汶川地震诱发滑坡方向效应研究
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摘要
针对在野外调查过程中发现汶川地震灾区的一些特殊区域,滑坡的滑动方向呈现出一些与地震动力直接相关的异常现象,作者对典型研究区进行了详细的遥感解译,统计了不同坡向上滑坡灾害的发育密度和大型滑坡滑向与发震断层的关系,得出汶川地震诱发滑坡具有"背坡面效应"和"断层错动方向效应"。"背坡面效应"是指在与发震断裂带近于垂直的沟谷斜坡中,在地震波传播的背坡面一侧的滑坡发育密度明显大于迎坡面一侧。"断层错动方向效应"是指滑坡的滑动方向与发震断裂的活动方式和错动方向密切相关。在分析强震诱发滑坡成因机理时,应加强对2种因素和效应的研究:1)地震时断裂的突然错动所产生的直接动力对斜坡失稳的初始驱动作用;2)地震过程中地震波在斜坡山体内传播的折射、反射以及由此引起的坡体内应力的变化。
According to the field investigation,it was founded that in some special areas,the sliding direction of landslides presented a few unusual features related to the earthquake dynamics.Through the detailed remote-sens-ing interpretation of the study area,the landslide density in slopes of different direction was calculated and the rela-tionship between the sliding direction of large-scale landslides and seismic fault was analyzed,and two features of Wenchuan Earthquake-triggered landslides were obtained,including back-slope and fault diastrophism direction effects.These two effects indicated that when analyzing the genetic mechanism of landslides triggered by strong earthquake,more attention should be given to the following two factors,one being the initial driving force produced by the abrupt diastrophism of seismic fault to slope instability and the other being the refraction and reflection of seismic wave in the slope body and the change of its internal stress thus incurred.
According to the field investigation,it was founded that in some special areas,the sliding direction of landslides presented a few unusual features related to the earthquake dynamics.Through the detailed remote-sens-ing interpretation of the study area,the landslide density in slopes of different direction was calculated and the rela-tionship between the sliding direction of large-scale landslides and seismic fault was analyzed,and two features of Wenchuan Earthquake-triggered landslides were obtained,including back-slope and fault diastrophism direction effects.These two effects indicated that when analyzing the genetic mechanism of landslides triggered by strong earthquake,more attention should be given to the following two factors,one being the initial driving force produced by the abrupt diastrophism of seismic fault to slope instability and the other being the refraction and reflection of seismic wave in the slope body and the change of its internal stress thus incurred.
引文
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[17]Li Chuanyou,Wei Zhanyu.Deformation styles of the north-ernmost surface rupture zone of the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earth-quake[J].Seismology and Geology,2009,31(1):1-8.[李传友,魏占玉.汶川MS 8.0地震地表破裂带北端位置的修订[J].地震地质2,009,31(1):1-8.]
[18]Zhao Cuiping,Chen Zhangli,Zhou Lianqing,et al.Rup-ture process of the 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China:the segmentation feature[J].Chinese Sci Bull,2009,54(22):3475-3482.[赵翠萍,陈章立,周连庆,等.汶川Mw8.0级地震震源破裂过程研究:分段特征[J].科学通报,2009,54(22):3475-3482.]
[19]Wang Qincai,Chen Zhangli,Zheng Sihua.Spatial seg-mentation characteristic of focal mechanism of aftershock se-quence of Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Chinese Sci Bull,2009,54(16):2348-2354.[王勤彩,陈章立,郑斯华.汶川大地震余震序列震源机制的空间分段特征[J].科学通报.20095,4(16):2348-2354.]
[20]许强,裴向军,黄润秋.汶川地震大型滑坡研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[2]Keefer D V.Statistical analysis of an earthquake-inducedlandslide distribution—the 1989 Loma Prieta,California e-vent[J].Engineering Geology,2000,58:231-249.
[3]Parise MJ,ibson R W.A seismic landslide susceptibility rat-ing of geologic units based on analysis of characteristics oflandslides triggered by the 17 January,1994 Northridge,California earthquake[J].Engineering Geology,2000,58:251-270.
