福岛核事故后放射性废物的影响及处置对策
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摘要
福岛核事故中,氢气爆炸破坏反应堆厂房顶盖,导致大量放射性物质外泄,造成周边环境大面积污染。事故后续处理过程中还产生大量二次污染物。因此,福岛核事故后放射性废弃物呈现数量大、范围广的特点,给后续核污染的治理带来巨大挑战。本文介绍福岛核事故所造成的环境污染和厂内污染情况,分析污染种类、特点、应对措施等,总结该事故中放射性废弃物处置对策及其对中国核电发展的启示。
During the Fukushima nuclear accident, a huge amounts of radioactive materials leaked out of the reactor building shell and polluted a large surrounding area. Furthermore, the secondary pollutants produced during the subsequent processing are still active. Therefore, the radioactive wastes in the Fukushima nuclear accident have the characteristics of huge amounts and wide range.It remians a serious challenge to the disposal measures. This paper introduces the environmental pollution after the accident,especially in the site of Fukushima nuclear power plant. The classification, characteristics and disposal measures of the radioactive wastes are analyzed, respectively. Suggestions on disposal measures of radioactive wastes and the inspiration on China's nuclear power development are summarized.
During the Fukushima nuclear accident, a huge amounts of radioactive materials leaked out of the reactor building shell and polluted a large surrounding area. Furthermore, the secondary pollutants produced during the subsequent processing are still active. Therefore, the radioactive wastes in the Fukushima nuclear accident have the characteristics of huge amounts and wide range.It remians a serious challenge to the disposal measures. This paper introduces the environmental pollution after the accident,especially in the site of Fukushima nuclear power plant. The classification, characteristics and disposal measures of the radioactive wastes are analyzed, respectively. Suggestions on disposal measures of radioactive wastes and the inspiration on China's nuclear power development are summarized.
引文
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[21]原子力災害対策本部.個別の計画毎の検討実施状況、放射性廃棄物処理·処分スケジュール[C]//東京電力第13回運営会議資料.東京:原子力災害対策本部,2012.Nuclear Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters.Plan forimplementation of the radioactive waste treatment and disposal schedule[C]//The 13th Meeting Materials Management of Tokyo Electric PowerCompany.Tokyo:Nuclear Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters,2012.
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[23]長縄弘親,熊沢紀之,斉藤浩,等.ポリイオンコンプレックスを固定化剤として用いる土壌表層の放射性セシウムの除去[J].日本原子力学会和文論文誌,2011,10(4):227-234.Naganawa Hirochika,Noriyuki kumazawa,Hiroshi Saito,et al.Removalof radioactive cesium from surface soils solidified using polyioncomplex:Rapid communication for decontamination test at iitate-mura inFukushima prefecture[J].Journal of Japanese Society of Japan AtomicEnergy,2011,10(4):227-234.
[24]IAEA.Final report of the international mission on remediation of largecontaminated areas off-site the Fukushima Daiichi NPP[R].Vienna:IAEA,2011.
[25]西原健司,岩元大樹,須山賢也.福島第一原子力発電所の燃料組成評価[J].JAEA-Data/Code,2012,18:34-59.Kenji Nishihara,Hiroki Iwamoto,Kenya Suyama.Estimation of fuelcompositions in Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant[J].JAEA-Data/Code,2012,18:34-59.
[2]中华人民共和国环境保护部.放射性废物安全管理条例[S].北京:中国法制出版社,2012.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China.Regulation on the safety of radioactive waste management[S].Beijing:Chinese Legal Publishing House,2012.
[3]刘忠义,唐谋生.放射性废物的来源及其安全管理[C].中国环境科学学会学术年会,乌鲁木齐,8-18-19,2011.Liu Zhongyi,Tan Mousheng.Source and the safety management onradioactive waste[C].China Environmental Science Society AcademicEssays,Urumqi,August 18-19,2011.
[4]日本原子力学会.福島第一原子力発電所事故により発生する放射性廃棄物の処理·処分[R].东京:日本原子力学会,2013.Atomic Energy Society of Japan.Treatment and disposal of radioactivewastes generated by the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident[R].Tokyo:Atomic Energy Society of Japan,2013.
[5]邱国华.放射性废物管理技术简述[C]//21世纪初辐射防护论坛第九次会议暨日本福岛核事故专题研讨会论文集.江苏:中国核学会辐射防护分会,2011.Qiu Guohua.Introduction on radioactive waste management technology[C]//Radiation Protection Forum,Ninth Session:Paper Symposium onJapan's Fukushima Nuclear Accident.Jiangsu:China Society of RadiationProtection,2011.
[6]IAEA,IAEA Mission Report.The great east Japan earthquake expertmission.IAEA international fact finding expert mission of the FukushimaDaiichi NPP accident following the great east Japan earthquake andTsunami[R].Vienna:IAEA,2011.
[7]原子力安全·保安院.地震被害情報[R].东京:原子力安全·保安院,2011.Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency,Japan.Earthquake damageinformation[R].Tokyo:Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency,2011.
[8]王蕾,郑国栋,赵顺平.日本福岛核事故对我国大陆环境影响[J].辐射防护,2012,32(6):325-337.Wang Lei,Zheng Guodong,Zhao Shunping.Impact of Fukushima nuclearaccident to China's mainland environment[J].Radiation Protection,2012,32(6):325-337.
