试论岩石破裂和破坏的差异对地震模拟及前兆研究的影响
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摘要
本文分析讨论了实验地震学研究中很少论及的岩石破裂和破坏的很大差异.指出仅以岩石破坏实验模拟地震特别是前兆研究存在诸多不足.建议以岩石破裂来模拟地震特别是前兆研究.由此可给出较为完整的地震活动图像.岩石破坏前兆已研究的相当多,但大破裂前则未必出现如破坏那样的前兆.大破裂前兆特征比破坏前兆更能反映地震前兆的复杂性.其识别更难,更符合实际.同时议及以岩样的整体黏滑模拟地震研究特别是前兆研究的不足.建议加强对局部现象——大破裂(或黏滑)的前兆特征、预测方法的深入仔细研究.
First the difference between the rock fracture and failure was analyzed and discussed from the definition and distinguishing criteria.Further we compared the sequences of rock fracture and earthquake,waveform recordings of fracture and earthquake,focal mechanism, stress drops of rock failure and fracture and stress drops of earthquake,rock breaking and the scaling ratio between the maximum dislocation and rupture length.It is affirmed that only taking the rock failure experiment to simulate the earthquake,especially the precursor study,is not enough,and with many shortcomings.Therefore it is suggested that taking the rock fracture to simulate the earthquake,especially for the precursor study.Thus fairly integrated seismicity patterns would be obtained.The precursor of the rock failure has been studied a lot.However the precursor of failure does not necessarily appear before a great fracture.Comparing with the failure,the precursor feature of the great fracture and its distinguishing can better reflect the complexity of the earthquake precursor and difficulty of the precursor distinguishing and are more suitable to the practicality.Meanwhile the shortcomings of taking the whole stick slip of the rock sample to simulate the earthquake,especially for the precursor study,are discussed.It is suggested that the local phenomenon,the precursor study of the great fracture (or stick slip) and the study of the forecast method should be strengthened.
First the difference between the rock fracture and failure was analyzed and discussed from the definition and distinguishing criteria.Further we compared the sequences of rock fracture and earthquake,waveform recordings of fracture and earthquake,focal mechanism, stress drops of rock failure and fracture and stress drops of earthquake,rock breaking and the scaling ratio between the maximum dislocation and rupture length.It is affirmed that only taking the rock failure experiment to simulate the earthquake,especially the precursor study,is not enough,and with many shortcomings.Therefore it is suggested that taking the rock fracture to simulate the earthquake,especially for the precursor study.Thus fairly integrated seismicity patterns would be obtained.The precursor of the rock failure has been studied a lot.However the precursor of failure does not necessarily appear before a great fracture.Comparing with the failure,the precursor feature of the great fracture and its distinguishing can better reflect the complexity of the earthquake precursor and difficulty of the precursor distinguishing and are more suitable to the practicality.Meanwhile the shortcomings of taking the whole stick slip of the rock sample to simulate the earthquake,especially for the precursor study,are discussed.It is suggested that the local phenomenon,the precursor study of the great fracture (or stick slip) and the study of the forecast method should be strengthened.
引文
[1] 马胜利,刘力强.马瑾.基于实验结果讨论断层破裂与强震物理过程的若干问题.地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):225～232 Ma S L,Liu L Q,Ma J.A discussion on related issues of physical process of faulting and strong earthquake based on experimental results.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2003,10(Special):225～232
[2] 尹祥础.固体力学.北京:地震出版社.1985 Yin X C.Solid Mechanics(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1985
[3] Scholz C H 著.地震和断层力学.马胜利,曾正文,刘力强等译.北京:地震出版社.1996 Scholz C H.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.Ma S L,Zeng Z W,Liu L Q Translated.Beijing:Seismological Press,1996
[4] 臧绍先.地震应力降和岩石破裂应力降.地震学报,1984,6 (2) :182～194 Zang S X.Earthquake stress drop and the stress drop of rock fracture.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1984,6(2) : 182～194
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[6] 许昭永.杨润海,赵晋明等.实验研究加载、卸载破裂中焦散阴影区的动态变化特征.地震学报,2002,24(2) :186～195 Xu Z Y.Yang R H,Zhao J M,et al.An experimental study of the dynamic features of shadow areas of caustics in response to loading/unloading fracture.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2002,15(2) :198～209
[7] 陈顺云,许昭永,杨润海等.一种确定压剪全息干涉条纹级数的理论与实验研究.固体力学学报,2004,25(3) :83～88 Chen S Y.Xu Z Y,Yang R H,et al.Theoritical and experimental studies of the determination of order values of the holograph fringe in the compressive shear.Chinese J.Solid Mechnics(in Chinese),2004,25(3) :83～88
