地震后土壤Cd、Pb分布特征及其影响因素分析——以地震灾区彭州市新黄村为例
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摘要
采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消煮,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP)测定方法,并结合地统计学和GIS研究了5.12汶川地震后典型灾区土壤的Cd、Pb空间分布特征及影响因素。结果表明,研究区域土壤Cd、Pb平均含量分别为0.36±0.20 mg/kg和28.97±6.82mg/kg。Cd、Pb含量空间分布分别表现为带状和团状;Cd含量以中东部低浓度所在区域为中心,分别向北部、中西部和南部逐渐增加;Pb含量总体上从北到南、从东到西表现为先减少后增加;地震后帐篷安置点、生活垃圾堆放点、房屋倒塌点土壤Cd、Pb含量明显高于未受地震影响处;帐篷压实水田40～60cmCd含量最高,为0.46mg/kg,自然水田0～20cmCd含量最高,为0.57mg/kg;压实、自然水田各土壤剖面Pb含量均为0～20cm最高,分别为25.22、26.16mg/kg。影响因素分析结果表明:水田土壤、旱地土壤和荒地土壤中Cd含量无显著差异,水田土壤Pb含量显著高于荒地土壤;Pb含量与土壤有机质含量成极显著正相关(r=0.616),Cd含量与pH和有机质含量相关性不强;人类活动对土壤中Cd、Pb含量有一定影响,且水平方向上对Pb影响程度大于Cd,垂直方向上则相反。
Using hydrochloric acid,nitric acid,hydrofluoric acid and perchloric acid digestion,ICP determination method,combined with geostatistics and GIS,this paper studied the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of Cd,Pb of the soil samples in a typical 5. 12 earthquake-stricken area named Xinhuang village as an example. The results showed that the average Cd content of the soil samples was 0. 36 ± 0. 20 mg /kg,23. 08% of which exceeded the national soil environmental quality standard Ⅱ,but didn't exceed the standard Ⅲ. The average Pb content of the soil samples was 28. 97 ± 6. 82 mg /kg and did not exceed the national standard Ⅱ. The spatial distribution of Cd,Pb content appeared as belt-shaped and group shape respectively. Cd content took the mid-eastern part as a center,whose concentration was low,and gradually increased to north,to mid-west and to south,respectively; Pb content decreased first and increased afterward from north to south and from east to west. However,Cd,Pb contents in the soil under tent settlements after the earthquake,living garbage dumps and the housing collapse were significantly higher than the soil where were not affected by the earthquake. Cd content in the paddy field soil of 40 ～ 60 cm depth under tent settlements was the highest,which was 0. 46mg /kg,the highest was 0. 57mg /kg; in the natural paddy field soil of 0 ～ 20cm,which . Pb content in the paddy field soil of 0 ～ 20 cm depth under tent settlements and the natural paddy field soil,were 25. 22 mg /kg and 26. 16mg /kg respectively. The influencing factors indicated that: Cd content of paddy fields,dry land and wasteland had not significant difference; Pb content of paddy fields were significantly higher than that of wasteland; The correlation coefficient of organic matter content and the Pb content was 0. 616,which took a highly significant positive correlation; Cd content and pH or Cd content and organic matter content did not take significant correlation; The human activities had a certain impact on Cd,Pb content in the studied area,and the degree of influence on Pb was more significant than that on Cd in the horizontal direction,that was opposite in vertical direction.
