基于DEM的格尔木河流域水系分维分析
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摘要
分形理论为流域的复杂地貌形态及其发育过程等方面提供了定量依据,为进一步深化流域水系的分形研究,以ASTER-GDEM数据为基础资料,运用GIS水文分析工具提取了格尔木河流域在不同汇流累积量阈值下的水系河网;并用盒维数法计算了相应的水系分维数,以此来描述流域的地貌形态特征;并进一步预测流域地貌的发育演化趋势。研究结果表明:在一定无标区间范围内,汇流累积量阈值和分维数拟合较好;计算得到格尔木河流域的水系分维值处于1.6～1.8之间,据此可以判断出该流域处于地貌侵蚀发育壮年期,并向壮年晚期发展,流域地势起伏大,地面切割得支离破碎、崎岖不平,河流以侧蚀为主,下切作用相对较弱,与流域高程面积积分值计算所得结论一致。
Fractal theory could provide quantitative basis for such aspects of the basin as its complex landform and its development process.For further study of river fractal dimension,the authors extracted the river networks of Golmud River basin on the basis of the ASTER-GDEM data and according to different confluence accumulation thresholds.Using the hydrologic analysis model of geographic information system,the authors calculated the corresponding river fractal dimension with the box dimension method so as to describe the topography characteristics of the valley and predict the evolution trend of drainage landform.The results show that,in some non-standard ranges,concentration accumulation thresholds fit fractal dimensions well.The fractal dimension values of Golmud River basin are approximately between 1.6 and 1.8,suggesting that this basin is in the mature stage of geomorphological erosion and tends to develop into the late mature stage.The terrain rises and falls greatly with the fragmentation of the ground.The erosion of rivers is mainly lateral,and the down-cutting is relatively weak.This conclusion is in consistency with the calculation result of the hypsometric integral.
Fractal theory could provide quantitative basis for such aspects of the basin as its complex landform and its development process.For further study of river fractal dimension,the authors extracted the river networks of Golmud River basin on the basis of the ASTER-GDEM data and according to different confluence accumulation thresholds.Using the hydrologic analysis model of geographic information system,the authors calculated the corresponding river fractal dimension with the box dimension method so as to describe the topography characteristics of the valley and predict the evolution trend of drainage landform.The results show that,in some non-standard ranges,concentration accumulation thresholds fit fractal dimensions well.The fractal dimension values of Golmud River basin are approximately between 1.6 and 1.8,suggesting that this basin is in the mature stage of geomorphological erosion and tends to develop into the late mature stage.The terrain rises and falls greatly with the fragmentation of the ground.The erosion of rivers is mainly lateral,and the down-cutting is relatively weak.This conclusion is in consistency with the calculation result of the hypsometric integral.
引文
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[18]丰满,张征,朱凌,等.基于DEM的滇池流域水系提取及分维值探讨[J].环境科学与技术,2010,33(s2):11-14.Feng M,Zhang Z,Zhu L,et al.River network information extrac-tion and fractal dimension values discussion of Dianchi Basin basedon DEM[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2010,33(s2):11-14.
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[20]陈艺鑫,李英奎,张跃,等.末次冰期以来格尔木河填充—切割及驱动机制初探[J].第四纪研究,2011,31(2):347-359.Chen Y X,Li Y K,Zhang Y,et al.Late quaternary deposition andincision sequences of the Golmud River and their environmentalimplication[J].Quaternary Sciences,2011,31(2):347-359.
[21]林峰,陈兴伟,王林.基于DEM的九龙江流域水系分维估算[J].水资源与水工程学报,2009,20(1):29-32.Lin F,Chen X W,Wang L.Calculation of the fractal dimension inJiulongjiang River basin based on DEM[J].Journal of Water Re-sources and Water Engineering,,2009,20(1):29-32.
[22]Harlin J M.Watershed morphometry and time to hydrograph peak[J].Journal of Hydrology,1984,67(4):141-154.
[23]党安荣,贾海峰.ArcGIS地理信息系统应用指南[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003:325-328.Dang A R,Jia H F.ArcGIS geographical information systemapplication guide[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2003:325-328.
[24]何隆华,赵宏.水系的分形维数及其含义[J].地理科学,1996,16(2):124-128.He L H,Zhao H.The fractal dimension of river networks and its inter-pretation[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,1996,16(2):124-128.
[25]Strahler A N.Hypsometric(area-altitude)analysis of erosionaltopography[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1952,63(11):1117-1142.
[26]曹伯勋.地貌学及第四纪地质学[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1995:17-24.Cao B X.Geomorphology and quaternary geology[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1995:17-24.
[27]孙希华,姚孝友,周虹,等.基于DEM的山东沂沭泗河流域地貌演化与水土流失研究[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(4):24-28.Sun X H,Yao X Y,Zhou H,et al.Research on erosion landformsevolution and water and soil loss in Yishusi Valley based on DEM[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,25(4):24-28.
[2]王桥,毋河海.地图信息的分形描述与自动综合研究[M].武汉:测绘科技大学出版社,1998:28-29.Wang Q,Wu H H.Description of the map information’s fractal di-mension and automatic comprehensive study[M].Wuhan:Techni-cal University of Surveying and Mapping Press,1998:28-29.
[3]陈颙,陈凌.分形几何学[M].北京:地震出版社,1998:12-14.Chen Y,Chen L.Fractal geometry[M].Beijing:Seismology Press,1998:12-14.
[4]崔灵周,李占斌,肖学年.岔巴沟流域地貌形态分形特征量化研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(2):41-44.Cui L Z,Li Z B,Xiao X N.Study on quantifying topographical frac-tal character of Chabagou watershed[J].Journal of Soil and WaterConservation,2004,18(2):41-44.
