国内外液化砂砾土土性对比分析
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摘要
砂土液化问题的研究特别是砂土液化的判别目前已经取得了较大的进展,并在国内外现行的规范中充分反映,而砂砾土由于颗粒大、透水性好,普遍认为地震时孔压不至于上升至液化的程度,往往将其划分为非液化土类。通过调查汶川地震砂砾土液化情况以及勘察试验获取其土性资料,对比分析了国内外液化砂砾土的地质背景及土性特征。主要认识为:①以往国内外砂砾土液化实例虽然有限,但已经表明松散-稍密的砂砾土在一定的地震强度下仍有可能发生液化,而2008年汶川地震中的大量砂砾土液化的事实,说明笼统地将砂砾土划归为非液化土类的做法有误;②汶川地震液化砂砾土的颗粒级配范围涵盖了国内外其他地震的颗粒级配,研究汶川地震的砂砾土液化问题具有代表性和普遍性,以此建立的砂砾土液化评价方法在国际上应具有通用性。
The study of sand liquefaction issues,especially in sand liquefaction evaluation,has made significant progress,and its fruits are widely used in the real engineering project or adopted in the seismic code,while the liquefaction potential of gravels is still unclear.The gravels were usually regarded as non-liquefiable soils because of large grain sizes and generally high permeabilities in the past.Field investigation and test of gravels liquefaction sites following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,and comparison of gravels liquefied cases history from previous earthquakes,reveal that:(1) Limited gravels liquefaction cases history from previous earthquakes warn that loose to moderate density of gravels have much potential to liquefy under a given earthquake shaking.The widespread gravels liquefaction following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake reveal it is not reasonable to regard gravels as non-liquefiable soils without any treatment;(2) The grain size distribution curves from the Wenchuan earthquake cover a wider range of grain sizes than those reported from previous earthquakes,indicating that gravels characteristics liquefied in the Wenchuan earthquake are representative and universal.The gravels liquefaction evaluation method developed from the Wenchuan earthquake should be feasible for worldwide use.
The study of sand liquefaction issues,especially in sand liquefaction evaluation,has made significant progress,and its fruits are widely used in the real engineering project or adopted in the seismic code,while the liquefaction potential of gravels is still unclear.The gravels were usually regarded as non-liquefiable soils because of large grain sizes and generally high permeabilities in the past.Field investigation and test of gravels liquefaction sites following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,and comparison of gravels liquefied cases history from previous earthquakes,reveal that:(1) Limited gravels liquefaction cases history from previous earthquakes warn that loose to moderate density of gravels have much potential to liquefy under a given earthquake shaking.The widespread gravels liquefaction following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake reveal it is not reasonable to regard gravels as non-liquefiable soils without any treatment;(2) The grain size distribution curves from the Wenchuan earthquake cover a wider range of grain sizes than those reported from previous earthquakes,indicating that gravels characteristics liquefied in the Wenchuan earthquake are representative and universal.The gravels liquefaction evaluation method developed from the Wenchuan earthquake should be feasible for worldwide use.
引文
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[4]GB J11-89,建筑抗震设计规范[S].
[5]GB 50011-2001,建筑抗震设计规范[S].
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[10]Sirovich L.Repetitive liquefaction at a gravelly siteand liquefaction in overconsolidated sands[J].Soilsand Foundations,1996,36(4):23-34.
[11]Hatanaka M,Uchida A,Ohara J.Liquefactioncharacteristics of a gravelly fill liquefied during the1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu Earthquake[J].Soils andFoundations,1997,37(3):107-115.
[12]Yegian M K,Ghahraman V G,Harutiunyan R N.Liquefaction and embankment failure case histories,1988 Armenia earthquake[J].Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,1994,120(3):581-596.
[13]Lin P S,Chang C W,Chang W J.Characterization ofliquefaction resistance in gravelly soil:large hammerpenetration test and shear wave velocity approach[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2004,(24):675-687.
[14]曹振中,侯龙清,袁晓铭,等.汶川8.0级地震液化震害及特征[J].岩土力学,2010,31(11):3549-3555.Cao Zh Zh,Hou L Q,Yuan X M,et al.Thecharacteristics of liquefaction-induced damages in theWenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake[J].Rock and SoilMechanics,2010,31(11):3549-3555.
[15]曹振中.汶川地震液化特征及砂砾土液化预测方法研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2010.Cao Zh Zh.Characteristics of soil liquefaction in thegreat Wenchuan earthquake and procedures forgravelly soil liquefaction evaluation[D].Harbin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China EarthquakeAdministration,2010.
[16]Tsuchida H.Prediction and countermeasure againstthe liquefaction in sand deposits[R].Yokosuka:Seminar in Abstract of Seinar in the Port and HarborResearch Institute,1970.