Using hydrochloric acid,nitric acid,hydrofluoric acid and perchloric acid digestion,ICP determination method,combined with geostatistics and GIS,this paper studied the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of Cd,Pb of the soil samples in a typical 5. 12 earthquake-stricken area named Xinhuang village as an example. The results showed that the average Cd content of the soil samples was 0. 36 ± 0. 20 mg /kg,23. 08% of which exceeded the national soil environmental quality standard Ⅱ,but didn't exceed the standard Ⅲ. The average Pb content of the soil samples was 28. 97 ± 6. 82 mg /kg and did not exceed the national standard Ⅱ. The spatial distribution of Cd,Pb content appeared as belt-shaped and group shape respectively. Cd content took the mid-eastern part as a center,whose concentration was low,and gradually increased to north,to mid-west and to south,respectively; Pb content decreased first and increased afterward from north to south and from east to west. However,Cd,Pb contents in the soil under tent settlements after the earthquake,living garbage dumps and the housing collapse were significantly higher than the soil where were not affected by the earthquake. Cd content in the paddy field soil of 40 ～ 60 cm depth under tent settlements was the highest,which was 0. 46mg /kg,the highest was 0. 57mg /kg; in the natural paddy field soil of 0 ～ 20cm,which . Pb content in the paddy field soil of 0 ～ 20 cm depth under tent settlements and the natural paddy field soil,were 25. 22 mg /kg and 26. 16mg /kg respectively. The influencing factors indicated that: Cd content of paddy fields,dry land and wasteland had not significant difference; Pb content of paddy fields were significantly higher than that of wasteland; The correlation coefficient of organic matter content and the Pb content was 0. 616,which took a highly significant positive correlation; Cd content and pH or Cd content and organic matter content did not take significant correlation; The human activities had a certain impact on Cd,Pb content in the studied area,and the degree of influence on Pb was more significant than that on Cd in the horizontal direction,that was opposite in vertical direction.
引文
[1]王文杰,潘英姿,徐卫华,王晶晶,白雪.四川汶川地震对生态系统破坏及其生态影响[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(5):110-116
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[3]东北财经大学经济与社会发展研究院课题组.汶川地震灾害对中国经济影响的分析与评价[J].财经问题研究,2008,(8):3-10
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[6]陈红亮,谭红,谢锋,许华杰,宋玉萍,何锦林.遵义东南部地区农业土壤重金属分布特征及风险评价[J].核农学报,2008,22(1):105-110
[7]李冰,王昌全,谭婷,李焕秀,杨娟,李启权,袁泉.成都平原土壤重金属区域分布特征及其污染评价[J].核农学报,2009,23(2):308-315
[8]刘世梁,傅伯杰,刘国华,马克明.我国土壤质量及其评价研究的进展[J].土壤通报,2006,37(1):137-143
[9]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005
[10]曾昭华.四川省土壤元素含量和生态农业地质研究[J].四川地质学报,2005,25(1):44-50
[11]GB 15618-1995.土壤环境质量标准[S]
[12]吴聿铭.环境统计学[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1991
[13]赵永存,汪景宽,王铁宇,杨惠楠,周敏,温礼.吉林公主岭土壤中砷、铬和锌含量的空间变异性及分布规律研究[J].土壤通报,2002,33(5):72-376
[14]曹会聪,王金达,张学林.吉林省农田黑土中Cd、Pb、As含量的空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2006,27(10):2117-2122