[8] 陈顺云,许昭永,杨润海等.焦散线法存压剪裂纹应力强度因子测量中的应用.地震学报,2005,27(4) :452～458 Chen S Y,Xu Z Y.Yang R H,et al.Application of caustic method to determining stress intensity factor of compressive shear crack.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2005,27(4) :452～458
[9] Wang B,Xu Z Y,Yin X C,et al.Experimental study of the earthquake recurrence period and the trend of post-seismic development.Pageogh,2006,163(11-12) :2545～2560
[10] 李正光,杨润海,赵晋明等.地震序列类型的岩石破裂实验研 究.地震研究.2005,28(4) :388～392 Li Z G,Yang R H,Zhao J M,et al.Rock-breaking test research on earthquake sequence type.J.Seismological Research(in Chinese),2005,28(4) :388～392
[11] Brace W F,Byerlee J D.Stick-slip as a mechanism for earthquakes.Science,1966,153:990～992
[12] Brace W F,Byerlee J D.Laboratory studies of stick-slip and their application to earthquakes.Tectonophysics,1972,14:189～200
[13] Mogi K.Fracture and flow of rock.Tectonophysics,1972,23(1-4) :541～568
[14] Jaeger T L,Cook N G W.Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics.2nd edition.London:Chapman and Hall,1976
[15] 马瑾,马胜利,刘力强等.断层几何结构与物理场的演化及失稳特征.地震学报,1996,18(2) :200～207 Ma J.Ma S L,Liu L Q,et al.Geometrical texture of faults,evolution of physical field and instability characteristics.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1996,18(2) :200～207
[16] 韩彪,冯锐,陈顒.岩样中包体构造的CT实验探测.地球物理学报,1989,32(4) :490～416 Han B,Feng R.Chen R.Experimental detecting including structure in the rock sample by CT technology.Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta Geophisica Sinica)(in Chinese),1989,32(4) :490～416
[17] Xu Z Y,Yang R H,Xiong B H,et al.Experimental study of the process zone,nucleation zone and plastic area of earthquakes by the shadow optical method of caustics.Pageogh,2002,159(9) :1591～1966
[2] 尹祥础.固体力学.北京:地震出版社.1985 Yin X C.Solid Mechanics(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1985
[3] Scholz C H 著.地震和断层力学.马胜利,曾正文,刘力强等译.北京:地震出版社.1996 Scholz C H.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.Ma S L,Zeng Z W,Liu L Q Translated.Beijing:Seismological Press,1996
[4] 臧绍先.地震应力降和岩石破裂应力降.地震学报,1984,6 (2) :182～194 Zang S X.Earthquake stress drop and the stress drop of rock fracture.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1984,6(2) : 182～194
[5] 许昭永,杨润海,赵晋明等.Y形块体交界处多点大破裂的模拟实验研究.地球物理学报.2002,45(增刊):214～224 Xu Z Y,Yang R H,Zhao J M,et al.Experimental study of multiple fractures occurred on Y-shaped boundary of the block.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002,45 (Suppl.):214～224
[6] 许昭永.杨润海,赵晋明等.实验研究加载、卸载破裂中焦散阴影区的动态变化特征.地震学报,2002,24(2) :186～195 Xu Z Y.Yang R H,Zhao J M,et al.An experimental study of the dynamic features of shadow areas of caustics in response to loading/unloading fracture.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2002,15(2) :198～209
[7] 陈顺云,许昭永,杨润海等.一种确定压剪全息干涉条纹级数的理论与实验研究.固体力学学报,2004,25(3) :83～88 Chen S Y.Xu Z Y,Yang R H,et al.Theoritical and experimental studies of the determination of order values of the holograph fringe in the compressive shear.Chinese J.Solid Mechnics(in Chinese),2004,25(3) :83～88
[8] 陈顺云,许昭永,杨润海等.焦散线法存压剪裂纹应力强度因子测量中的应用.地震学报,2005,27(4) :452～458 Chen S Y,Xu Z Y.Yang R H,et al.Application of caustic method to determining stress intensity factor of compressive shear crack.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2005,27(4) :452～458
[9] Wang B,Xu Z Y,Yin X C,et al.Experimental study of the earthquake recurrence period and the trend of post-seismic development.Pageogh,2006,163(11-12) :2545～2560
[10] 李正光,杨润海,赵晋明等.地震序列类型的岩石破裂实验研 究.地震研究.2005,28(4) :388～392 Li Z G,Yang R H,Zhao J M,et al.Rock-breaking test research on earthquake sequence type.J.Seismological Research(in Chinese),2005,28(4) :388～392
[11] Brace W F,Byerlee J D.Stick-slip as a mechanism for earthquakes.Science,1966,153:990～992
[12] Brace W F,Byerlee J D.Laboratory studies of stick-slip and their application to earthquakes.Tectonophysics,1972,14:189～200
[13] Mogi K.Fracture and flow of rock.Tectonophysics,1972,23(1-4) :541～568
[14] Jaeger T L,Cook N G W.Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics.2nd edition.London:Chapman and Hall,1976
[15] 马瑾,马胜利,刘力强等.断层几何结构与物理场的演化及失稳特征.地震学报,1996,18(2) :200～207 Ma J.Ma S L,Liu L Q,et al.Geometrical texture of faults,evolution of physical field and instability characteristics.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1996,18(2) :200～207
[16] 韩彪,冯锐,陈顒.岩样中包体构造的CT实验探测.地球物理学报,1989,32(4) :490～416 Han B,Feng R.Chen R.Experimental detecting including structure in the rock sample by CT technology.Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta Geophisica Sinica)(in Chinese),1989,32(4) :490～416
[17] Xu Z Y,Yang R H,Xiong B H,et al.Experimental study of the process zone,nucleation zone and plastic area of earthquakes by the shadow optical method of caustics.Pageogh,2002,159(9) :1591～1966
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