水电能源开发中的关键工程地质体力学问题
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摘要
本文首先讨论了能源开发建设所面临的工程问题和科学问题,简述了工程地质体力学的内涵和应解决的核心问题.特别介绍了笔者研究团队最近几年的研究成果,提出了相关科学问题的研究方向.主要内容包括:传统固体力学中关于点破坏的概念,研究地质体有很大的局限性,论述了用破坏程度描述地质体破坏状态的合理性,以及基于监测与数值模拟相结合的破坏状态概念—破裂度;基于破裂演化原理,讨论了工程地质灾害的两个防灾理念,强调了状态判断的合理性及数值模拟方法的重要性;讨论了地质体稳定性分析方法的评价标准,并对目前常见的几种评价方法做了简要的评述;提出了数值模拟地质体的非连续、非均匀性的两尺度力学模型和计算框架;论述了代表性体积单元尺度上的应变强度分布函数,该函数比本构关系表征材料的破坏特性更为合适;综述了地质体孔隙裂隙渗流及与破裂场耦合模型的计算模型;结合汶川地震次生地质灾害的现象,指出了拟静力计算方法的不合理性,介绍了关于地震作用下地质体边坡稳定性的数值模拟新方法.
Engineering and scientific problems confronted in hydroelectric energy exploitation and construction are discussed,and the concept and key problems in engineering geomechanics are introduced.The research work by the team of the authors in recent years is reviewed and research interests in relevant scientific fields are proposed,which includes:(1) The theory of "failure on a point" in traditional solid mechanics is inadequate to describe geological body,and the concept of "fracture degree" is proposed,rationality as well as the operation method with field monitoring and numerical simulation are discussed.(2) Two disaster prevention concepts in geologic hazards based on fracture evolution are introduced,rationality of state evaluation and importance of numerical simulation are emphasized.(3) Evaluation criteria of stability analysis for geological body are discussed and comments are made for some of the common methods.(4) Two scale mechanical model and computational frame for numerical simulation of discontinuum and heterogeneity in geological body are presented.(5) Distributive function of strain strength in representative volume element are expounded,which is more appropriate to describe fracture of material than traditional constitutive relationship and parameters.(6) Seepage model for fractured porous media and fracture coupled model are reviewed.(7) According to secondary geological disaster in Wenchuan,irrationality of pseudo-static method is pointed out,and a new method with numerical simulation for stability analysis of geological body subjected to seismic loads is introduced.
Engineering and scientific problems confronted in hydroelectric energy exploitation and construction are discussed,and the concept and key problems in engineering geomechanics are introduced.The research work by the team of the authors in recent years is reviewed and research interests in relevant scientific fields are proposed,which includes:(1) The theory of "failure on a point" in traditional solid mechanics is inadequate to describe geological body,and the concept of "fracture degree" is proposed,rationality as well as the operation method with field monitoring and numerical simulation are discussed.(2) Two disaster prevention concepts in geologic hazards based on fracture evolution are introduced,rationality of state evaluation and importance of numerical simulation are emphasized.(3) Evaluation criteria of stability analysis for geological body are discussed and comments are made for some of the common methods.(4) Two scale mechanical model and computational frame for numerical simulation of discontinuum and heterogeneity in geological body are presented.(5) Distributive function of strain strength in representative volume element are expounded,which is more appropriate to describe fracture of material than traditional constitutive relationship and parameters.(6) Seepage model for fractured porous media and fracture coupled model are reviewed.(7) According to secondary geological disaster in Wenchuan,irrationality of pseudo-static method is pointed out,and a new method with numerical simulation for stability analysis of geological body subjected to seismic loads is introduced.
