应县木塔精细化结构建模及水平受力性能分析
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摘要
结合现场调查,对应县木塔进行结构体系分析、精细化建模、动力特性和水平受力性能分析。分析表明,应县木塔为"层叠平台式梁柱结构"体系。使用梁-短柱单元组模拟斗栱,刚度等效单元模拟梁柱及柱脚节点,建立了木塔的理想和现状精细化模型进行分析。结果表明,土磬墙对第1明层有嵌固作用,故木塔第1层侧移呈弯曲型而其它各层主要呈剪切型;明层铺作、暗层柱架、暗层铺作和明层柱架的抗侧移刚度依次减少,现状模型抗侧移刚度比理想模型平均低33%;多遇地震作用下,木塔部分明层柱架侧移角超过了弹性层间位移角限值;基于木塔柱脚连接特点,提出使用"重力抗倾覆力矩与倾覆力矩之比"作为木塔倾覆评判准则,多遇地震作用下木塔无倾覆危险,但在罕遇地震作用下则可能倾覆。
This paper presents the structural system analysis,refined FE modelling,dynamic characteristics and lateral structural performance analysis of Yingxian Wood Pagoda.The pagoda can be regarded as a layered platform beam-column structure.Two refined FE models of the structure of Yingxian Wood Pagoda with and without considering damage were developed based on ABAQUS platform,respectively,in which the Dou-Gong was modeled with beamshort-column assembly and the column-frame joints were simulated with stiffness-equivalent elements.The lateral drift of the 1st story of the pagoda appeared as bending type while those of other stories showed as shearing type,since the mud wall strengthened the column frames of the 1st story.The lateral stiffness of the Pu-zuo layers in the apparent stories,the column-frames in hidden stories,the Pu-zuo layers in hidden stories and the column-frames in exposed stories decreased,sequentially.The lateral stiffness of the pagoda model with considering damage was averagely 33% lower than those of the pagoda model without considering damage.Under the frequent earthquake,the lateral drift ratios of several apparent stories exceed the elastic inter-story drift ratio limit.An index for evaluating the overturning of the pagoda was suggested,and the safety of Yingxian Wood Pagoda under earthquakes was assessed.Although Yingxian Wood Pagoda has not overturned under the frequent earthquake,there is still potential in some level to overturn under rare earthquake.
This paper presents the structural system analysis,refined FE modelling,dynamic characteristics and lateral structural performance analysis of Yingxian Wood Pagoda.The pagoda can be regarded as a layered platform beam-column structure.Two refined FE models of the structure of Yingxian Wood Pagoda with and without considering damage were developed based on ABAQUS platform,respectively,in which the Dou-Gong was modeled with beamshort-column assembly and the column-frame joints were simulated with stiffness-equivalent elements.The lateral drift of the 1st story of the pagoda appeared as bending type while those of other stories showed as shearing type,since the mud wall strengthened the column frames of the 1st story.The lateral stiffness of the Pu-zuo layers in the apparent stories,the column-frames in hidden stories,the Pu-zuo layers in hidden stories and the column-frames in exposed stories decreased,sequentially.The lateral stiffness of the pagoda model with considering damage was averagely 33% lower than those of the pagoda model without considering damage.Under the frequent earthquake,the lateral drift ratios of several apparent stories exceed the elastic inter-story drift ratio limit.An index for evaluating the overturning of the pagoda was suggested,and the safety of Yingxian Wood Pagoda under earthquakes was assessed.Although Yingxian Wood Pagoda has not overturned under the frequent earthquake,there is still potential in some level to overturn under rare earthquake.
引文
[1]陈明达.应县木塔[M].北京:文物出版社,2001:1-243.
[2]潘景龙,祝恩淳.木结构设计原理[M].北京:中国工业出版社,2009:201-243.
[3]樊承谋,王永维,潘景龙.木结构[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009:1-4.
[4]车爱兰.应县木结构古塔动力特性及地震响应分析[D].上海:上海交通大学,2006:1-123.(Che Ailan.Dynamic structural characteristics of Yingxian Wooden Pagoda[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiaotong University,2006:1-123.(in Chinese))
[5]张舵,卢芳云.木结构古塔的动力特性分析[J].工程力学,2004,21(1):81-86(ZHANG Duo,LU Fang-yun.Dynamic structural characteristics of an ancient timber tower[J].Engineering Mechanics,2004,21(1):81-86.(in Chinese))
[6]王珏.应县木塔扭、倾变形张拉复位的数字化模拟和安全性评估[D].扬州:扬州大学,2008:1-63.(Wang Jue.The numerical simulation and security appraisal of tensioning-replacement method for torsional and inclined deformation of Yingxian Wooden Tower[D].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University,2008:1-63.(in Chinese))
[7]常婧雅.应县木塔有限元模拟[D].北京:北京工业大学,2009:1-75.(Chang Jingya.Yingxian Wooden Tower finite element analysis[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2009:1-75.(in Chinese))
[8]杜雷鸣,李海旺,薛飞,等.应县木塔抗震性能研究[J].土木工程学报,2010,43(增刊1):363-370.(Du Leiming,Li Haiwang,Xue Fei,et al.The study of seismic behaviors of Yingxian Wooden Pagoda[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2010,43(Suppl.1):363-370.(in Chinese))
[9]ABAQUS.ABAQUS version 6.6 theory manual[M].Pawtucket,Rhode Island:Hibbitt,Karlsson&Sorensen,Inc.,2005.
[10]李诫.营造法式[M].北京:中国书店出版社,2008:1-235.