[4]Wang W N,Nakamura H,Tsuchiya S,et al.Distributions oflandslides triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake in CentralTaiwan on September 21,1999[J].Journal of the JapanLandslide Society2,0023,8(4):318-326.
[5]Chigira Y.Geological and geomorphological characteristicsof landslides triggered by the 2004 Mid Niigta prefectureearthquake in Japan[J].Engineering Geology,2006,82:202-221.
[6]Owen L A,Kamp U,Khattak G A,et al.Landslides triggeredby the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake[J].Geomorphol-ogy,2008,94:1-9.
[7]Kamp U,Growley B J,Khattak G A,et al.GIS-based land-slide susceptibility mapping for the 2005 Kashmir earth-quake region[J].Geomorphology,2008,101:631-642.
[8]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Research on development and dis-tribution of geo-hazards induced by the Wenchuan earth-quake on 12th May2,008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Me-chanics and Engineering,2008,27(12):2585-2592.[黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.]
[9]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Development and distribution ofgeohazards triggered by the“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquakein China[J].Science in China:Edition E,2009,52(4):810-819.
[10]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Analysis of the geo-hazards trig-gered by the 12 May(2008)Wenchuan Earthquake,China[J].Bull of Engineering Geology and the Environment,20096,8:363-371.
[11]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Fault effect analysis of geo-haz-ards triggered by Wechuan Earthquake[J].Chinese Journalof Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):19-28.[黄润秋,李为乐.汶川地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19-28.]
[12]Li Zhongsheng.The state of the art of the research on seis-mic landslide hazard at home and abroad[J].Journal ofCatastrophology,2003,18(4):64-70.[李忠生.国内外地震滑坡灾害研究综述[J].灾害学,2003,18(4):64-70.]
[13]David P.Earthquake induced landslides lessons from Tai-wan and Pakistan[R].Academic Report Powerpoint,2008.
[14]Tang Chun’an,Zuo Yujun,Qin Sifeng,et al.Spalling andslinging i pattern of shallow slope and dynamics explanationin the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake[C]//Proceedings of the10th Conference on Rock Mechanics and Engineering,Chi-na.2009:258-262.[唐春安,左宇军,秦泗凤,等.汶川地震中的边坡浅层散裂与抛射模式及其动力学解释[C]//第十届全国岩石力学与工程学术大会论文集.2009:258-262.]
[15]Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing,et al.The Ms8.0 Wen-chuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic struc-ture[J].Seismology and Geology,20083,0(3):597-628.[徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597-628.]
[16]Li Yong,Huang Runqiu,Densmore A L,et al.Basic fea-tures and research progresses of Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earth-quake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Sci-ence Edition,2009,41(3):7-25.[李勇,黄润秋,Densmore A L,等.汶川8.0级地震的基本特征及其研究进展[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,20094,1(3):7-25.]
[17]Li Chuanyou,Wei Zhanyu.Deformation styles of the north-ernmost surface rupture zone of the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earth-quake[J].Seismology and Geology,2009,31(1):1-8.[李传友,魏占玉.汶川MS 8.0地震地表破裂带北端位置的修订[J].地震地质2,009,31(1):1-8.]
[18]Zhao Cuiping,Chen Zhangli,Zhou Lianqing,et al.Rup-ture process of the 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China:the segmentation feature[J].Chinese Sci Bull,2009,54(22):3475-3482.[赵翠萍,陈章立,周连庆,等.汶川Mw8.0级地震震源破裂过程研究:分段特征[J].科学通报,2009,54(22):3475-3482.]
[19]Wang Qincai,Chen Zhangli,Zheng Sihua.Spatial seg-mentation characteristic of focal mechanism of aftershock se-quence of Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Chinese Sci Bull,2009,54(16):2348-2354.[王勤彩,陈章立,郑斯华.汶川大地震余震序列震源机制的空间分段特征[J].科学通报.20095,4(16):2348-2354.]
[20]许强,裴向军,黄润秋.汶川地震大型滑坡研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
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