引文
1 Li S H,Li X,Liu X Y.Some issues in engineering geomechanics and its applications(in Chinese).Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2006,25(6):1125–1140(in Chinese)[李世海,李晓,刘晓宇.工程地质力学及其应用中的若干问题.岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(6):1125–1140]
2 Duncan J M.State of the art:Limit equilibrium and finite-element analysis of slopes.J Geotech Eng,1996,22(7):577–596
3 Chen Z Y,Mi H L,Wang X G.A three-dimensional limit equilibrium method for slope stability analysis(in Chinese).Chin J Geot Eng,2001,23(5):525–529[陈祖煜,弥宏亮,汪小刚.边坡稳定三维分析的极限平衡方法.岩土工程学报,2001,23(5):525–529]
4 Zhang J F,Ding H.Generalized 3D limit-equilibrium method for slope stability analysis and its application(in Chinese).Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2005,24(3):365–370[张均锋,丁桦.边坡稳定性的三维极限平衡分析方法及应用.岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(3):365–370]
5 孙广忠.岩体结构力学.北京:科学出版社,1988
6 Sun G Z.On the theory of structure-controlled rockmass(in Chinese).J Eng Geology,1993,01:14–18[孙广忠.论岩体结构控制论.工程地质学报,1993,01:14–18]
7 Li S H,Liu T P,Liu X Y.Analysis method for landslide stability(in Chinese).Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2009,28:3309–3324[李世海,刘天苹,刘晓宇.论滑坡稳定性分析方法.岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28:3309–3324]
8 Swenson D V,Ingraffea A R.Modeling mixed-mode dynamic crack propagation using finite elements:Theory and applications.Comput Mech,1988,3:381–397
9 Goodman R E,Taylor R L,Berkke T.A model for the mechanics of jointed rock.J Soil Mech Foundations Division,ASCE,1968,9 4(3):637 –659
10 Hou Y L,Zhou Y D,Zhang C H.I/II tensile-shear mixed mode fracture simulation by 3d discrete element method(in Chinese).Eng Mech,2007,24(3):1–7[侯艳丽,周元德,张楚汉.用3D离散元实现I/II型拉剪混凝土断裂的模拟.工程力学,2007,24(3):1–7]
11 Chang X L,Hu C,Ma G,et al.Continuous-discontinuous deformable discrete element method to simulate the whole failure process of rock masses and application(in Chinese).Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2011,30(10):2004–2011[常晓林,胡超,马刚,等.模拟岩石失效全过程的连续-非连续变形体离散元方法及应用.岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(10):2004–2011]
12 Ke T C.Simulated Testing of Two Dimensional Heterogeneous and Discontinuous Rock Masses Using Discontinuous Deformation Analysis.Dissertation for Doctoral Degree.Berkeley:University of California,1993
13 Owen D R J,Feng Y T,De Souza Neto E A,et al.The modeling of multi-fracturing solids and particulate media.Int J Numer Methods Eng,2004,60(1):317–339
14 Munjiza A.The Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method.New York:John Wiley and Sons,2004.277–290
15 Li S H,Zhang Y N,Feng C.A spring system equivalent to continuum model.In:The Fifth International Conference on Discrete Element Methods,London,2010.75–85
16 Feng C,Li S H,Yao Z X.Study of block-discrete-spring method based on continuum mechanics(in Chinese).Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2010,29 (S1):2690–2704[冯春,李世海,姚再兴.基于连续介质力学的块体单元离散弹簧法研究.岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(增1):2690–2704]
17 Belytschko T,Black T.Elastic crack growth in finite elements with minimal remeshing.Int J Numer Methods Eng,1999,45(5):601–620
18 Belytschko T,Moeo N,Usui S,et al.Arbitrary discontinuities in finite element.Int J Numer Methods Eng,2001,50(4):993–1013
19 Li X K,Liu Q P,Zhang J B.A micro-macro homogenization approach for discrete particle assembly-Cosserat continuum modeling of granular materials.Int J Solids Struct,2010,47:291–303
20 Li X K,Wan K.A bridging scale method for granular materials with discrete particle assembly-Cosserat continuum modeling.Comput Geotech,2011,38:1052–1068
21 Li X K,Zhang X,Zhang J B.A generalized Hill’s lemma and micromechanically based macroscopic constitutive model for heterogeneous granular materials.Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng,2010,199:3137–3152
