土坝溃决研究进展及存在问题
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摘要
据统计,目前世界各地发生溃决的大坝中,大多数为土坝。为了更好地预测溃坝过程、溃坝洪水及其在下游的传播过程,近几十年来,建立了多个溃坝模型。对现有的土坝溃决模型进行了分类与总结,着重介绍了坝体漫溃模型,同时简单介绍了管涌溃坝模拟。并根据现有的研究成果,参照各溃坝模型的假定条件及控制方程适用范围,对现有溃坝模型存在的问题进行了分析总结,并提出了下一步研究需关注的重点与建议。
According to statistics,most of the failed dams are earth-dams.In order to more precisely predict the process of dam failure,the resulting flood and its propagation,many dam-failure models have been developed in recent decades.The existing earth-dam failure models are summarized and classified,with special attention paid to the models of earth-dam failure due to overtopping.Meanwhile,simulation of the earth-dam failure caused by piping is briefly introduced as well.On the basis of the current research results,problems in the current dam-failure model are analyzed and summarized in the light of the model assumptions and governing equations.Finally,key points and suggestions are put forward for further research.
According to statistics,most of the failed dams are earth-dams.In order to more precisely predict the process of dam failure,the resulting flood and its propagation,many dam-failure models have been developed in recent decades.The existing earth-dam failure models are summarized and classified,with special attention paid to the models of earth-dam failure due to overtopping.Meanwhile,simulation of the earth-dam failure caused by piping is briefly introduced as well.On the basis of the current research results,problems in the current dam-failure model are analyzed and summarized in the light of the model assumptions and governing equations.Finally,key points and suggestions are put forward for further research.
引文
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[3]WU Wei-ming.Earthen Embankment Breaching[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2011,(12):1549-1564.
[4]SINGH V P,SNORRASON A.Sensitivity of OutflowPeaks and Flood Stages to the Selection of Dam BreachParameters and Simulation Models[J].Journal of Hy-draulic Engineering,1984,68(1/4):295-310.
[5]FROEHLICH D C.Embankment Dam Breach ParametersRevisited[C]∥ASCE.Proceedings of the 1995 Confer-ence on Water Resources Engineering,San Antonio,Tex-as,August 14-18,1995:887-891.
[6]HANSON G J,TEMPLE D M,HUNT S L,et al.Devel-opment and Characterization of Soil Material Parametersfor Embankment Breach[J].Applied Engineering in Ag-riculture,2011,27(4):587-595.
[7]FREAD D L.National Weather Service(NWS)Report:An Erosion Model for Earthen Dam Failures[R].SilverSpring,Maryland:NOAA,1988.
[8]ZHU Yong-hui,VISSER P J,VRIJLING J K.A Modelfor Breach Erosion in Clay-Dikes[C]∥ASCE.CoastalDynamics 2005:Proceedings of the 5th International Con-ference,ASCE,Reston,VA,April 4-8,2005:1-10.
[9]WU Wei-ming,KANG Y,WANG S S Y.An EarthenEmbankment Breach Model[CD]∥IAHR.Proceedingsof the 33rd Congress of IAHR(CD-ROM).Vancouver,Canada,August 9-14,2009.
[10]FROEHLICH D C.Two Dimensional Model for Embank-ment Dam Breach Formation and Flood Wave Generation[CD]∥Association of State Dam Safety Officials.2004Conference of ASDSO,Lexington,KY,September 26-30,2004.
[11]王光谦,钟德玉,张红武,等.汶川地震唐家山堰塞湖泄流过程的数值模拟[J].科学通报,2008,53(25):3127-3133.(WANG Guang-qian,ZHONG De-yu,ZHANG Hong-wu,et al.Numerical Modeling of BreachProcess of Tangjiashan Landslide Dam Generated by Wen-chuan Earthquake[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(25):3127-3133.(in Chinese))
[12]CAO Zhi-xian,YUE Zhi-yuan,PENDER G.LandslideDam Failure and Flood Hydraulics.Part 2:CoupledMathematical Modeling[J].Natural Hazards,2011,59(2):1021-1045.
[13]LOU W C.Mathematical Modeling of Earth Dam Brea-ches[D].Fort Collins:Colorado State University,1981.
[14]NOGUEIRA V D Q.A Mathematical Model of ProgressiveEarth Dam Failure[D].Fort Collins:Colorado State Uni-versity,1984.
[15]WANG Zhen-gang.A Numerical Three-Dimensional Non-cohesive Earthen Dam Breach Model[D].Utah:UtahState University,2005.
[16]WU Wei-ming,REZA M,HE Zhi-guo.A Depth-Aver-aged Two-Dimensional Model of Unsteady Flow and Sedi-ment Transport Due to Non-cohesive Embankment Break/Breaching[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2011,(12):1-36.
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[18]HANSON G J,COOK K R,HUNT S L.Physical Model-ing of Overtopping Erosion and Breach Formation of Cohe-sive Embankments[J].Transactions of ASABE,2005,48(5):1783-1794.
