汶川地震区的流变结构与发震高角度逆断层滑动的力学条件
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摘要
本文利用龙门山地区的地质、地球物理剖面、弹性波速和流变实验数据等,建立了汶川地震相关构造单元的地壳流变结构.川西高原和龙门山构造带的地壳流变结构中存在多个塑性流变层,而四川盆地地壳基本没有出现塑性流变层,这种复杂的流变结构是汶川地震孕育和发生的基础.岩石破裂-黏滑-摩擦实验表明,以二长花岗岩为代表的震源区岩石具有很高的破裂强度和摩擦强度,能够承受极大的差应力和积累巨大的能量,这是高角度逆断层能够滑动和汶川地震强度大的原因之一.高流体压力是高角度逆断层滑动和触发汶川地震的另一个必要条件,而龙门山断层带内可能存在这种比较高的流体压力.
The rheological structures of tectonic units related to Wenchuan earthquake is estimated based on geological and geophysical field data, as well as experimental P-velocity and creep data. There are two to three plastic layers in western Sichuan plateau and Longmenshan tectonic zone, but it is almost no any plastic layer in Sichuan basin. It plays a significant role for the complicated rheological structures to accumulate the tectonic stress and forming Wenchuan earthquake. The high temperature and high pressure experiments show that the strength of rocks is very high in earthquake source (mainly granitic rocks, such as adamellite), which could sustain great different stress and accumulate huge energy. This is one of major causes for high-angle reverse fault slip and high intensity of Wenchuan earthquake. However, high fluid pressure is a necessary condition for sliding of high-angle reverse fault and triggering Wenchuan earthquake, and Longmenshan tectonic zone might have provided with the requirement.
The rheological structures of tectonic units related to Wenchuan earthquake is estimated based on geological and geophysical field data, as well as experimental P-velocity and creep data. There are two to three plastic layers in western Sichuan plateau and Longmenshan tectonic zone, but it is almost no any plastic layer in Sichuan basin. It plays a significant role for the complicated rheological structures to accumulate the tectonic stress and forming Wenchuan earthquake. The high temperature and high pressure experiments show that the strength of rocks is very high in earthquake source (mainly granitic rocks, such as adamellite), which could sustain great different stress and accumulate huge energy. This is one of major causes for high-angle reverse fault slip and high intensity of Wenchuan earthquake. However, high fluid pressure is a necessary condition for sliding of high-angle reverse fault and triggering Wenchuan earthquake, and Longmenshan tectonic zone might have provided with the requirement.
引文
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[1] 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_s8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629 Xu X W, Wen X Z, Ye J Q, et al. The Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2008, 30(3) :597-629
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[1] 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_s8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629 Xu X W, Wen X Z, Ye J Q, et al. The Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2008, 30(3) :597-629
[2] 张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽等.2008年汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率?复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1066-1073 Zhang P Z, Xu X W, Wen X Z, et al. Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shan active fault zone, and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May12 Wenchuan earthquake, 2008, Sichuan, China. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2008,51(4) :1066-1073
[3] Xu Z Q, Ji S C, Li H B, et al. Uplift of the Longmen Shan range and the Wenchuan earthquake. Episodes, 2008, 31(3) :291-301
[4] 何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉等.汶川M_s8． 0地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征,地震地质,2008,30(3) :658-673 He H L, Sun Z M, Wei Z Y, et al. Rupture of the M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake along Baishuihe river. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2008,30(3) :658-673
[5] Burchfiel B C, Royden L H, van der Hilst R D, et al. A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May2008, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. GSA Today,2008,18(7) , doi: 10． 1130/GSATG18A.1
[6] 刘静,张智慧,文力等.汶川8级大地震同震破裂的特殊性及构造意义-多条平行断裂同时活动的反序型逆冲地震事件.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1707-1722 Liu J, Zhang Z H, Wen L, et al. The M_s 8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake coseismic rupture and its tectonic implications-An out of sequence thrusting event with slip partitioned on multiple faults. ActaGeologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2008,82 (12) :1707-1722
[7] Brace W T, Kohlstedt D L. Limits on lithospheric stress imposed by laboratory experiments. J. Geophys. Res. , 1980,(85) :6248-6252
[8] Scholz C H. The brittle-plastic transition and depth of seismic faulting. Geol. Rund. , 1988(77) :319-328
[9] Kohlstedt D L, Evans B, Mackwell S J. Strength of the lithosphere: constraints imposed by laboratory experiments. J. Geophys. Res. ,1995(100) :17587-17602
[10] Chen W P, Molnar P. Focal depths of intracontinental and intraplate earthquake and their relation for thermal and mechanical properties of the lithosphere. /. Geophys. Res. , 1983(88) : 4183-4214
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