矿山地震活动多重分形特性与地震活动性预测
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摘要
矿山地震活动可直接揭示矿山岩体活动状态和危险性水平。利用冬瓜山铜矿矿山地震监测数据,采用广义关联积分计算地震震源空间分布的分形维,利用Gutenberg-Richter关系中的b值与地震事件能量分形维关系计算地震能量分形维,并结合开采活动及矿山结构特征,研究矿山地震活动的分形结构特性和时域谱特征。研究结果表明,矿山地震活动具有多重分形特性,它与开采活动及矿山结构特点之间存在相关性;只有当计算空间区域的地震分形结构较均匀时,其分形维才能有效应用于地震活动性预测。这些空间通常对应于采掘类型少和结构单一的空间区域。地震空间分布分形维D∞反映了矿山地震活动状态,其时域谱具有较好的主震前兆特征,可以作为地震预测的参数;D2-D∞时域谱的地震前兆性较差,较难预测主震。
The characteristics of the fractal of seismicity in mines play an important role in the establishment of a nonlinear dynamics of seismicity in mines for prediction of seismicity.With seismic data detected in Dongguashan Copper mine,the fractal dimensions of spatial distributions of seismic hypocenters were calculated in the generalized correlation integral,and the fractal dimensions of energy of seismic events were calculated in the relation between b-values in the Gutenberg-Richter law.The fractal structures of seismicity in the mine and their temporal spectra were researched by means of multi-fractal theory,combining with the mining activities and mining engineering structures.The results show that seismicity in the mine has multi-fractal,and the heterogeneity of fractal structure of seismicity is of mining activity and engineering structure.Only if the fractal structure of seismicity in a space for fractal calculation is relative homogeneous,its fractal dimensions can be adopted to effectively predict seismicity.This space for the fractal calculation generally has few sorts of mining activities and simplex engineering structure,and the fractal dimensions of spatial distribution of seismic epicenters reflect the state of the induced seismicity.The temporal spectrum D∞ has an obvious precursor of main shock and is suitable for seismicity prediction,but the D2-D∞ has no obvious precursor of main shock and is not suitable for seismicity prediction.
The characteristics of the fractal of seismicity in mines play an important role in the establishment of a nonlinear dynamics of seismicity in mines for prediction of seismicity.With seismic data detected in Dongguashan Copper mine,the fractal dimensions of spatial distributions of seismic hypocenters were calculated in the generalized correlation integral,and the fractal dimensions of energy of seismic events were calculated in the relation between b-values in the Gutenberg-Richter law.The fractal structures of seismicity in the mine and their temporal spectra were researched by means of multi-fractal theory,combining with the mining activities and mining engineering structures.The results show that seismicity in the mine has multi-fractal,and the heterogeneity of fractal structure of seismicity is of mining activity and engineering structure.Only if the fractal structure of seismicity in a space for fractal calculation is relative homogeneous,its fractal dimensions can be adopted to effectively predict seismicity.This space for the fractal calculation generally has few sorts of mining activities and simplex engineering structure,and the fractal dimensions of spatial distribution of seismic epicenters reflect the state of the induced seismicity.The temporal spectrum D∞ has an obvious precursor of main shock and is suitable for seismicity prediction,but the D2-D∞ has no obvious precursor of main shock and is not suitable for seismicity prediction.
引文
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[20]唐礼忠,杨承祥,潘长良.大规模深井开采微震监测站网优化[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(10):2036-2042.(TANG Lizhong,YANG Chengxiang,PAN Changliang.Optimization of microseismic monitoring network for large-scale deep well mining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(10):2036-2042.(in Chinese))
[21]TANG L Z,PAN C L,WANG L H,et al.Hazard seismic nucleation and prediction of rock burst at Dongguashan copper mine[C]//TANG Chun′an ed.Controlling Seismic Hazard and Sustainable Development of Deep Mines:the7th International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Seismicity in Mines.Princeton:Rinton Press,Inc.,2009:1167-1172.
[22]FALCONER K.Techniques in fractal geometry[M].Chichester:John Wiley and Sons,Inc.,1997.
[23]KURTHS J,HERZEL H.An attractor in a solar time series[J].Physica D,1987,25(1-3):165-172.
[24]黄润生.混沌及其应用[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2000.(HUANG Runsheng.Chaos and its application[M].Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2000.(in Chinese))
[25]GIBOWICZ S J.Keynote lecture:The mechanism of seismic events induced by mining—a review[C]//FAIRHURST C ed.Proceedings of Second International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1990:3-27.
[26]刘秉正,彭建华.非线性动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.(LIU Bingzheng,PENG Jianhua.Nonlinear dynamics[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2004.(in Chinese))
[27]LEI X L,NISHIZAWA O,KUSUNOSE K.Band-limited heterogenerous fractal structure of earthquake and acoustic-emission events[J].Geophysical Journal International,1993,115(1):79-84.
[28]YAMADA T,MORI J J,IDE S,et al.Stress drops and radiated seismic energies of microearthquakes in a South African gold mine[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112(B3):1-12.
[29]LEI X L,MASUDA K,NISHIZAWA O,et al.Detailed analysis of acoustic emission activity during catastrophic fracture of faults in rock[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2004,26(2):247-258.