[5]张会平,杨农,张岳桥,等.岷江水系流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义[J].第四纪研究,2006,26(1):126-135.Zhang H P,Yang N,Zhang Y Q,et al.Geomorphology of the Min-jiang drainage system(Sichuan,China)and its structural implica-tions[J].Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(1):126-135.
[6]张廷.基于DEM的洮河流域构造地貌分析[D].北京:中国地质大学,2010.Zhang T.Tectonic geomorphology analysis based on DEM in TaoRiver basin[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2010.
[7]王协康,方绎.流域地貌系统定量研究的新指标[J].山地研究,1998,16(1):8-12.Wang X K,Fang Y.A new index of quantitative study on the drain-age geomorphic system[J].Journal of Mountain Research,1998,16(1):8-12.
[8]朱永清,李占斌,崔灵周.流域地貌形态特征量化研究进展[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2005,33(9):149-154.Zhu Y Q,Li Z B,Cui L Z.The quantification study of watershed to-pography characteristics[J].Journal of Northwest Sci-Tech Uni-versity of Agriculture and Forestry:Natural Suence Edition,2005,33(9):149-154.
[9]崔灵周,李占斌,郭彦彪.基于分形信息维数的流域地貌形态与侵蚀产沙关系[J].土壤学报,2007,44(2):197-203.Cui L Z,Li Z B,Guo Y B.Fractal-information-dimension-based relationship between sediment yield and topographic featureof watershed[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(2):197-203.
[10]AndréR,AndréG R.On the fractal interpretation of the main-stream length-drainage area relationship[J].Water ResourcesResearch,1990,26(5):839-842.
[11]Rosso R,Bacchi B,La Barbera P.Fractal relation of mainstreamlength to catchment area in river networks[J].Water ResourcesResearch,1991,27(3):381-387.
[12]Tarboton D G.Fractal river networks,Horton’s laws and TokunagaCyclicity[J].Hydrology,1996,187(1/2):105-117.
[13]Daya Sagar B S,Chockalingam L.Fractal dimension of non-net-work space of a catchment basin[J].Geophysical Research Let-ters,2004,31(12):1-4.
[14]张宏才,汤国安.基于GIS的河网分形研究[J].西北大学学报:自然科学版,2006,36(4):659-660.Zhang H C,Tang G A.The research on drainage networks fractalby GIS[J].Journal of Northwest University:Natural Science Edi-tion,2006,36(4):659-660.
[15]王林,陈兴伟.基于DEM的流域水系分维计算与结果分析[J].地球信息科学学报,2007,9(4):133-137.Wang L,Chen X W.Study on relationship between extracted rivernetwork and fractal dimension based on DEM[J].Geo-Informa-tion Science,2007,9(4):133-137.
[16]杨锦玲.基于分形的数字水系集水面积阈值确定研究[J].测绘科学,2011,36(4):33-34.Yang J L.Digital determination of catchment area threshold basedon fractal dimension[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2011,36(4):33-34.
[17]梁春玲,梁海清,张祖陆.祖厉河流域水系分维与地貌发育阶段浅析[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(3):187-191.Liang C L,Liang H Q,Zhang Z L.Fractal dimension of the rivernetworks and developing stage of drainage geomorphic of Zuli Riverbasin[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13(3):187-191.
[18]丰满,张征,朱凌,等.基于DEM的滇池流域水系提取及分维值探讨[J].环境科学与技术,2010,33(s2):11-14.Feng M,Zhang Z,Zhu L,et al.River network information extrac-tion and fractal dimension values discussion of Dianchi Basin basedon DEM[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2010,33(s2):11-14.
[19]Lewis A O,Robert C F,Ma H Z,et al.Late quaternary landscapeevolution in the Kunlun Mountains and Qaidam Basin,northern Ti-bet:A framework for examining the links between glaciation,lakelevel changes and alluvial fan formation[J].Quaternary Interna-tional,2006,154(155):73-86.
[20]陈艺鑫,李英奎,张跃,等.末次冰期以来格尔木河填充—切割及驱动机制初探[J].第四纪研究,2011,31(2):347-359.Chen Y X,Li Y K,Zhang Y,et al.Late quaternary deposition andincision sequences of the Golmud River and their environmentalimplication[J].Quaternary Sciences,2011,31(2):347-359.
[21]林峰,陈兴伟,王林.基于DEM的九龙江流域水系分维估算[J].水资源与水工程学报,2009,20(1):29-32.Lin F,Chen X W,Wang L.Calculation of the fractal dimension inJiulongjiang River basin based on DEM[J].Journal of Water Re-sources and Water Engineering,,2009,20(1):29-32.
[22]Harlin J M.Watershed morphometry and time to hydrograph peak[J].Journal of Hydrology,1984,67(4):141-154.
[23]党安荣,贾海峰.ArcGIS地理信息系统应用指南[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003:325-328.Dang A R,Jia H F.ArcGIS geographical information systemapplication guide[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2003:325-328.
[24]何隆华,赵宏.水系的分形维数及其含义[J].地理科学,1996,16(2):124-128.He L H,Zhao H.The fractal dimension of river networks and its inter-pretation[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,1996,16(2):124-128.
[25]Strahler A N.Hypsometric(area-altitude)analysis of erosionaltopography[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1952,63(11):1117-1142.
[26]曹伯勋.地貌学及第四纪地质学[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1995:17-24.Cao B X.Geomorphology and quaternary geology[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1995:17-24.
[27]孙希华,姚孝友,周虹,等.基于DEM的山东沂沭泗河流域地貌演化与水土流失研究[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(4):24-28.Sun X H,Yao X Y,Zhou H,et al.Research on erosion landformsevolution and water and soil loss in Yishusi Valley based on DEM[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,25(4):24-28.
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