22 Tang C.Numerical simulation of progressive rock failure and associated seismicity.Int J Rock Mech Min Sci,1997,34(2):249–261
23 Wang Z L,Li Y C,Wang J G,et al.A damage-softening statistical constitutive model considering rock residual strength.Comput Geosci,2007,33:1–9
24 Li S H,Zhou D.Progressive failure constitutive model of fracture plane in geomaterial b ased on strain strength distribution.Int J Solids Struct,2013,50(3-4):570–577
25 Li S H,Zhou D.Strain strength distribution criterion.In:Third International Symposium on Computational Mechanics(ISCM II I),Taipei,2011:414–415
26 Li S H,Zhou D.Formulation for damage of brittle materials and computational element based on criterion of strain strength distribution.J Hydraulic Eng,2012,43:8–12
27 Bai Y L,Ke F J,Xia M F.Formulation of statistical evolution of microcracks in solids.Acta Mech Sin,1991,7(1):59–66
28 Bai Y,Han W,Bai J.A statistical evolution equation of microdamage and its application.ASTM Special Technical Publication,1997,1315:150 –162
29 Bai Y L,Xia M F,Ke F J,et al.Statistical microdamage mechanics and damage field evolution.Theor Appl Fracture Mech,2001,37(1):1 –10
30 Darcy H.Les fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon.Paris:Dalmont,1856
31 Das B,Steinberg S,Weber S,et al.Finite difference methods for modeling porous media flows.Transport Porous Media,1994,17(2):171 –200
32 Zienkiewicz O C,Cheung Y K.Finite element method of analysis for arch dam shells and comparison with finite difference proc edures.In:Proc Symp Theor Arch Dams,Univ Southampton,1964
33 Javandel I,Witherspoon P A.Application of the finite element method to transient flow in porous media.Old SPE J,1968,8(3):241–252
34 Cundall P A,Strack O D L.A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies.Geotechnique,1979,29(1):47–65
35 Bonnet E,Bour O,Odling N E,et al.Scaling of fracture systems in geological media.Rev Geophys,2001,39(3):347–383
36 Chavent G.A New Formulation of Diphasic Incompressible Flows in Porous Media.Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer,1976.258–270
37 Gerke H H,Genuchten M T.A dual-porosity model for simulating the preferential movement of water and solutes in structured porous media.Water Resources Res,1993,29(2):305–319
38 Zhao Y,Chen M.Fully coupled dual-porosity model for anisotropic formations.Int J Rock Mech Mining Sci,2006,43:1128–1133
39 Hoteit H,Firoozabadi A.Multicomponent fluid flow by discontinuous Galerkin and mixed methods in unfractured and fractured media.Water Resources Res,2005,41(11):W11412
40 Reichenberger V,Jakobs H,Bastian P,et al.Complex Gas-Water Processes in Discrete Fracture-Matrix Systems:Up-scaling,Mass-Conservative Discretization and Efficient Multilevel Solution.Institut für Wasserbau,Universit t Stuttgart,Heft 130,2004
41 Sahimi M.Flow and Transport in Porous Media and Fractured Rock.Weinheim:Wiley-VCH,2012
42 Bear J,Tsang C F,De Marsily G.Flow and Contaminant Transport in Fractured Rock.London:Academic Press,1993
43 Wu Y S,Pruess K.Numerical simulation of non-isothermal multiphase tracer transport in heterogeneous fractured porous media.Adv Water Resources,2000,23(7):699–723
44 Reichenberger V,Jakobs H,Bastian P,et al.A mixed-dimensional finite volume method for two-phase flow in fractured porous media.Adv Water Resources,2006,29(7):1020–1036
45 Bajaj R.An unstructured finite volume simulator for multiphase flow through fractured-porous media.Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2009
46 Wang L X,Li S H,Ma Z S.A cell-centered finite volume simulator for single-phase flow in fractured porous media.In:The 6th international conference on discrete element methods and related techniques,Golden,Colorado,USA,2013:130–135
