青藏冻结黏土滞回曲线形态特征的定量研究
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摘要
滞回曲线的形态特征包括不闭合程度、宽窄程度、向应变轴的整体倾斜程度、密集程度和面积,采用残余应变p、滞回曲线的短轴与长轴之比、滞回曲线长轴的斜率k、相邻滞回曲线中心点之间的距离d和滞回曲线所围成的面积S五个参数定量表征滞回曲线的上述形态特征。对不同负温条件下的冻结青藏黏土进行动三轴试验,分析滞回曲线的形态特征,结果表明:同一级动荷载下,p,,k,d和S随振次的增加变化不大,因此,可以采用各参数的平均值来反映各级加载下滞回曲线的形态特征;随着动应变幅的增加,p,,d和S逐渐增大,k逐渐减小,即滞回曲线越来越不闭合、越来越宽、向应变轴整体越来越倾斜、越来越疏松、面积也越来越大,表明土的残余塑性应变、黏滞性、细观损伤程度和能量耗散越来越大,刚度越来越小。
Morphological characteristics of hysteretic curves consist of closure,degree of width,degree of tilting to strain axis,intensive level and the area of the hysteretic curve.Residual strain p,the ratio of short axis length to long axis length,the gradient k of the long axis,the distance d between two center points of adjacent hysteretic curves,and the area S of the hysteretic curve are used to quantitatively measure morphological characteristics of hysteretic curves.Triaxial tests for different negative temperatures are carried out to study morphological characteristics of hysteretic curves of Qinghai-Tibet frozen clay.The test results show that: p,k,d and S change little with increasing cycle numbers under the same dynamic load condition;therefore,average values of p,k,d and S are adopted to measure morphological characteristics of hysteretic curves;p,d and S increase gradually,and k decreases gradually with increasing dynamic strain amplitude.In other words,closure decreases,degree of width increases,intensive level decreases,degree of tilting to strain axis increases and the area of the hysteretic curve increases with increasing dynamic strain amplitude,which indicate that residual plastic strain,viscosity,degree of microscopic damage and energy dissipation increase gradually,and stiffness decreases gradually.
Morphological characteristics of hysteretic curves consist of closure,degree of width,degree of tilting to strain axis,intensive level and the area of the hysteretic curve.Residual strain p,the ratio of short axis length to long axis length,the gradient k of the long axis,the distance d between two center points of adjacent hysteretic curves,and the area S of the hysteretic curve are used to quantitatively measure morphological characteristics of hysteretic curves.Triaxial tests for different negative temperatures are carried out to study morphological characteristics of hysteretic curves of Qinghai-Tibet frozen clay.The test results show that: p,k,d and S change little with increasing cycle numbers under the same dynamic load condition;therefore,average values of p,k,d and S are adopted to measure morphological characteristics of hysteretic curves;p,d and S increase gradually,and k decreases gradually with increasing dynamic strain amplitude.In other words,closure decreases,degree of width increases,intensive level decreases,degree of tilting to strain axis increases and the area of the hysteretic curve increases with increasing dynamic strain amplitude,which indicate that residual plastic strain,viscosity,degree of microscopic damage and energy dissipation increase gradually,and stiffness decreases gradually.
引文
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[2]范力,张林.抗震试验中多自由度结构的滞回曲线分析[J].工业建筑,2007,37(增):283–286.(FAN Li,ZHANG Lin.Analysis ofhysteretic curve of MDOF structures in seismic test[J].Journal ofIndustrial Architecture,2007,37(Supp.):283–286.(in Chinese))
[3]许江,尹光志,王鸿,等.不同应力水平时砂岩滞回曲线演化的实验研究[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2006,28(2):40–42.(XU Jiang,YIN Guangzhi,WANG Hong,et al.Experimental research on theevolution of hysteresis curve of rock in different axial stress levels[J].Journal of Chongqing Jianzhu University,2006,28(2):40–42.(inChinese))
[4]许江,鲜学福,王鸿,等.循环加、卸载条件下岩石类材料变形特性的实验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(增1):3040–3 045.(XU Jiang,XIAN Xuefu,WANG Hong,et al.Experimentalstudy on rock deformation characteristics under cycling loading andunloading conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2006,25(Supp.1):3 040–3 045.(in Chinese))
[5]许江,杨秀贵,王鸿,等.周期性载荷作用下岩石滞回曲线的演化规律[J].西南交通大学学报,2005,40(6):754–758.(XU Jiang,YANG Xiugui,WANG Hong,et al.Evolution law of hysteresis curveof rock under cyclic loading[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2005,40(6):754–758.(in Chinese))
[6]肖建清,冯夏庭,丁德馨,等.常幅循环荷载作用下岩石的滞后及阻尼效应研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(8):1677–1682.(XIAO Jianqing,FENG Xiating,DING Dexin,et al.Study ofhysteresis and damping effects of rock subjected to constant amplitudecyclic loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(8):1 677–1 682.(in Chinese))