[17]Hwang J H,Yang C W.Verification of critical cyclicstrength curve by Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake data[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2001,(21):237-257.
[18]汪闻韶,常亚屏,左秀泓.饱和砂砾料在振动和往返加荷下的液化特性[C]∥水利水电科学研究院论文集第23集.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1986.195-203.Wang W S,Chang Y P,Zou X H.Liquefactioncharacteristics of saturated sand-gravels undervibration and cyclic loading[C]∥Volume 23 CollectedPapers of China Institute of Water Resources andHydropower Research.Beijing:China WaterPowerPress,1986.195-203.
[2]TJ 11-74,工业与民用建筑抗震设计规范[S].
[3]谢君斐.关于修改抗震规范砂土液化判别式的几点意见[J].地震工程与工程振动,1984,4(2):95-125.Xie J F.Some comments on the formula forestimating the liquefaction of sand in revised seismicdesign code[J].Earthquake Engineering andEngineering Vibration,1984,4(2):95-125.
[4]GB J11-89,建筑抗震设计规范[S].
[5]GB 50011-2001,建筑抗震设计规范[S].
[6]袁晓铭,曹振中,孙锐,等,汶川8.0级地震液化特征初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(6):1288-1296.Yuan X M,Cao Zh Zh,Sun R,et al.Preliminaryanalyses of liquefaction characteristics in the greatWenchuan earthquake[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2009,28(6):1288-1296.
[7]袁晓铭,曹振中.汶川大地震液化的特点及带来的新问题[J].世界地震工程,2011,27(1):1-8.Yuan X M,Cao Zh Zh.Features and new aspects ofliquefaction in the Wenchuan earthquake[J].WorldEarthquake Engineering,2011,27(1):1-8.
[8]刘惠珊.砾石的液化判别探讨[C]∥第五届全国地震工程学术会议论文.北京:[s.n],1998.183-188.Liu H Sh.Discussion to gravels liquefactionevaluation[C]∥5thNational Earthquake EngineeringConference.Beijing:[s.n.],1998.183-188.
[9]刘令瑶,李桂芬,丙东屏.密云水库白河主坝保护层地震破坏及砂料振动液化特性[C]∥水利水电科学研究院论文集第8集(岩土工程).北京:中国水利水电出版社,1982.46-54.Liu L Y,Li G F,Bing D P.Earthquake damage ofBaihe dam and liquefaction characteristics of sand andgravel materials[C]∥China Institute of WaterResources and Hydropower Research,ResearchReport No.8.Beijing:China WaterPower Press,1982.46-54.
[10]Sirovich L.Repetitive liquefaction at a gravelly siteand liquefaction in overconsolidated sands[J].Soilsand Foundations,1996,36(4):23-34.
[11]Hatanaka M,Uchida A,Ohara J.Liquefactioncharacteristics of a gravelly fill liquefied during the1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu Earthquake[J].Soils andFoundations,1997,37(3):107-115.
[12]Yegian M K,Ghahraman V G,Harutiunyan R N.Liquefaction and embankment failure case histories,1988 Armenia earthquake[J].Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,1994,120(3):581-596.
[13]Lin P S,Chang C W,Chang W J.Characterization ofliquefaction resistance in gravelly soil:large hammerpenetration test and shear wave velocity approach[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2004,(24):675-687.
[14]曹振中,侯龙清,袁晓铭,等.汶川8.0级地震液化震害及特征[J].岩土力学,2010,31(11):3549-3555.Cao Zh Zh,Hou L Q,Yuan X M,et al.Thecharacteristics of liquefaction-induced damages in theWenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake[J].Rock and SoilMechanics,2010,31(11):3549-3555.
[15]曹振中.汶川地震液化特征及砂砾土液化预测方法研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2010.Cao Zh Zh.Characteristics of soil liquefaction in thegreat Wenchuan earthquake and procedures forgravelly soil liquefaction evaluation[D].Harbin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China EarthquakeAdministration,2010.
[16]Tsuchida H.Prediction and countermeasure againstthe liquefaction in sand deposits[R].Yokosuka:Seminar in Abstract of Seinar in the Port and HarborResearch Institute,1970.
[17]Hwang J H,Yang C W.Verification of critical cyclicstrength curve by Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake data[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2001,(21):237-257.
[18]汪闻韶,常亚屏,左秀泓.饱和砂砾料在振动和往返加荷下的液化特性[C]∥水利水电科学研究院论文集第23集.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1986.195-203.Wang W S,Chang Y P,Zou X H.Liquefactioncharacteristics of saturated sand-gravels undervibration and cyclic loading[C]∥Volume 23 CollectedPapers of China Institute of Water Resources andHydropower Research.Beijing:China WaterPowerPress,1986.195-203.
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