[15]胡克林,张凤荣,吕贻忠,王茹,徐艳.北京市大兴区土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3):463-468
[16]Webster R,Oliver M A S.Methods in soil and resource survey[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1990
[17]崔玉静,赵中秋,刘文菊,陈世宝,朱永官.镉在土壤-植物-人体系统中迁移积累及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2003,23(10):2133-2143
[18]郑袁明,罗金发,陈同斌,陈煌,郑国砥,吴泓涛,周建利.北京市不同土地利用类型的土壤镉含量特征[J].地理研究,2005,24(4):542-548
[19]陈逸,黄贤金,彭补拙,濮励杰,张健.经济发达区不同土地利用方式下土壤中镉的含量特征—以江苏省昆山市为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(3):391-394
[20]陈怀满.土壤-植物系统中的重金属污染[M].北京:科学出版社,1991
[21]李春艳,田永圻,华德尊,张宇光.不同土地利用类型下土壤特性及重金属评价[J].环境科学与管理,2007,32(9):39-43
[22]刘洁,张世熔,李婷,王琼瑶,黄元仿,孙丹峰,李保国.基于GIS和GPS的沱江中游土壤镉和铅空间变异研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(10):2035-204
[23]周建民,党志,司徒粤,刘丛强.大宝山矿区周围土壤重金属污染分布特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(6):1172-1176
[24]张乃明,陈建军,常晓冰.污灌区土壤重金属累积影响因素研究[J].土壤,2002,34(2):90-93
[25]卢家烂,傅家谟,刘金钟.腐殖酸与铅锌相互作用的实验地球化学[J].矿床地质,1995,14(4):362-368
[26]黄琳,蔡鲁晟,贾莹.我国环境中有害重金属的来源与分布及防治对策[J].科技情报开发与经济,2007,17(7):189-191
[27]刘俐,高新华,宋存二,李发生.土壤中镉的赋存行为及迁移转化规律研究进展[J].能源环境保护,2006,20(2):6-9
[2]谷庆宝,林玉锁,王金生,李发生.地震灾区城乡土壤环境保护应急对策与建议[J].农业环境与发展,2008,25(4):6-7
[3]东北财经大学经济与社会发展研究院课题组.汶川地震灾害对中国经济影响的分析与评价[J].财经问题研究,2008,(8):3-10
[4]王云,魏复盛.土壤环境元素化学[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1995
[5]林立金,朱雪梅,邵继荣,蒋小军,杨远祥.锌铬复合污染对水稻不同生育期土壤酶活性的影响[J].核农学报,2007,21(6):623-629
[6]陈红亮,谭红,谢锋,许华杰,宋玉萍,何锦林.遵义东南部地区农业土壤重金属分布特征及风险评价[J].核农学报,2008,22(1):105-110
[7]李冰,王昌全,谭婷,李焕秀,杨娟,李启权,袁泉.成都平原土壤重金属区域分布特征及其污染评价[J].核农学报,2009,23(2):308-315
[8]刘世梁,傅伯杰,刘国华,马克明.我国土壤质量及其评价研究的进展[J].土壤通报,2006,37(1):137-143
[9]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005
[10]曾昭华.四川省土壤元素含量和生态农业地质研究[J].四川地质学报,2005,25(1):44-50
[11]GB 15618-1995.土壤环境质量标准[S]
[12]吴聿铭.环境统计学[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1991
[13]赵永存,汪景宽,王铁宇,杨惠楠,周敏,温礼.吉林公主岭土壤中砷、铬和锌含量的空间变异性及分布规律研究[J].土壤通报,2002,33(5):72-376
[14]曹会聪,王金达,张学林.吉林省农田黑土中Cd、Pb、As含量的空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2006,27(10):2117-2122
[15]胡克林,张凤荣,吕贻忠,王茹,徐艳.北京市大兴区土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3):463-468
[16]Webster R,Oliver M A S.Methods in soil and resource survey[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1990
[17]崔玉静,赵中秋,刘文菊,陈世宝,朱永官.镉在土壤-植物-人体系统中迁移积累及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2003,23(10):2133-2143
[18]郑袁明,罗金发,陈同斌,陈煌,郑国砥,吴泓涛,周建利.北京市不同土地利用类型的土壤镉含量特征[J].地理研究,2005,24(4):542-548
[19]陈逸,黄贤金,彭补拙,濮励杰,张健.经济发达区不同土地利用方式下土壤中镉的含量特征—以江苏省昆山市为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(3):391-394
[20]陈怀满.土壤-植物系统中的重金属污染[M].北京:科学出版社,1991
[21]李春艳,田永圻,华德尊,张宇光.不同土地利用类型下土壤特性及重金属评价[J].环境科学与管理,2007,32(9):39-43
[22]刘洁,张世熔,李婷,王琼瑶,黄元仿,孙丹峰,李保国.基于GIS和GPS的沱江中游土壤镉和铅空间变异研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(10):2035-204
[23]周建民,党志,司徒粤,刘丛强.大宝山矿区周围土壤重金属污染分布特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(6):1172-1176
[24]张乃明,陈建军,常晓冰.污灌区土壤重金属累积影响因素研究[J].土壤,2002,34(2):90-93
[25]卢家烂,傅家谟,刘金钟.腐殖酸与铅锌相互作用的实验地球化学[J].矿床地质,1995,14(4):362-368
[26]黄琳,蔡鲁晟,贾莹.我国环境中有害重金属的来源与分布及防治对策[J].科技情报开发与经济,2007,17(7):189-191
[27]刘俐,高新华,宋存二,李发生.土壤中镉的赋存行为及迁移转化规律研究进展[J].能源环境保护,2006,20(2):6-9
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