银川断陷盆地地壳结构与构造的地震学证据
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摘要
通过跨银川断陷盆地,完成了一条长68.9 km的高分辨深地震反射探测剖面,首次获得了银川盆地地壳精细结构、地堑型断陷盆地深部断裂系(黄河断裂、银川断裂、贺兰山东麓断裂)特征及深浅构造关系.结果表明:银川断陷盆地上地壳为双程走时8 s(深度约20km)反射面以上的区域,上地壳上部地层层位丰富,地层分段连续性较好,上地壳下部地层分层特征不明显,地质构造简单;下地壳(8～13 s)反射能量较弱,反射同相轴不明显;下地壳下部壳幔过渡带(13 s附近)由一组能量较强、持续时间较长(1.5 s)的反射波组组成,厚度约4.5 km.芦花台断裂、银川断裂分别于12～12.5 km、18～19 km深处交汇于贺兰山东麓断裂,贺兰山东麓断裂于28～29 km深处交汇于黄河断裂,黄河断裂为错断Moho面的深大断裂,银川地堑为以黄河断裂为主,其他断裂为辅组合而成的负花状构造.根据贺兰山东麓断裂和银川断裂的相互关系,认为贺兰山东麓断裂对1739年平罗银川8级地震起主要控制作用.
A high resolution deep seismic reflection profile of 68.9 km long across the Yinchuan faulted basin has been accomplished which for the first time yields the fine crustal structures, characteristics of deep fault system (Yellow River fault, Yinchuan fault and eastern piedmont fault of Helanshan) of faulted basin of graben style, and the relationship between shallow and deep structures in Yinchuan basin. The results show that the upper crust is the region above a reflector with 8 s two-way traveling time (about 20 km deep), there are many strata in the upper part of upper crust where the continuity of different segment of stratum is good, and there is no obvious layered feature in the lower part of upper crust, where the geological structure is simple. The reflection energy is weak in the lower crust (8～13 s), where reflection events are not obvious. The crust-mantle transitional zone (around 13 s) below the lower crust consists of a group of reflection sequences that have stronger energy and longer duration (1. 5 s), and the thickness is about 4.5 km. Luhuatai fault and Yinchuan fault merge into the eastern piedmont fault of Helanshan in the depth of 12～12. 5 km and 18～19 km, respectively, the eastern piedmont fault of Helanshan merges into Yellow River fault in the depth of 28～29 km, and Yellow River fault is a deep fault cutting the Moho. Yinchuan graben is a negative flower structure that is assembled mainly by Yellow River fault and secondarily by other faults. Based on the relationship between the eastern piedmont fault of Helanshan and Yinchuan fault, it is thought that the eastern piedmont fault of Helanshan plays a controlling role in 1739 M=8 Pingluo-Yinchuan earthquake.
A high resolution deep seismic reflection profile of 68.9 km long across the Yinchuan faulted basin has been accomplished which for the first time yields the fine crustal structures, characteristics of deep fault system (Yellow River fault, Yinchuan fault and eastern piedmont fault of Helanshan) of faulted basin of graben style, and the relationship between shallow and deep structures in Yinchuan basin. The results show that the upper crust is the region above a reflector with 8 s two-way traveling time (about 20 km deep), there are many strata in the upper part of upper crust where the continuity of different segment of stratum is good, and there is no obvious layered feature in the lower part of upper crust, where the geological structure is simple. The reflection energy is weak in the lower crust (8～13 s), where reflection events are not obvious. The crust-mantle transitional zone (around 13 s) below the lower crust consists of a group of reflection sequences that have stronger energy and longer duration (1. 5 s), and the thickness is about 4.5 km. Luhuatai fault and Yinchuan fault merge into the eastern piedmont fault of Helanshan in the depth of 12～12. 5 km and 18～19 km, respectively, the eastern piedmont fault of Helanshan merges into Yellow River fault in the depth of 28～29 km, and Yellow River fault is a deep fault cutting the Moho. Yinchuan graben is a negative flower structure that is assembled mainly by Yellow River fault and secondarily by other faults. Based on the relationship between the eastern piedmont fault of Helanshan and Yinchuan fault, it is thought that the eastern piedmont fault of Helanshan plays a controlling role in 1739 M=8 Pingluo-Yinchuan earthquake.