[9]日本原子力災害対策本部.原子力安全に関するIAEA閣僚会議に対する日本国政府の報告書-東京電力福島原子力発電所の事故について-[R].东京:原子力災害対策本部,2011.Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters,Japan.Report of Japanesegovernment to the IAEA ministerial conference on nuclear safety-theaccidental TEPCO's Fukushima nuclear power stations[R].Tokyo:Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters,2011.
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[11]経済産業省.東京電力株式会社福島第一原子力発電所及び広島に投下された原子爆弾から放出された放射性物質に関する試算値について[R].東京:経済産業省,2011.Ministry of Economy,Trade and Industry,Japan.Comparison calculationon the value of the radioactive material was dropped from Hiroshimaatomic bomb and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant by TokyoElectric Power Company[R].Tokyo:Ministry of Economy,Trade andIndustry,2011.
[12]Steinhauser G,Brandl A,Johnson T E.Comparison of the Chernobyl andFukushima nuclear accidents:A review of the environmental impacts[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,470:800-817.
[13]日本原子力災害対策本部.東京電力福島第一原子力発電所·事故の収束に向けた道筋ステップ完了報告書[R].东京:原子力災害対策本部,2011.Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters,Japan.A report on the routefor the convergence of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident by Tokyoelectric power plant[R].Tokyo:Nuclear Emergency ResponseHeadquarters,2011.
[14]原子力安全·保安院.東京電力株式会社福島第一原子力発電所事故の技術的知見について[EB/OL].(2011-12-11)[2014-02-06].http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/info/committee/kihonmondai/10th/10-32-1.pdf.Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency,Japan.Information on thetechnical aspects of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident byTokyo Electric Power Company[EB/OL].(2011-12-11)[2014-02-06].http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/info/committee/kihonmondai/10th/10-32-1.pdf.
[15]IAEA.Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident and theirremediation:Twenty years of experience[R].Vienna:IAEA,2011.
[16]日本環境省.航空機モニタリングの測定結果[C].災害廃棄物安全評価検討会·環境回復検討会,第1回合同検討会,東京,10-10,2011.Ministry of Environment,Japan.The results of air craft monitoring[C].Study on Safety Assessment of Waste and Environmental Disasterrecovery,the First Committee,Tokyo,10-10,,2011.
[17]小寺正一.放射性物質の除染と汚染廃棄物処理の課題-福島第一原発事故とその影響·対策[R].东京:農林環境課,2012.Kodera Shoiche.The influence and countermeasure on thedecontamination of radioactive pollution and waste disposal problems atthe Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident[R].Tokyo:Forestryand Environment Division,2012.
[18]白崎亮,久岡夏樹.放射性物質を含む下水汚泥に関する現状[J].資源環境対策,2012,48(2):39-44.Shirasaki,Ryo Hisaoka,Natsuki.The present situation on sewage sludgecontaining radioactive material[J].Environmental Resources,2012,48(2):39-44.
[19]日本環境省.一般廃棄物処理施設における放射性物質に汚染されたおそれのある廃棄物の処理について[EB/OL].(2011-08-29)[2014-05-22].http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/attach/osenhaiki-shori20110829.pdf.Ministry of Environment,Japan.The waste disposal facilitiescontaminated by radioactive substances[EB/OL].(2011-08-29)[2014-05-22].http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/attach/osenhaiki-shori20110829.pdf.
[20]森田昌敏.福島原発事故の検証と環境放射能汚染[M].東京:環境コミュニケーションズ,2011:57-70.Morita Masatoshi.Environmental contamination by radioactive materialof the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident[M].Tokyo:EnvironmentalCommunications,2011:57-70.
[21]原子力災害対策本部.個別の計画毎の検討実施状況、放射性廃棄物処理·処分スケジュール[C]//東京電力第13回運営会議資料.東京:原子力災害対策本部,2012.Nuclear Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters.Plan forimplementation of the radioactive waste treatment and disposal schedule[C]//The 13th Meeting Materials Management of Tokyo Electric PowerCompany.Tokyo:Nuclear Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters,2012.
[22]保高徹生.放射性物質の土壌中での挙動及び農作物への影響[J].農業と経済,2012,78(1):101-112.Tetsuo Yasutaka.Behavior and effect on the crops of radioactive materialin soil[J].Agriculture and Economic,2012,78(1):101-112.
[23]長縄弘親,熊沢紀之,斉藤浩,等.ポリイオンコンプレックスを固定化剤として用いる土壌表層の放射性セシウムの除去[J].日本原子力学会和文論文誌,2011,10(4):227-234.Naganawa Hirochika,Noriyuki kumazawa,Hiroshi Saito,et al.Removalof radioactive cesium from surface soils solidified using polyioncomplex:Rapid communication for decontamination test at iitate-mura inFukushima prefecture[J].Journal of Japanese Society of Japan AtomicEnergy,2011,10(4):227-234.
[24]IAEA.Final report of the international mission on remediation of largecontaminated areas off-site the Fukushima Daiichi NPP[R].Vienna:IAEA,2011.
[25]西原健司,岩元大樹,須山賢也.福島第一原子力発電所の燃料組成評価[J].JAEA-Data/Code,2012,18:34-59.Kenji Nishihara,Hiroki Iwamoto,Kenya Suyama.Estimation of fuelcompositions in Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant[J].JAEA-Data/Code,2012,18:34-59.
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