[2]GIBOWICZ S J,KILKO A.An introduction to mining seismology[M].San Diego,California:Academic Press,Inc.,1994.
[3]KAGAN Y Y.Seismicity:turbulence of solids[J].Nonlinear Science Today,1992,2(1):1-13.
[4]KANAMORI H,BRODSKY E E.The physics of earthquakes[J].Reports on Progress in Physics,2004,67(8):1429-1496.
[5]CHELIDZE T,MATCHARASHVILI T.Complexity of seismic process;measuring and applications—a review[J].Tectonophysics,2007,431(1-4):49-60.
[6]张济忠.分形[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1995.(ZHANG Jizhong.Fractal[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,1995.(in Chinese))
[7]KAGAN Y Y.Observational evidence for earthquakes as a nonlinear dynamic process[J].Physica D:Nonlinear Phenoma,1994,77(1-3):160-192.
[8]KAGAN Y Y.Short-term properties of earthquake catalogs and models of earthquake source[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2004,94(4):1207-1228.
[9]ROY P N S,RAM A.A correlation integral approach to the study of26January2001Bhuj earthquake,Gujarat,India[J].Journal of Geodynamics,2006,41(4):385-399.
[10]MATCHARASHVILI T,CHELIDZE T,JAVAKHISHVILI Z,et al.Detecting differences in dynamics of small earthquakes temporal distribution before and after large events[J].Computational Geoscience,2002,28(5):693-700.
[11]MOLCHAN G,KRONROD T.Seismic interevent time:a spatial scaling and multifractality[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2007,164(1):75-96.
[12]GUO Z Q,OGATA Y.Correlation between characteristic parameters of aftershock distributions in time,space and magnitude[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1995,22(8):993-996.
[13]GIBOWICZ S J.An anatomy of a seismic sequence in a deep gold mine[J].Pure and Applied Geoghysics,1997,150(3-4):393-414.
[14]SHIVAKUMAR K,RAO M V M S,SRINIVASAN C.Multifractal analysis of spatial distribution of area rockbursts at Kolar Gold Mines[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1996,33(2):167-172.
[15]KAREKAL S,RAO M V M S.Mining-associated seismicity in Kolar Gold Mines—some cases using multifractals[C]//POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M ed.Controlling Seismic Risk—Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines.Newlands:Australian Centre for Geomechanics,2005:635-639.
[16]HIRATA T.A correlation between the b value and the fractaldimension of earthquakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1989,94(B6):7507-7514.
[17]KIJKO A,SELLEVOLL M A.Estimation of earthquake hazard parameters from incomplete data files[J].Natural Hazards,1984,3(1):1-13.
[18]EBRAHIM-TROLLOPE R.Gutenburg-Richter relationship and mine induced seismicity as observed at the African rainbow minerals mine—Klerksdorp[C]//VAN ASWEGEN G,DURRHEIM R J,ORTLEEP W D ed.Proceedings of Fifth International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines.Johannesburg:the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,2001:500-508.
[19]JOOSTE Y,EBRAHIM-TROLLOPE R.Application of seismic hazard quantification for the Harmony gold mines in South Africa[C]//POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M,ed.Controlling Seismic Risk—Proceedings of Sixth International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines.Newlands:Australian Centre for Geomechanics,2005:445-451.
[20]唐礼忠,杨承祥,潘长良.大规模深井开采微震监测站网优化[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(10):2036-2042.(TANG Lizhong,YANG Chengxiang,PAN Changliang.Optimization of microseismic monitoring network for large-scale deep well mining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(10):2036-2042.(in Chinese))
[21]TANG L Z,PAN C L,WANG L H,et al.Hazard seismic nucleation and prediction of rock burst at Dongguashan copper mine[C]//TANG Chun′an ed.Controlling Seismic Hazard and Sustainable Development of Deep Mines:the7th International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Seismicity in Mines.Princeton:Rinton Press,Inc.,2009:1167-1172.
[22]FALCONER K.Techniques in fractal geometry[M].Chichester:John Wiley and Sons,Inc.,1997.
[23]KURTHS J,HERZEL H.An attractor in a solar time series[J].Physica D,1987,25(1-3):165-172.
[24]黄润生.混沌及其应用[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2000.(HUANG Runsheng.Chaos and its application[M].Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2000.(in Chinese))
[25]GIBOWICZ S J.Keynote lecture:The mechanism of seismic events induced by mining—a review[C]//FAIRHURST C ed.Proceedings of Second International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1990:3-27.
[26]刘秉正,彭建华.非线性动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.(LIU Bingzheng,PENG Jianhua.Nonlinear dynamics[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2004.(in Chinese))
[27]LEI X L,NISHIZAWA O,KUSUNOSE K.Band-limited heterogenerous fractal structure of earthquake and acoustic-emission events[J].Geophysical Journal International,1993,115(1):79-84.
[28]YAMADA T,MORI J J,IDE S,et al.Stress drops and radiated seismic energies of microearthquakes in a South African gold mine[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112(B3):1-12.
[29]LEI X L,MASUDA K,NISHIZAWA O,et al.Detailed analysis of acoustic emission activity during catastrophic fracture of faults in rock[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2004,26(2):247-258.
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