引文
1) 长庆油田三分部地质调查处研究队.宁夏回族自治区银川市-石嘴山市,盐池县,内蒙古自治区额托克前旗地震勘探成果总结报告.1979
2) 长庆石油勘探局.宁夏回族自治区银川地堑永宁-平罗地震概查成果报告.1987
3) 国家地震局地球物理勘探中心.郑州-银川西段深地震测深剖面探测工作报告.1992
[1] 宁夏地质局研究队地质力学编图组.宁夏回族自治区构造体系图(1:50万).银川:宁夏人民出版社,1980 Geology Administration of Ninxia Hui Autonomous Region.Geological Structural System Map in Ninxia Hui Autonomous Region(1:500000) (in Chinese).Yinchuan:Ningxia People's Press,1980
[2] 李孟銮,万自成.1739年平罗8． 0级地震的发震构造及其孕育特征.地震地质,1984,6(3) :23～28 Li M L,Wan Z C.Characteristics of the earthquakegenerating structures for magnitude 8． 0 earthquake of 1739 and the process of its preparation.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1984,6(3) :23～28
[3] 郭增建,马宗晋.中国特大地震研究(一).北京:地震出版社,1988 Guo Z J.Ma Z J.Research of Great Earthquake in China(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1988
[4] 廖玉华,潘祖寿.宁夏红果子沟长城错动新知.地震地质,1982,4(2) :79～81 Liao Y H,Pan Z S.Dislocation of the Great Wall in the Hongguozi Gou,Ningxia Autonomous Region.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1982,4(2) :79～81
[5] 廖玉华,柴炽章,张文孝等.灵武断裂晚第四纪活动特征及位移速率.中国地震,2000,16(2) :64～71 Liao Y H,Chai C Z Zhang W X,et al.The active features and slip rate of Lingwu fauIts in Late Quaternary.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2000,16(2) :64～71
[6] 邓起东,汪一鹏,廖玉华等.断层崖崩积楔及贺兰山东麓断裂全新世活动历史.科学通报,1984,29(9) :557～560 Deng Q D,Wang Y P,Liao Y H,et al.Fault scarps colluvial wedges and Holocene activity along the rangefront fault of Helan Shan.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),1984,29(9) :557～560
[7] 邓起东,尤惠川.断层崖研究与地震危险性估计--以贺兰山山前断层崖为例.西北地震学报,1985,7(1) :30～40 Deng Q D,You H C.Fault scarps research and earthquake risk estimation--example in eastern Helan Shan fault scarps.Northwestern Seismological Journal(in Chinese),1985,7(1) :30～40
[8] 杨景春,郭正堂,曹家栋.用地貌学方法研究贺兰山山前断层全新世活动状况.地震地质,1985,6(4) :25～33 Yang J C,Guo Z T,Cao J D.Investigation on the Holocene activities of the Helan Mountain piedmont fault by use of geomorphological method.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1985,6(4) :25～33
[9] 汪一鹏,宋方敏,廖玉华等.宁夏北部地震地质的若干特征兼论青藏高原对华北地壳应力场的影响.国家地震局地质研究所编.现代地壳运动研究(2) .北京:地震出版社,1986 Wang Y P,Song F M,Liao Y H,et al.The characteristics of seismostructure of northern Ningxia and the influence of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau's uplifting upon the crustal stress field of North China.Research on Recent Crustal Movement(2) (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1986
[10] 国家地震局“鄂尔多斯活动断裂系”课题组.鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系.北京:地震出版社,1988 The Research Group on Active Fault System around Ordos Massif,SSB.Active Fault System around Ordos Massif(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1988
[11] 崔黎明,王萍,潘祖寿等.贺兰山东麓冲沟裂点溯源迁移速率及其形成年龄的讨论.地震地质,1990,24(1) :89～91 Cui L M,Wang P,Pan Z S,et al.The headward migration rate and age of knickpoints of the gullies at eastern piedmont of Helanshan MT.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1990,24(1) :89～91
[12] 柴炽章,廖玉华,张文孝等.灵武断裂晚第四纪古地震及其破裂特征.地震地质,2001,23(1) :18～26 Chai C Z,Liao Y H,Zhang W X,et al.Late quaternary paleoearthquakes and their rupture features along the Lingwu fault.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2001,23(1) :18～26
[13] 丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣等.活动断裂分段:原则、方法与应用.北京:地震出版社,1993 Ding G Y,Tian Q J,Kong F C,et al.Segmentation of Active Fault:Principle,Method and Application(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993
[14] 孙武城,徐杰,杨主恩等.上海奉贤至内蒙古阿拉善左旗地学断面.北京:地震出版社,1992 Sun W C,Xu J,Yang Z E,et al.The Geoscience Transect in Fengxian of Shanghai to Alashanzuoqi of Inner Mongolia(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1992
