。结果表明:当坡内水位超过1/3坡高后,在坡内渗流作用下,粉土边坡呈现逐级侵蚀剥落、从坡脚向坡顶、由浅层向深层的多级滑坡失稳;坡外水位上升将导致松散粉土边坡发生显著湿陷变形,而坡外水位骤降将造成粉土边坡的多重浅层牵引式滑坡。粉土边坡的失稳模式和发展与粉土的非饱和土力学特性密切相关。最后根据模型试验结果提出了相应的粉土边坡渗流失稳工程控制措施。
Silty soil has obvious characteristics of unsaturated soil mechanics.The failure of silty slopes induced by change of water level inside and outside them is one of the most common engineering disasters.Two centrifugal model tests associated with the corresponding theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of unsaturated soil mechanics are carried out.The two model tests reveal the deformation,sliding mode and failure mechanism of the silty slopes.The test and numerical results show that if the water level inside the silty slopes is higher than one-third of the slope height,multi-landslide will progressively occur from the toe to the top and from the shallow layer to the deep one.The rise of the outside water level causes obvious collapse deformation inside the slope,and the drawdown of outside water level results in shallow multi-landslide.The failure of the silty slopes is closely related to the behaviors of unsaturated soils.Finally,a series of engineering measures to control the failure of the silty slopes are proposed.
Silty soil has obvious characteristics of unsaturated soil mechanics.The failure of silty slopes induced by change of water level inside and outside them is one of the most common engineering disasters.Two centrifugal model tests associated with the corresponding theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of unsaturated soil mechanics are carried out.The two model tests reveal the deformation,sliding mode and failure mechanism of the silty slopes.The test and numerical results show that if the water level inside the silty slopes is higher than one-third of the slope height,multi-landslide will progressively occur from the toe to the top and from the shallow layer to the deep one.The rise of the outside water level causes obvious collapse deformation inside the slope,and the drawdown of outside water level results in shallow multi-landslide.The failure of the silty slopes is closely related to the behaviors of unsaturated soils.Finally,a series of engineering measures to control the failure of the silty slopes are proposed.
引文
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[15]张敏,吴宏伟.离心试验中的地下水模拟控制研究[J].岩土力学,2010,31(2):355–360.(ZHANG Min,NG Charles W W.Groundwater control technique in centrifuge tests[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(2):355–360.(in Chinese))
[16]李邵军,KNAPPETT J A,冯夏庭.库水位升降条件下边坡失稳离心模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(8):1586–1593.(LI Shao-jun,KNAPPETT J A,FENG Xia-ting.Centrifugal test on slope instability influenced by rise and fall of reservoir water level[J].Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(8):1586–1593.(in Chinese))
[17]王国利,陈生水,徐光明.干湿循环下膨胀土边坡稳定性的离心模型试验[J].水利水运工程学报,2005,4:6–10.(WANG Guo-li,CHEN Sheng-shui,XU Guang-ming.Centrifuge model test on stability of expansive so il slope under alternation between drying and wetting[J].Hydro-science and Engineering,2005,4:6–10.(in Chinese))
[18]于玉贞,邓丽军,李荣建.砂土边坡地震动力响应离心模型试验[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2007,47(6):789–792.(YU Yu-zhen,DENG Li-jun,LI Rong-jian.Centrifuge model test of the seismicresponse behavior of a sand slope[J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2007,47(6):789–792.(in Chinese))
[19]汪小刚,张建红,赵毓芝,等.用离心模型研究岩石边坡的倾倒破坏[J].岩土工程学报,1996,18(5):14–21.(WANG Xiao-gang,ZHANG Jian-hong,ZHAO Yu-zhi,et al.Investigations on mechanism of slope toppling failure by centrifuge model testing[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1996,18(5):14–21.(in Chinese))
[20]濮家骝.土工离心模型试验及其应用的发展趋势[J].岩土工程学报,1996,18(5):96–98.(PU Jia-liu.Geotechnical centrifuge model text and its application development[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1996,18(5):96–98.(in Chinese))
[21]黄志全,王思敬.离心模型试验技术在我国的应用概况[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1998,l7(2):199–203.(HUANG Zhi-quan,WANG Si-jing.A study of application of centrifugal model testing in China[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1998,l7(2):199–203.(in Chinese))
[22]VAN Genuchten M Th.A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,1980,44(5):892–898.
[23]FREDLUND D G,RAHARDJIO H.非饱和土土力学[M].陈仲颐,等译,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997.(FREDLUND D G,RAHARDJIO H.Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils[M].Chen Zhong-yi,et al,translators.Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,1977.(in Chinese))
[24]KRAHN J,FREDLUND D G.Effect of soil suction on slope stability at Notch Hill[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1989,26:269–278.
[25]贾官伟,詹良通,陈云敏.水位骤降对边坡稳定性影响的模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(9):1798–1803.(JIA Guan-wei,ZHAN Liang-tong,CHEN Yun-min.Model test study of slope instability induced by rapid drawdown of water level.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(9):1798–1803.(in Chinese))
[2]SOMMERS A N,VISWANADHAM B V S.Centrifuge model tests on the behavior of strip footing on geotextile-reinforced slopes[J].Geotextiles and Geomembranes,2009,27:497–505.
[3]HARRIS C,SMITH J S,DAVIES M C R,et al.An investigation of periglacial slope stability in relation to soil properties based on physical modelling in the geotechnical centrifuge[J].Geomorphology,2008,93:437–459.
[4]TAKE W A,BOLTON M D.The use of centrifuge modelling to investigate progressive failure of overconsolidated clay embankments[C]//International Workshop on Constitutive and Centrifuge Modelling:Two Extremes,8-7-2001to 13-7-2001.Monte Verita,2001:191–198.