[19]RALSTON D C.Mechanics of Embankment Erosion Dur-ing Overflow[C]∥ASCE.Proceedings of 1987 ASCENational Conference on Hydraulic Engineering,Williams-burg,Virginia,August 3-7,1987:733-738.
[20]WAHL T L.DSO-98-004,Dam Safety Research Report:Prediction of Embankment Dam Breach Parameters:ALiterature Review and Needs Assessment[R].Washing-ton DC:U.S.Bureau of Reclamation,1998.
[21]ALONSO C V,BENNETT S J,STEIN O R.PredictingHeadcut Erosion and Migration in Concentrated FlowsTypical of Upland Areas[J].Water Resources Research,2002,38(12):1303.
[22]ZHU Yong-hui.Breach Growth in Clay-Dikes[D].Delft:Delft University of Technology,2006.
[23]DEY A K,TSUJIMOTO T,KITAMUTA T.ExperimentalInvestigations on Different Modes of Headcut Migration[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2007,45(3):333-346.
[24]DE PLOEY J.A Model for Headcut Retreat in Rills andGullies[J].CATENA Supplement,1989,(4):81-86.
[25]TEMPLE D M.Estimating Flood Damage to VegetatedDeep Soil Spillways[J].Applied Engineering in Agricul-ture,1992,8(2):237-242.
[26]PRASAD S N.RMKENS M J M.Energy Formulationsof Headcut Dynamics[J].CATENA Supplement,2003,50(2/4):469-487.
[27]WANG Z G,BOWLES D S.A Numerical Method forSimulating One-Dimensional Headcut Migration and Over-topping Breaching in Cohesive and Zoned Embankments[J].Water Resources Research,2007,43(4):1-17.
[28]WU Wei-ming,KANG Y H.A Simplified BreachingModel for Cohesive Embankments[C]∥ASCE.WorldEnvironmental and Water Resources Congress,PalmSprings,California,May 22-26,2011:2207-2215.
[29]A.穆罕默德.大坝溃口形成预测精度的改进[J].水利水电快报,2007,28(7):21-25.(MOHSMMED A.The Improvement of Forecast Precision on Dam Breach[J].Express Water Resources&Hydropower Informa-tion,2007,28(7):21-25.(in Chinese))
[30]任强,陈生水,钟启明.黏土心墙坝漫顶溃决数值模型研究[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(4):562-566.(REN Qiang,CHEN Sheng-shui,ZHONG Qi-ming.Nu-merical Model for Clay Core Dam Break Due to Overtop-ping Failure[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engi-neering,2010,32(4):562-566.(in Chinese))
[31]赵万玉,陈晓清,高全,等.不同断面泄流槽的地震堰塞湖溃决实验研究[J].泥沙研究,2011,(4):29-37.(ZHAO Wan-yu,CHEN Xiao-qing,GAOQuan,et al.Experiment Study of Dam-Break of Earth-quake Barrier Lake with Different Cross Sections of Drain-age Channel[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2011,(4):29-37.(in Chinese))
[32]钟启明.土石坝溃决机理及数值模拟[D].南京:南京水利科学研究院,2009.(ZHONG Qi-ming.The FailureMechanism of Earth-Rock Dam and Its Numerical Simula-tion[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,2009.(in Chinese))
[2]朱勇辉,廖鸿志,吴中如.土坝溃决模型及其发展[J].水利发电学报,2003,(2):31-38.(ZHU Yong-hui,LIAO Hong-zhi,WU Zhong-ru.The Earth-Dam-BreakModel and Its Development[J].Journal of HydroelectricEngineering,2003,(2):31-38.(in Chinese))
[3]WU Wei-ming.Earthen Embankment Breaching[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2011,(12):1549-1564.
[4]SINGH V P,SNORRASON A.Sensitivity of OutflowPeaks and Flood Stages to the Selection of Dam BreachParameters and Simulation Models[J].Journal of Hy-draulic Engineering,1984,68(1/4):295-310.
[5]FROEHLICH D C.Embankment Dam Breach ParametersRevisited[C]∥ASCE.Proceedings of the 1995 Confer-ence on Water Resources Engineering,San Antonio,Tex-as,August 14-18,1995:887-891.
[6]HANSON G J,TEMPLE D M,HUNT S L,et al.Devel-opment and Characterization of Soil Material Parametersfor Embankment Breach[J].Applied Engineering in Ag-riculture,2011,27(4):587-595.
[7]FREAD D L.National Weather Service(NWS)Report:An Erosion Model for Earthen Dam Failures[R].SilverSpring,Maryland:NOAA,1988.
[8]ZHU Yong-hui,VISSER P J,VRIJLING J K.A Modelfor Breach Erosion in Clay-Dikes[C]∥ASCE.CoastalDynamics 2005:Proceedings of the 5th International Con-ference,ASCE,Reston,VA,April 4-8,2005:1-10.
[9]WU Wei-ming,KANG Y,WANG S S Y.An EarthenEmbankment Breach Model[CD]∥IAHR.Proceedingsof the 33rd Congress of IAHR(CD-ROM).Vancouver,Canada,August 9-14,2009.