47 Nick H M,Matth i S K.Comparison of three FE-FV numerical schemes for single-and two-phase flow simulation of fractured porous media.Transport Porous Media,2011,90(2):421–444
48 Liu Y,Li S H,Liu X Y.Coupled fluid flow and stress computation model of dual media based on continuum-medium distinct element method(in Chinese).Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2011,30(5):951–959[刘洋,李世海,刘晓宇.基于连续介质离散元的双重介质渗流应力耦合模型.岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(5):951–959]
49 中华人民共和国铁道部铁路工程抗震设计规范.北京:中国计划出版社,2006
50 Li C L,Feng C,Liu X Y.The application range of pseudo-static method and the calculation of earthquake force(in Chinese).J Univ Jinan(Sci Tech),2011,(4):431–436[李承亮,冯春,刘晓宇.拟静力方法适用范围及地震力计算.济南大学学报(自然科学版),2011,25(4):431 –436]
51 Yin Y P.Features of landslides triggered by the wenchuan earthquake(in Chinese).J Eng GeoLogy,2009,17(1):29–38[殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析.工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29–38]
52 Huang R Q,Li W L.Fault effect analysis of geo-hazard triggered by wenchaun earthquake(in Chinese).J Eng GeoLogy,2009,17(1):19 –28[黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析.工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19–28]
53 Xu Q,Li W L.Study on the direction effects of landslides triggered by Wenchuan earthquake(in Chinese).J Sichuan Univ(Eng Sci Ed).2010,42(S1):7–14[许强,李为乐.汶川地震诱发滑坡方向效应研究.四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(S1):7–14]
54 Cui F P,Yin Y P,Xu Q,et al.Collapsing and sliding response of slopes triggered by single and combined act ion with time difference of P and S seismic waves(in Chinese).Chin J Geot Eng,2010,32(8):1266–1273[崔芳鹏,殷跃平,许强,等.地震纵横波时差耦合作用的斜坡崩滑响应研究.岩土工程学报,2010,32(8):1266–1273]
55 Ai C,Feng C,Li S H,et al.Experimental research on dynamic response of consequent rock slope under seismic loading(in Chinese).Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2010,29(9):1825–1832[艾畅,冯春,李世海,等.地震作用下顺层岩质边坡动力响应的试验研究.岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(9):1825–1832]
56 Zhao A P,Feng C,Li S H,et al.Experimental research on seismic failure mode and supporting for slope of bedrock and overburden layer(in Chinese).Rock Soil Mech,2012,33(2):515–523[赵安平,冯春,李世海,等.地震力作用下基覆边坡模型试验研究.岩土力学,2012,33(2):515–523]
57 杨雪莲,周永江,吴事贵,等.汶川地震区公路挡墙破坏分析及设计中有关问题的探讨.北京:科学出版社,2009.921–924
58 Feng C,Li S H,Wang J.Stability analysis method for bedding rock slopes under seismic load(in Chinese).Chin J Geot Eng,2012,34(4):717 –724[冯春,李世海,王杰.基于cdem的顺层边坡地震稳定性分析方法研究.岩土工程学报,2012,34(4):717–724]
59 李承亮.地震作用下基覆类高陡边坡的稳定性分析.硕士论文.北京:中国科学院力学研究所,2011
2 Duncan J M.State of the art:Limit equilibrium and finite-element analysis of slopes.J Geotech Eng,1996,22(7):577–596
3 Chen Z Y,Mi H L,Wang X G.A three-dimensional limit equilibrium method for slope stability analysis(in Chinese).Chin J Geot Eng,2001,23(5):525–529[陈祖煜,弥宏亮,汪小刚.边坡稳定三维分析的极限平衡方法.岩土工程学报,2001,23(5):525–529]
4 Zhang J F,Ding H.Generalized 3D limit-equilibrium method for slope stability analysis and its application(in Chinese).Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2005,24(3):365–370[张均锋,丁桦.边坡稳定性的三维极限平衡分析方法及应用.岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(3):365–370]
5 孙广忠.岩体结构力学.北京:科学出版社,1988
6 Sun G Z.On the theory of structure-controlled rockmass(in Chinese).J Eng Geology,1993,01:14–18[孙广忠.论岩体结构控制论.工程地质学报,1993,01:14–18]
7 Li S H,Liu T P,Liu X Y.Analysis method for landslide stability(in Chinese).Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2009,28:3309–3324[李世海,刘天苹,刘晓宇.论滑坡稳定性分析方法.岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28:3309–3324]
8 Swenson D V,Ingraffea A R.Modeling mixed-mode dynamic crack propagation using finite elements:Theory and applications.Comput Mech,1988,3:381–397