[15] 赵平,罗力雷,邓宏钊等.鄂尔多斯地块和银川盆地中上部地壳Q值结构.物探化探计算技术,1992,14(4) :351～355 Zhao P,Luo L L,Deng H Z,et al.Q-value s,tructure of middle and upper crust in Ordos massif and Yinchuan basin.Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration(in Chinese),1992,14(4) :351～355
[16] 柴炽章,孟广魁,杜鹏等.隐伏活动断层的多层次综合探测:以银川隐伏活动断层为例.地震地质,2006,28(4) :536～544 Chai C Z,Meng G K,Du P,et al.Comprehensive multilevel exploration of buried active fault:an example of Yinchuan buried active fault.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2006,28(4) :536～544
[17] 张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(S1) :12～20 Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China.Science in China(Ser.D),2003,46(S1) :13～24
[18] 赵成斌,孙振国,顾梦林等.玛纳斯地震区地壳浅部构造特征探测研究.地球物理学报,2001,44(1) :54～63 Zhao C B,Sun Z G,Gu M L,et al.Prospecting and study of shallow crust structure characteristics in Manas earthquake area.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2001,44(1) :54～63
[19] 赵成斌,袁洪克,李德庆等.松散覆盖层内隐伏断层探测研究.大地测量与地球动力学,2007,27(2) :107～113 Zhao C B,Yuan H K,Li D Q,et al.Exploration and study of the buried faults concealed under a loose overburden.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2007,27(2) :107～113
[20] 朱金芳,方盛明,张先康等.泉州盆地及其邻区地壳深部结构的探测与研究.中国地震,2006,22(3) :249～258 Zhu J F,Fang S M,Zhang X K,et al.Exploration and study of deep crustal structure in the Quanzhou Basin and its adjacent area.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2006,22(3) :249～258
[21] 赵成斌,李德庆,赵景尧等.郑州市东区浅部断层的构造特征研究.中国地震,2007,23(1) :65～74 Zhao C B,Li D Q,Zhao J Y,et al.The method study of active fault exploration in cities.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2007,23(1) :65～74
2) 长庆石油勘探局.宁夏回族自治区银川地堑永宁-平罗地震概查成果报告.1987
3) 国家地震局地球物理勘探中心.郑州-银川西段深地震测深剖面探测工作报告.1992
[1] 宁夏地质局研究队地质力学编图组.宁夏回族自治区构造体系图(1:50万).银川:宁夏人民出版社,1980 Geology Administration of Ninxia Hui Autonomous Region.Geological Structural System Map in Ninxia Hui Autonomous Region(1:500000) (in Chinese).Yinchuan:Ningxia People's Press,1980
[2] 李孟銮,万自成.1739年平罗8． 0级地震的发震构造及其孕育特征.地震地质,1984,6(3) :23～28 Li M L,Wan Z C.Characteristics of the earthquakegenerating structures for magnitude 8． 0 earthquake of 1739 and the process of its preparation.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1984,6(3) :23～28
[3] 郭增建,马宗晋.中国特大地震研究(一).北京:地震出版社,1988 Guo Z J.Ma Z J.Research of Great Earthquake in China(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1988
[4] 廖玉华,潘祖寿.宁夏红果子沟长城错动新知.地震地质,1982,4(2) :79～81 Liao Y H,Pan Z S.Dislocation of the Great Wall in the Hongguozi Gou,Ningxia Autonomous Region.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1982,4(2) :79～81
[5] 廖玉华,柴炽章,张文孝等.灵武断裂晚第四纪活动特征及位移速率.中国地震,2000,16(2) :64～71 Liao Y H,Chai C Z Zhang W X,et al.The active features and slip rate of Lingwu fauIts in Late Quaternary.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2000,16(2) :64～71
[6] 邓起东,汪一鹏,廖玉华等.断层崖崩积楔及贺兰山东麓断裂全新世活动历史.科学通报,1984,29(9) :557～560 Deng Q D,Wang Y P,Liao Y H,et al.Fault scarps colluvial wedges and Holocene activity along the rangefront fault of Helan Shan.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),1984,29(9) :557～560
[7] 邓起东,尤惠川.断层崖研究与地震危险性估计--以贺兰山山前断层崖为例.西北地震学报,1985,7(1) :30～40 Deng Q D,You H C.Fault scarps research and earthquake risk estimation--example in eastern Helan Shan fault scarps.Northwestern Seismological Journal(in Chinese),1985,7(1) :30～40