[10]FROEHLICH D C.Two Dimensional Model for Embank-ment Dam Breach Formation and Flood Wave Generation[CD]∥Association of State Dam Safety Officials.2004Conference of ASDSO,Lexington,KY,September 26-30,2004.
[11]王光谦,钟德玉,张红武,等.汶川地震唐家山堰塞湖泄流过程的数值模拟[J].科学通报,2008,53(25):3127-3133.(WANG Guang-qian,ZHONG De-yu,ZHANG Hong-wu,et al.Numerical Modeling of BreachProcess of Tangjiashan Landslide Dam Generated by Wen-chuan Earthquake[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(25):3127-3133.(in Chinese))
[12]CAO Zhi-xian,YUE Zhi-yuan,PENDER G.LandslideDam Failure and Flood Hydraulics.Part 2:CoupledMathematical Modeling[J].Natural Hazards,2011,59(2):1021-1045.
[13]LOU W C.Mathematical Modeling of Earth Dam Brea-ches[D].Fort Collins:Colorado State University,1981.
[14]NOGUEIRA V D Q.A Mathematical Model of ProgressiveEarth Dam Failure[D].Fort Collins:Colorado State Uni-versity,1984.
[15]WANG Zhen-gang.A Numerical Three-Dimensional Non-cohesive Earthen Dam Breach Model[D].Utah:UtahState University,2005.
[16]WU Wei-ming,REZA M,HE Zhi-guo.A Depth-Aver-aged Two-Dimensional Model of Unsteady Flow and Sedi-ment Transport Due to Non-cohesive Embankment Break/Breaching[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2011,(12):1-36.
[17]SINGH V P.Dam Breach Modeling Technology[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1996.
[18]HANSON G J,COOK K R,HUNT S L.Physical Model-ing of Overtopping Erosion and Breach Formation of Cohe-sive Embankments[J].Transactions of ASABE,2005,48(5):1783-1794.
[19]RALSTON D C.Mechanics of Embankment Erosion Dur-ing Overflow[C]∥ASCE.Proceedings of 1987 ASCENational Conference on Hydraulic Engineering,Williams-burg,Virginia,August 3-7,1987:733-738.
[20]WAHL T L.DSO-98-004,Dam Safety Research Report:Prediction of Embankment Dam Breach Parameters:ALiterature Review and Needs Assessment[R].Washing-ton DC:U.S.Bureau of Reclamation,1998.
[21]ALONSO C V,BENNETT S J,STEIN O R.PredictingHeadcut Erosion and Migration in Concentrated FlowsTypical of Upland Areas[J].Water Resources Research,2002,38(12):1303.
[22]ZHU Yong-hui.Breach Growth in Clay-Dikes[D].Delft:Delft University of Technology,2006.
[23]DEY A K,TSUJIMOTO T,KITAMUTA T.ExperimentalInvestigations on Different Modes of Headcut Migration[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2007,45(3):333-346.
[24]DE PLOEY J.A Model for Headcut Retreat in Rills andGullies[J].CATENA Supplement,1989,(4):81-86.
[25]TEMPLE D M.Estimating Flood Damage to VegetatedDeep Soil Spillways[J].Applied Engineering in Agricul-ture,1992,8(2):237-242.
[26]PRASAD S N.RMKENS M J M.Energy Formulationsof Headcut Dynamics[J].CATENA Supplement,2003,50(2/4):469-487.
[27]WANG Z G,BOWLES D S.A Numerical Method forSimulating One-Dimensional Headcut Migration and Over-topping Breaching in Cohesive and Zoned Embankments[J].Water Resources Research,2007,43(4):1-17.
[28]WU Wei-ming,KANG Y H.A Simplified BreachingModel for Cohesive Embankments[C]∥ASCE.WorldEnvironmental and Water Resources Congress,PalmSprings,California,May 22-26,2011:2207-2215.
[29]A.穆罕默德.大坝溃口形成预测精度的改进[J].水利水电快报,2007,28(7):21-25.(MOHSMMED A.The Improvement of Forecast Precision on Dam Breach[J].Express Water Resources&Hydropower Informa-tion,2007,28(7):21-25.(in Chinese))
[30]任强,陈生水,钟启明.黏土心墙坝漫顶溃决数值模型研究[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(4):562-566.(REN Qiang,CHEN Sheng-shui,ZHONG Qi-ming.Nu-merical Model for Clay Core Dam Break Due to Overtop-ping Failure[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engi-neering,2010,32(4):562-566.(in Chinese))
[31]赵万玉,陈晓清,高全,等.不同断面泄流槽的地震堰塞湖溃决实验研究[J].泥沙研究,2011,(4):29-37.(ZHAO Wan-yu,CHEN Xiao-qing,GAOQuan,et al.Experiment Study of Dam-Break of Earth-quake Barrier Lake with Different Cross Sections of Drain-age Channel[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2011,(4):29-37.(in Chinese))
[32]钟启明.土石坝溃决机理及数值模拟[D].南京:南京水利科学研究院,2009.(ZHONG Qi-ming.The FailureMechanism of Earth-Rock Dam and Its Numerical Simula-tion[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,2009.(in Chinese))
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