煤岩特性对超声波速影响的试验研究
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摘要
超声波测试技术广泛应用材料内部缺陷与表面裂缝检测和描述,然而其声学参数同煤岩物理特性与结构特征的关系,成为该技术在地下采矿工程中应用的瓶颈问题之一。在大同煤矿集团塔山矿8212工作面采集煤块及顶板岩芯,采用美国Tektronix公司生产的超声波仪,开展不同层理方向煤岩及不同岩性岩石的超声波室内测试试验,并结合CT扫描、磨片分析等微观测试手段和覆压渗透试验获得煤岩内部物质含量组成形态及渗透特性,系统研究密度、层理方向、孔隙度、渗透率、矿物颗粒成分及大小等因素对超声波传播速度的影响。试验表明:纵波与横波波速均表现出随密度增大而增大的趋势;煤岩的超声波速有明显的层理效应,试验发现轴向与层理的夹角由小变大,其纵波和横波波速呈减小趋势,轴向平行层理煤岩的纵波、横波波速分别约为轴向垂直层理的1.22,1.23倍;纵波波速随孔隙率与渗透率的增大而减小,且煤的渗透率亦呈现明显的层理效应,轴向平行层理煤岩的渗透率约为轴向垂直层理的57.1倍;岩石矿物颗粒越细纵波波速越大,岩样纵波波速依次以细砂岩、中粗粒砂岩、含粗砂细砾岩和粗粒砂岩由大到小排列。
Ultrasonic testing technology is widely used to describe and detect material internal defects and surface crack. However,the relationship between the acoustic parameters,physical properties and structural characteristics of coal rocks,has become one of the bottlenecks on the application of Ultrasonic testing technology in underground mining engineering. Based on the coal rock and roof core collected from No. 8212 working face of Tashan Mine,with the ultrasonic instrument produced by Tektronix company,an ultrasonic wave velocity test on the coal rock with different directions and different kind of rocks had been conducted. Combining with CT scanning,grinding testing and confining pressure permeability test for the grains of internal matter content and the permeability characteristics of the coal and rock,the impact of density stratification direction,porosity,permeability,mineral composition and particle size on ultrasonic propagation velocity had been studied. The results show that:longitudinal wave and shear wave velocities exhibited increase with the increase of density;the ultrasonic velocity of coal has an obvious bedding effect,with the ultrasonic ve-locity test in which the angle between axial direction and bedding direction varies from small to big,the longitudinal and shear wave velocity presents a decreasing trend,and the longitudinal and shear wave of coal rock with axial parallel to the bedding plane are respectively 1. 22,1. 23 times of the perpendicular to the bedding plane,longitudinal wave velocity increases with the decrease of porosity and permeability,and the permeability of axial parallel bedding coal rock is approximately 57. 1 times of the axial vertical stratification ones;the rock ultrasonic velocity has close relationship with internal composition and particle size,the lager mineral particle is,the greater longitudinal wave velocity is.The longitudinal wave velocity of rock sample is arranged from big to small as the order of fine sandstone,medium sandstone,containing fine grit conglomerate to coarse-grained sandstone.
Ultrasonic testing technology is widely used to describe and detect material internal defects and surface crack. However,the relationship between the acoustic parameters,physical properties and structural characteristics of coal rocks,has become one of the bottlenecks on the application of Ultrasonic testing technology in underground mining engineering. Based on the coal rock and roof core collected from No. 8212 working face of Tashan Mine,with the ultrasonic instrument produced by Tektronix company,an ultrasonic wave velocity test on the coal rock with different directions and different kind of rocks had been conducted. Combining with CT scanning,grinding testing and confining pressure permeability test for the grains of internal matter content and the permeability characteristics of the coal and rock,the impact of density stratification direction,porosity,permeability,mineral composition and particle size on ultrasonic propagation velocity had been studied. The results show that:longitudinal wave and shear wave velocities exhibited increase with the increase of density;the ultrasonic velocity of coal has an obvious bedding effect,with the ultrasonic ve-locity test in which the angle between axial direction and bedding direction varies from small to big,the longitudinal and shear wave velocity presents a decreasing trend,and the longitudinal and shear wave of coal rock with axial parallel to the bedding plane are respectively 1. 22,1. 23 times of the perpendicular to the bedding plane,longitudinal wave velocity increases with the decrease of porosity and permeability,and the permeability of axial parallel bedding coal rock is approximately 57. 1 times of the axial vertical stratification ones;the rock ultrasonic velocity has close relationship with internal composition and particle size,the lager mineral particle is,the greater longitudinal wave velocity is.The longitudinal wave velocity of rock sample is arranged from big to small as the order of fine sandstone,medium sandstone,containing fine grit conglomerate to coarse-grained sandstone.