[8] 杨景春,郭正堂,曹家栋.用地貌学方法研究贺兰山山前断层全新世活动状况.地震地质,1985,6(4) :25～33 Yang J C,Guo Z T,Cao J D.Investigation on the Holocene activities of the Helan Mountain piedmont fault by use of geomorphological method.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1985,6(4) :25～33
[9] 汪一鹏,宋方敏,廖玉华等.宁夏北部地震地质的若干特征兼论青藏高原对华北地壳应力场的影响.国家地震局地质研究所编.现代地壳运动研究(2) .北京:地震出版社,1986 Wang Y P,Song F M,Liao Y H,et al.The characteristics of seismostructure of northern Ningxia and the influence of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau's uplifting upon the crustal stress field of North China.Research on Recent Crustal Movement(2) (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1986
[10] 国家地震局“鄂尔多斯活动断裂系”课题组.鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系.北京:地震出版社,1988 The Research Group on Active Fault System around Ordos Massif,SSB.Active Fault System around Ordos Massif(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1988
[11] 崔黎明,王萍,潘祖寿等.贺兰山东麓冲沟裂点溯源迁移速率及其形成年龄的讨论.地震地质,1990,24(1) :89～91 Cui L M,Wang P,Pan Z S,et al.The headward migration rate and age of knickpoints of the gullies at eastern piedmont of Helanshan MT.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1990,24(1) :89～91
[12] 柴炽章,廖玉华,张文孝等.灵武断裂晚第四纪古地震及其破裂特征.地震地质,2001,23(1) :18～26 Chai C Z,Liao Y H,Zhang W X,et al.Late quaternary paleoearthquakes and their rupture features along the Lingwu fault.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2001,23(1) :18～26
[13] 丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣等.活动断裂分段:原则、方法与应用.北京:地震出版社,1993 Ding G Y,Tian Q J,Kong F C,et al.Segmentation of Active Fault:Principle,Method and Application(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993
[14] 孙武城,徐杰,杨主恩等.上海奉贤至内蒙古阿拉善左旗地学断面.北京:地震出版社,1992 Sun W C,Xu J,Yang Z E,et al.The Geoscience Transect in Fengxian of Shanghai to Alashanzuoqi of Inner Mongolia(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1992
[15] 赵平,罗力雷,邓宏钊等.鄂尔多斯地块和银川盆地中上部地壳Q值结构.物探化探计算技术,1992,14(4) :351～355 Zhao P,Luo L L,Deng H Z,et al.Q-value s,tructure of middle and upper crust in Ordos massif and Yinchuan basin.Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration(in Chinese),1992,14(4) :351～355
[16] 柴炽章,孟广魁,杜鹏等.隐伏活动断层的多层次综合探测:以银川隐伏活动断层为例.地震地质,2006,28(4) :536～544 Chai C Z,Meng G K,Du P,et al.Comprehensive multilevel exploration of buried active fault:an example of Yinchuan buried active fault.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2006,28(4) :536～544
[17] 张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(S1) :12～20 Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China.Science in China(Ser.D),2003,46(S1) :13～24
[18] 赵成斌,孙振国,顾梦林等.玛纳斯地震区地壳浅部构造特征探测研究.地球物理学报,2001,44(1) :54～63 Zhao C B,Sun Z G,Gu M L,et al.Prospecting and study of shallow crust structure characteristics in Manas earthquake area.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2001,44(1) :54～63
[19] 赵成斌,袁洪克,李德庆等.松散覆盖层内隐伏断层探测研究.大地测量与地球动力学,2007,27(2) :107～113 Zhao C B,Yuan H K,Li D Q,et al.Exploration and study of the buried faults concealed under a loose overburden.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2007,27(2) :107～113
[20] 朱金芳,方盛明,张先康等.泉州盆地及其邻区地壳深部结构的探测与研究.中国地震,2006,22(3) :249～258 Zhu J F,Fang S M,Zhang X K,et al.Exploration and study of deep crustal structure in the Quanzhou Basin and its adjacent area.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2006,22(3) :249～258
[21] 赵成斌,李德庆,赵景尧等.郑州市东区浅部断层的构造特征研究.中国地震,2007,23(1) :65～74 Zhao C B,Li D Q,Zhao J Y,et al.The method study of active fault exploration in cities.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2007,23(1) :65～74
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