[7]张媛,许江,杨红伟,等.循环荷载作用下围压对砂岩滞回环演化规律的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(2):320–326.(ZHANG Yuan,XU Jiang,YANG Hongwei,et al.Effect of confiningpressure on evolution law of hysteresis loop of sandstone under cyclicloading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(2):320–326.(in Chinese))
[8]刘建锋,谢和平,徐进,等.循环荷载作用下岩石阻尼特性的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(4):712–717.(LIUJianfeng,XIE Heping,XU Jin,et al.Experimental study on dampingcharacteristics of rock under cyclic loading[J].Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(4):712–717.(in Chinese))
[9]席道瑛,王少刚,刘小燕,等.岩石的非线性弹塑性响应[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(6):772–777.(XI Daoying,WANGShaogang,LIU Xiaoyan,et al.Nonlinear elastoplastic response ofrocks[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(6):772–777.(in Chinese))
[10]席道瑛,刘小燕,张程远.应力控制疲劳载荷作用下循环硬化的应变响应[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(11):1807–1810.(XIDaoying,LIU Xiaoyan,ZHANG Chengyuan.Strain response of cyclichardening under fatigue loading on saturated rock[J].Chinese Journalof Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(11):1 807–1 810.(inChinese))
[11]席道瑛,王春雷,田象燕.滞回曲线对应力振幅和频率的响应[J].物探化探计算技术,2001,23(2):121–123.(XI Daoying,WANGChunlei,TIAN Xiangyan.The responses of hysteresis loops to stressmplitude and frequency[J].Computing Techniques for Geophysicaland Geochemical Exploration,2001,23(2):121–124.(in Chinese))
[12]陈运平,席道瑛,薛彦伟.循环载荷下饱和岩石的应力–应变动态响应[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(4):409–413.(CHENYunping,XI Daoying,XUE Yanwei.Dynamic stress-strain response in saturatedrocks under cycling load[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2003,38(4):409–413.(in Chinese))
[13]陈运平,王思敬.多级循环荷载下饱和岩石的弹塑性响应[J].岩土力学,2010,31(4):1030–1034.(CHEN Yunping,WANG Sijing.Elastoplastic response of saturated rocks subjected to multilevel cyclicloading[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(4):1 030–1 034.(inChinese))
[14]TUTUNCU A N,PODIO A L,SHARMA M M.Nonlinearviscoelastic behavior of sedimentary rock,part II:hysteresis effectsand influence of type of fluid on elastic moduli[J].Geophysics,1998,63(1):195–203.
[15]BRENNAN B J,STACEY F D.Frequency dependence of elasticity ofrock-test of seismic velocity dispersion[J].Nature,1977,268:220–222.
[16]MCKAVANAGH B,STACEY F D.Mechanical hysteresis in rocks atlow strain amplitudes and seismic frequencies[J].Physics of the Earthand Planetary Interiors,1974,3(8):246–250.
[17]胡仲有,骆亚生,李焱.不同地区黄土阻尼比特性试验研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2010,30(2):167–172.(HU Zhongyou,LUOYasheng,LI Yan.Experimental study on damping ratio variationcharacteristics of loess in different areas[J].Journal of EarthquakeEngineering and Engineering Vibration,2010,30(2):167–172.(inChinese))
[18]尚守平,刘方成,杜运兴,等.应变累积对黏土动剪模量和阻尼比影响的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2006,27(5):683–688.(SHANGShouping,LIU Fangcheng,DU Yunxing,et al.Experimental study oneffect of shear strain accumulation on dynamic shear modulus anddamping ratio of clay soil[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2006,27(5):683–688.(in Chinese))
[19]王丽霞.冻土动力性能与冻土场地路基地震响应反应研究[博士学位论文][D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2004.(WANG Lixia.Studyon frozen soil dynamic behavior and earthquake response ofembankment on frozen soil site[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Harbin:HarbinInstitute of Technology,2004.(in Chinese))
[20]中华人民共和国国家标准编写组.GB50123/T—99土工试验方法标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.(The National StandardsCompilation Group of People s Republic of China.GB50123/T—99Standard for soil test method[S].Beijing:China Architecture andBuilding Press,1999.(in Chinese))
[21]中华人民共和国国家标准编写组.GB50269/T—97地基动力特性测试规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997.(The NationalStandards Compilation Group of People s Republic of China.GB50269/T—97 Foundation dynamic properties test specification[S].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,1997.(in Chinese))
[22]张克绪.土动力学[M].北京:地震出版社,1989:9–29.(ZHANGKexu.Soil dynamics[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1989:9–29.(inChinese))
[23]罗飞,赵淑萍,马巍,等.动荷载作用下冻结兰州黄土的动应变幅变化特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(4):884–890.(LUO Fei,ZHAO Shuping,MA Wei,et al.Characteristics of dynamic strainamplitude of frozen Lanzhou loess under dynamic loading[J].Journalof Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(4):884–890.(in Chinese))
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