引文
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[18]徐仲达.地震波理论[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1996.
[19]谢和平,陈忠辉.岩石力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[2]艾婷,张茹,刘建锋,等.三轴压缩煤岩破裂过程中声发射时空演化规律[J].煤炭学报,2011,36(12):2048-2057.Ai Ting,Zhang Ru,Liu Jianfeng,et al.The space-time evolution of acoustic emission in the process of coal and rock triaxial compression fracture[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2011,36(12):2048-2057.
[3]Sri Ravindrarajah R.Strength evaluation of high-strength concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity method[J].NDT and E International,1997,30(4):261-262.
[4]Solís-Carcano R,Moreno E.Evaluation of concrete made with crushed limestone aggregate based on ultrasonic pulse velocity[J].Construct Build Mater.,2008,22(6):1225-1231.
[5]Thill R E,Bur T R,Steckley R C.Velocity anisotropy in dry and saturated rock spheres and its relation to rock fabric[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts,1973,10(6):535-557.
[6]Roe R.Inversion of pole figures for materials having cubic crystal symmetry[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1966,37(5):2069.
[7]Oda M.An experimential study of the elasticity of mylonite rock with random cracks[J].Int.J.Rock.meeh.min.Sci.&Geomech.abstr.,1988,25(2):59-69.
[8]Brich F,Clark H.The thermal conducyivity of rocks and its dependence upon temperature and composition[J].Americal Journal of Science,1940,238:529-558.
[9]Volarovich M P,Bajuk I E.Elastic properties or rocks[A].Issledovanie Fiziceskich Svoit sv Mine Ralnogo Vescestva Zemli Privysokich Temmodinamiceskich Param et RAch[C].Nakova Dumka,1977:43-49.
[10]翟小洁.岩石在单轴受荷条件下的超声波特性研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2008.
[11]贺永年,蒋斌松,韩立军.岩石的超声波速性质及其围岩测试[A].矿山建设工程新进展——2005全国矿山建设学术会议文集(下册)[C].2005:5.
[12]郑志远,王思雯,金子梁.岩石特性对超声波传播速度的影响[J].物理实验,2011(9):31-33.Zheng Zhiyuan,Wang Siwen,Jin Ziliang,The influence of the rock characteristics of ultrasonic propagation speed[J].Physical Experiment,2011(9):31-33.
[13]赵明阶,徐蓉.岩石损伤特性与强度的超声波速研究[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(6):720-722.Zhao Mingjie,Xu Rong.Rock damage and strength characteristics of ultrasonic velocity studies[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2000,22(6):720-722.
[14]王文冰.层理岩石声学特性及其爆炸荷载作用下损伤特征试验研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2009.
[15]Holt R T.Stress dependent wave velocities in sedimentary rock cores:Why and why not[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.&Geomech.Abstr.,1997,34(3):261-276.
[16]潘荣锟,程远平,董骏,等.不同加卸载下层理裂隙煤体的渗透特性研究[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(3):473-477.Pan Rongkun,Cheng Yuanping,Dong Jun,et al.Research on permeability characteristics of layered natural coal under different loading and unloading[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(3):473-477.
[17]陈颙,黄庭芳,刘恩儒.岩石物理学[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2009.
[18]徐仲达.地震波理论[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1996.
[19]谢和平,陈忠辉.岩石力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
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