故宫太和殿抗震构造研究
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摘要
2008年的汶川地震造成大量现代建筑破坏,而古建筑木结构则相对保持完好。为探讨中国古建筑木结构的抗震机理,以故宫太和殿为例,采用分析论证方法,研究其抗震性能。根据太和殿构造组成特点,从布局、基础、柱子、榫卯节点、斗栱、梁架、屋顶、墙体等部件出发,分析各部件构造对结构整体抗震性能的有利影响。结果表明:太和殿布局合理,可避免扭转形式振动;基础处理技术有利于缓冲地震波向上部结构传递;柱底平摆浮搁可产生滑移减震效果;榫卯节点及斗栱的分层构件的相互摩擦挤压有利于耗散地震能量;梁架低矮,可满足地震作用下的抗滑移及倾覆要求;屋顶厚重,可提高结构整体稳定性;墙体构造则有利于减小地震造成的木构架变形。
The Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 had caused serious damages of many modern buildings but relatively slight damages of Chinese ancient wooden buildings. To find out aseismic mechanism of these ancient structures,Taihe Palace in the Forbidden City was taken as example for analysis. Besides layout,its components such as basement,column,tenon-mortise joint,Tou-Kung( bracket sets),beam structure,roof,wall and so on were all considered to discuss their effects to aseismic performances of the whole structure. Results show that layout of Taihe Palace is reasonable,which can avoid torsion mode of itself; its column roots are set on stone bases by free-standing means,which can absorb part of earthquake energy by sliding motions of column roots; its tenon-mortise joints and Tou-Kungs can consume part of earthquake energy by frictions and compressions among their components; low ratio of height against width of its beam structure can avoid sliding as well as overturn under earthquakes; its thick roof may enhance stability of the whole structure; finally the wall components can reduce deformation of wooden frames under earthquakes.
The Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 had caused serious damages of many modern buildings but relatively slight damages of Chinese ancient wooden buildings. To find out aseismic mechanism of these ancient structures,Taihe Palace in the Forbidden City was taken as example for analysis. Besides layout,its components such as basement,column,tenon-mortise joint,Tou-Kung( bracket sets),beam structure,roof,wall and so on were all considered to discuss their effects to aseismic performances of the whole structure. Results show that layout of Taihe Palace is reasonable,which can avoid torsion mode of itself; its column roots are set on stone bases by free-standing means,which can absorb part of earthquake energy by sliding motions of column roots; its tenon-mortise joints and Tou-Kungs can consume part of earthquake energy by frictions and compressions among their components; low ratio of height against width of its beam structure can avoid sliding as well as overturn under earthquakes; its thick roof may enhance stability of the whole structure; finally the wall components can reduce deformation of wooden frames under earthquakes.
引文
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[10]王其超.滑动摩擦系数的测定[J].教学仪器与实验,1987,3(2):15-16(Wang Qichao.Determination of sliding friction coefficient[J].Educational Equipment and Experiment,1987,3(2):15-16(in Chinese))
[2]宋二祥,钱稼茹,刘凤阁,等.汶川地震建筑震害分析[J].建筑结构学报,2008,29(4):1-9(Song Erxiang,Qian Jiaru,Liu Fengge,et al.Analysis on seismic damage of buildings in the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Building Structures,2008,29(4):1-9(in Chinese))
[3]张鹏程.中国古代木构建筑结构及其抗震发展研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2003(Zhang Pengcheng.Study on structure and its seismic behavior development of Chinese ancient timber structure buildings[D].Xi’an:Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,2003(in Chinese))
[4]蒋博光.中和殿室内及三殿地质勘探实录[C]//于倬云,朱诚如.中国紫禁城学会论文集(第三辑).北京:紫禁城出版社,2004:275-278(Jiang Boguang.Chronicle of geological exploration on indoor of Zhong-He Palace and3 main palaces in the Forbidden City[C]//Yu Zhuoyun,Zhu Chengru.Proceedings of Chinese Forbidden City Association(No 3).Beijing:Forbidden City Press,2004:275-278(in Chinese))
[5]刘大可.中国古建筑瓦石营法[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993(Liu Dake.Building techniques of Chinese ancient tile works[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,1993(in Chinese))
[6]姚侃,赵鸿铁.木构古建筑柱与柱础的滑移摩擦隔震机理研究[J].工程力学,2006,23(8):127-131(Yao Kan,Zhao Hongtie.Study on the mechanism of sliding friction shock isolation between timber column and plinth in historical buildings[J].Engineering Mechanics,2006,23(8):127-131(in Chinese))
[7]王天.古代大木作静力初探[M].北京:文物出版社,1992(Wang Tian.Study on statics of Chinese ancient wooden buildings[M].Beijing:Cultural Relic Press,1992(in Chinese))
[8]刘晶波,杜修力.结构动力学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005(Liu Jingbo,Du Xiuli.Structural dynamics[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2005(in Chinese))
[9]周乾,张学芹.故宫太和殿西山挑檐檩结构现状分析[C]//郑欣淼,晋宏逵.中国紫禁城学会论文集(第六辑).北京:紫禁城出版社,2011:692-702(Zhou Qian,Zhang Xueqin.Study on structural actuality of western cornice purlin of Taihe Palace in the Forbidden City[C]//Zheng Xinmiao,Jin Hongkui.Proceedings of Chinese Forbidden City Association(No 6).Beijing:Forbidden City Press,2011:692-70(in Chinese))
[10]王其超.滑动摩擦系数的测定[J].教学仪器与实验,1987,3(2):15-16(Wang Qichao.Determination of sliding friction coefficient[J].Educational Equipment and Experiment,1987,3(2):15-16(in Chinese))
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