[5]ZORNBERG J G,SITAR N,MITCHELL J M.Performance of geosynthetic reinforced slopes at failure[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,1998:670–683.
[6]MILNE F D,BROWN M J,KNAPPETT J A,et al.Centrifuge modelling of hillslope debris flow initiation[J].Catena,2012,92:162–171.
[7]包承纲.我国离心模拟试验技术发展现状和展望[J].岩土工程学报,1991,13(6):92–97.(BAO Cheng-gang.State and prospect of centrifugal model test in China[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1991,13(6):92–97.(in Chinese))
[8]高长胜,徐光明,张凌,等.边坡变形破坏离心机模型试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(4):478–481.(GAO Chang-sheng,XU Guang-ming,ZHANG Ling,et al.Centrifuge modeling of deformation and failure of slope[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2005,27(4):478–481.(in Chinese))
[9]李明,张嘎,李焯芬,等.开挖对边坡变形影响的离心模型试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(4):667–672.(LI Ming,ZHANG Ga,LEE C F,et al.Centrifugal model tests on excavation-induced deformation of slopes[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.2011,33(4):667–672.(in Chinese))
[10]龚成明,程谦恭,刘争平.黄土边坡开挖与支护效应的离心模拟试验研究[J].岩土力学,2010,31(11):3481–3486.(GONG Cheng-ming,CHENG Qian-gong,LIU Zheng-ping.Centrifuge model tests on excavation and reinforcement effect of loess slope[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(11):3481–3486.(in Chinese))
[11]孟庆山,孔令伟,陈能远,等.桩锚挡墙联合支护残积土边坡离心模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2010,31(11):3379–3384.(MENG Qing-shan,KONG Ling-wei,CHEN Neng-yuan,et al.Centrifugal model test on slope supporting with pile-anchor combined retaining wall[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(11):3379–3384.(in Chinese))
[12]钱纪芸,张嘎,张建民.降雨条件下土坡变形机制的离心模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(2):398–416.(QIAN Ji-yun,ZHANG Ga,ZHANG Jian-min.Centrifuge model tests for deformation mechanism of soil slope during rainfall[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(2):398–416.(in Chinese))
[13]张敏,吴宏伟.边坡离心模型试验中的降雨模拟研究[J].岩土力学,2007,28:53–57.(ZHANG Min,WU Hong-wei.Rainfall simulation techniques in centrifuge modelling of slopes[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2007,28:53–57.(in Chinese))
[14]程永辉,程展林,张元斌.降雨条件下膨胀土边坡失稳机理的离心模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2011,33:409–414.(CHENG Yong-hui,CHENG Zhan-lin,ZHANG Yuan-bin.Centrifugal model tests on expansive soil slope under rainfall[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33:409–414.(in Chinese))
[15]张敏,吴宏伟.离心试验中的地下水模拟控制研究[J].岩土力学,2010,31(2):355–360.(ZHANG Min,NG Charles W W.Groundwater control technique in centrifuge tests[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(2):355–360.(in Chinese))
[16]李邵军,KNAPPETT J A,冯夏庭.库水位升降条件下边坡失稳离心模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(8):1586–1593.(LI Shao-jun,KNAPPETT J A,FENG Xia-ting.Centrifugal test on slope instability influenced by rise and fall of reservoir water level[J].Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(8):1586–1593.(in Chinese))
[17]王国利,陈生水,徐光明.干湿循环下膨胀土边坡稳定性的离心模型试验[J].水利水运工程学报,2005,4:6–10.(WANG Guo-li,CHEN Sheng-shui,XU Guang-ming.Centrifuge model test on stability of expansive so il slope under alternation between drying and wetting[J].Hydro-science and Engineering,2005,4:6–10.(in Chinese))
[18]于玉贞,邓丽军,李荣建.砂土边坡地震动力响应离心模型试验[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2007,47(6):789–792.(YU Yu-zhen,DENG Li-jun,LI Rong-jian.Centrifuge model test of the seismicresponse behavior of a sand slope[J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2007,47(6):789–792.(in Chinese))
[19]汪小刚,张建红,赵毓芝,等.用离心模型研究岩石边坡的倾倒破坏[J].岩土工程学报,1996,18(5):14–21.(WANG Xiao-gang,ZHANG Jian-hong,ZHAO Yu-zhi,et al.Investigations on mechanism of slope toppling failure by centrifuge model testing[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1996,18(5):14–21.(in Chinese))
[20]濮家骝.土工离心模型试验及其应用的发展趋势[J].岩土工程学报,1996,18(5):96–98.(PU Jia-liu.Geotechnical centrifuge model text and its application development[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1996,18(5):96–98.(in Chinese))
[21]黄志全,王思敬.离心模型试验技术在我国的应用概况[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1998,l7(2):199–203.(HUANG Zhi-quan,WANG Si-jing.A study of application of centrifugal model testing in China[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1998,l7(2):199–203.(in Chinese))
[22]VAN Genuchten M Th.A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,1980,44(5):892–898.
[23]FREDLUND D G,RAHARDJIO H.非饱和土土力学[M].陈仲颐,等译,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997.(FREDLUND D G,RAHARDJIO H.Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils[M].Chen Zhong-yi,et al,translators.Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,1977.(in Chinese))
[24]KRAHN J,FREDLUND D G.Effect of soil suction on slope stability at Notch Hill[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1989,26:269–278.
[25]贾官伟,詹良通,陈云敏.水位骤降对边坡稳定性影响的模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(9):1798–1803.(JIA Guan-wei,ZHAN Liang-tong,CHEN Yun-min.Model test study of slope instability induced by rapid drawdown of water level.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(9):1798–1803.(in Chinese))
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