9 Goodman R E,Taylor R L,Berkke T.A model for the mechanics of jointed rock.J Soil Mech Foundations Division,ASCE,1968,9 4(3):637 –659
10 Hou Y L,Zhou Y D,Zhang C H.I/II tensile-shear mixed mode fracture simulation by 3d discrete element method(in Chinese).Eng Mech,2007,24(3):1–7[侯艳丽,周元德,张楚汉.用3D离散元实现I/II型拉剪混凝土断裂的模拟.工程力学,2007,24(3):1–7]
11 Chang X L,Hu C,Ma G,et al.Continuous-discontinuous deformable discrete element method to simulate the whole failure process of rock masses and application(in Chinese).Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2011,30(10):2004–2011[常晓林,胡超,马刚,等.模拟岩石失效全过程的连续-非连续变形体离散元方法及应用.岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(10):2004–2011]
12 Ke T C.Simulated Testing of Two Dimensional Heterogeneous and Discontinuous Rock Masses Using Discontinuous Deformation Analysis.Dissertation for Doctoral Degree.Berkeley:University of California,1993
13 Owen D R J,Feng Y T,De Souza Neto E A,et al.The modeling of multi-fracturing solids and particulate media.Int J Numer Methods Eng,2004,60(1):317–339
14 Munjiza A.The Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method.New York:John Wiley and Sons,2004.277–290
15 Li S H,Zhang Y N,Feng C.A spring system equivalent to continuum model.In:The Fifth International Conference on Discrete Element Methods,London,2010.75–85
16 Feng C,Li S H,Yao Z X.Study of block-discrete-spring method based on continuum mechanics(in Chinese).Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2010,29 (S1):2690–2704[冯春,李世海,姚再兴.基于连续介质力学的块体单元离散弹簧法研究.岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(增1):2690–2704]
17 Belytschko T,Black T.Elastic crack growth in finite elements with minimal remeshing.Int J Numer Methods Eng,1999,45(5):601–620
18 Belytschko T,Moeo N,Usui S,et al.Arbitrary discontinuities in finite element.Int J Numer Methods Eng,2001,50(4):993–1013
19 Li X K,Liu Q P,Zhang J B.A micro-macro homogenization approach for discrete particle assembly-Cosserat continuum modeling of granular materials.Int J Solids Struct,2010,47:291–303
20 Li X K,Wan K.A bridging scale method for granular materials with discrete particle assembly-Cosserat continuum modeling.Comput Geotech,2011,38:1052–1068
21 Li X K,Zhang X,Zhang J B.A generalized Hill’s lemma and micromechanically based macroscopic constitutive model for heterogeneous granular materials.Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng,2010,199:3137–3152
22 Tang C.Numerical simulation of progressive rock failure and associated seismicity.Int J Rock Mech Min Sci,1997,34(2):249–261
23 Wang Z L,Li Y C,Wang J G,et al.A damage-softening statistical constitutive model considering rock residual strength.Comput Geosci,2007,33:1–9
24 Li S H,Zhou D.Progressive failure constitutive model of fracture plane in geomaterial b ased on strain strength distribution.Int J Solids Struct,2013,50(3-4):570–577
25 Li S H,Zhou D.Strain strength distribution criterion.In:Third International Symposium on Computational Mechanics(ISCM II I),Taipei,2011:414–415
26 Li S H,Zhou D.Formulation for damage of brittle materials and computational element based on criterion of strain strength distribution.J Hydraulic Eng,2012,43:8–12
27 Bai Y L,Ke F J,Xia M F.Formulation of statistical evolution of microcracks in solids.Acta Mech Sin,1991,7(1):59–66
28 Bai Y,Han W,Bai J.A statistical evolution equation of microdamage and its application.ASTM Special Technical Publication,1997,1315:150 –162
29 Bai Y L,Xia M F,Ke F J,et al.Statistical microdamage mechanics and damage field evolution.Theor Appl Fracture Mech,2001,37(1):1 –10
30 Darcy H.Les fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon.Paris:Dalmont,1856