[11]郭勤涛,张令弥,费庆国.结构动力学有限元模型修正的发展:模型确认[J].力学进展,2006,36(1):36-42.(GUO Qintao,ZHANG Lingmi,FEI Qingguo.From FE model updating to model validation:advances in modeling of dynamic structures[J].Advances in Mechanics,2006,36(1):36-42.(in Chinese))
[12]陈志勇.应县木塔典型节点及结构受力性能研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2011:1-165.(Chen Zhiyong.Behaviour of typical joints and the structure of Yingxian Wood Pagoda[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2011:1-165.(in Chinese))
[13]李世温,陈正廷.应县木塔的荷载研究[R].太原:太原理工大学,2000.
[14]李铁英.应县木塔现状结构残损要点及机理分析[D].太原:太原理工大学,2004:1-111.(Li Tieying.The main structural damages and damage mechanism analysis on Yingxian Wooden Tower[D].Taiyuan:Taiyuan University of Technology,2004:1111.(in Chinese))
[15]隋坤,郭文生,陈国顺.用工程测量方法研究应县木塔损坏的原因[J].山西地震,1998,3(4):5053.(Sui Kun,Guo Wensheng,Chen Guoshun.Study on damage cause of Yingxian Wooden Tower by method of engineering surveying[J].Earthquake Research in Shaanxi,1998,3(4):50-53.(in Chinese))
[16]《古建筑木结构维护与加固规范》编辑组.古建筑木结构用材的树种调查及其主要材性的实测分析[J].四川建筑科学研究,1994(1):11-14.
[17]王小平,曹立明.遗传算法:理论、应用与软件实现[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002:1-251.
[18]李铁英,张善元,李世温.古木塔场地抗震性能评价及地震参数选择[J].岩土工程学报,2002,24(5):660-662.(Li Tieying,Zhang Shanyuan,Li Shiwen.Estimation of aseismatic property and selection of seismic parameter for site of and old wooden tower[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2002,24(5):660-662.(in Chinese))
[2]潘景龙,祝恩淳.木结构设计原理[M].北京:中国工业出版社,2009:201-243.
[3]樊承谋,王永维,潘景龙.木结构[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009:1-4.
[4]车爱兰.应县木结构古塔动力特性及地震响应分析[D].上海:上海交通大学,2006:1-123.(Che Ailan.Dynamic structural characteristics of Yingxian Wooden Pagoda[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiaotong University,2006:1-123.(in Chinese))
[5]张舵,卢芳云.木结构古塔的动力特性分析[J].工程力学,2004,21(1):81-86(ZHANG Duo,LU Fang-yun.Dynamic structural characteristics of an ancient timber tower[J].Engineering Mechanics,2004,21(1):81-86.(in Chinese))
[6]王珏.应县木塔扭、倾变形张拉复位的数字化模拟和安全性评估[D].扬州:扬州大学,2008:1-63.(Wang Jue.The numerical simulation and security appraisal of tensioning-replacement method for torsional and inclined deformation of Yingxian Wooden Tower[D].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University,2008:1-63.(in Chinese))
[7]常婧雅.应县木塔有限元模拟[D].北京:北京工业大学,2009:1-75.(Chang Jingya.Yingxian Wooden Tower finite element analysis[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2009:1-75.(in Chinese))
[8]杜雷鸣,李海旺,薛飞,等.应县木塔抗震性能研究[J].土木工程学报,2010,43(增刊1):363-370.(Du Leiming,Li Haiwang,Xue Fei,et al.The study of seismic behaviors of Yingxian Wooden Pagoda[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2010,43(Suppl.1):363-370.(in Chinese))
[9]ABAQUS.ABAQUS version 6.6 theory manual[M].Pawtucket,Rhode Island:Hibbitt,Karlsson&Sorensen,Inc.,2005.
[10]李诫.营造法式[M].北京:中国书店出版社,2008:1-235.
[11]郭勤涛,张令弥,费庆国.结构动力学有限元模型修正的发展:模型确认[J].力学进展,2006,36(1):36-42.(GUO Qintao,ZHANG Lingmi,FEI Qingguo.From FE model updating to model validation:advances in modeling of dynamic structures[J].Advances in Mechanics,2006,36(1):36-42.(in Chinese))
[12]陈志勇.应县木塔典型节点及结构受力性能研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2011:1-165.(Chen Zhiyong.Behaviour of typical joints and the structure of Yingxian Wood Pagoda[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2011:1-165.(in Chinese))
[13]李世温,陈正廷.应县木塔的荷载研究[R].太原:太原理工大学,2000.
[14]李铁英.应县木塔现状结构残损要点及机理分析[D].太原:太原理工大学,2004:1-111.(Li Tieying.The main structural damages and damage mechanism analysis on Yingxian Wooden Tower[D].Taiyuan:Taiyuan University of Technology,2004:1111.(in Chinese))
[15]隋坤,郭文生,陈国顺.用工程测量方法研究应县木塔损坏的原因[J].山西地震,1998,3(4):5053.(Sui Kun,Guo Wensheng,Chen Guoshun.Study on damage cause of Yingxian Wooden Tower by method of engineering surveying[J].Earthquake Research in Shaanxi,1998,3(4):50-53.(in Chinese))
[16]《古建筑木结构维护与加固规范》编辑组.古建筑木结构用材的树种调查及其主要材性的实测分析[J].四川建筑科学研究,1994(1):11-14.
[17]王小平,曹立明.遗传算法:理论、应用与软件实现[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002:1-251.
[18]李铁英,张善元,李世温.古木塔场地抗震性能评价及地震参数选择[J].岩土工程学报,2002,24(5):660-662.(Li Tieying,Zhang Shanyuan,Li Shiwen.Estimation of aseismatic property and selection of seismic parameter for site of and old wooden tower[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2002,24(5):660-662.(in Chinese))
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