31 Das B,Steinberg S,Weber S,et al.Finite difference methods for modeling porous media flows.Transport Porous Media,1994,17(2):171 –200
32 Zienkiewicz O C,Cheung Y K.Finite element method of analysis for arch dam shells and comparison with finite difference proc edures.In:Proc Symp Theor Arch Dams,Univ Southampton,1964
33 Javandel I,Witherspoon P A.Application of the finite element method to transient flow in porous media.Old SPE J,1968,8(3):241–252
34 Cundall P A,Strack O D L.A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies.Geotechnique,1979,29(1):47–65
35 Bonnet E,Bour O,Odling N E,et al.Scaling of fracture systems in geological media.Rev Geophys,2001,39(3):347–383
36 Chavent G.A New Formulation of Diphasic Incompressible Flows in Porous Media.Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer,1976.258–270
37 Gerke H H,Genuchten M T.A dual-porosity model for simulating the preferential movement of water and solutes in structured porous media.Water Resources Res,1993,29(2):305–319
38 Zhao Y,Chen M.Fully coupled dual-porosity model for anisotropic formations.Int J Rock Mech Mining Sci,2006,43:1128–1133
39 Hoteit H,Firoozabadi A.Multicomponent fluid flow by discontinuous Galerkin and mixed methods in unfractured and fractured media.Water Resources Res,2005,41(11):W11412
40 Reichenberger V,Jakobs H,Bastian P,et al.Complex Gas-Water Processes in Discrete Fracture-Matrix Systems:Up-scaling,Mass-Conservative Discretization and Efficient Multilevel Solution.Institut für Wasserbau,Universit t Stuttgart,Heft 130,2004
41 Sahimi M.Flow and Transport in Porous Media and Fractured Rock.Weinheim:Wiley-VCH,2012
42 Bear J,Tsang C F,De Marsily G.Flow and Contaminant Transport in Fractured Rock.London:Academic Press,1993
43 Wu Y S,Pruess K.Numerical simulation of non-isothermal multiphase tracer transport in heterogeneous fractured porous media.Adv Water Resources,2000,23(7):699–723
44 Reichenberger V,Jakobs H,Bastian P,et al.A mixed-dimensional finite volume method for two-phase flow in fractured porous media.Adv Water Resources,2006,29(7):1020–1036
45 Bajaj R.An unstructured finite volume simulator for multiphase flow through fractured-porous media.Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2009
46 Wang L X,Li S H,Ma Z S.A cell-centered finite volume simulator for single-phase flow in fractured porous media.In:The 6th international conference on discrete element methods and related techniques,Golden,Colorado,USA,2013:130–135
47 Nick H M,Matth i S K.Comparison of three FE-FV numerical schemes for single-and two-phase flow simulation of fractured porous media.Transport Porous Media,2011,90(2):421–444
48 Liu Y,Li S H,Liu X Y.Coupled fluid flow and stress computation model of dual media based on continuum-medium distinct element method(in Chinese).Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2011,30(5):951–959[刘洋,李世海,刘晓宇.基于连续介质离散元的双重介质渗流应力耦合模型.岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(5):951–959]
49 中华人民共和国铁道部铁路工程抗震设计规范.北京:中国计划出版社,2006
50 Li C L,Feng C,Liu X Y.The application range of pseudo-static method and the calculation of earthquake force(in Chinese).J Univ Jinan(Sci Tech),2011,(4):431–436[李承亮,冯春,刘晓宇.拟静力方法适用范围及地震力计算.济南大学学报(自然科学版),2011,25(4):431 –436]
51 Yin Y P.Features of landslides triggered by the wenchuan earthquake(in Chinese).J Eng GeoLogy,2009,17(1):29–38[殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析.工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29–38]
52 Huang R Q,Li W L.Fault effect analysis of geo-hazard triggered by wenchaun earthquake(in Chinese).J Eng GeoLogy,2009,17(1):19 –28[黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析.工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19–28]
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