青藏高原东北缘岩石圈缩短变形——深地震反射剖面再处理提供的证据
摘要
青藏高原是由印度板块和亚洲板块于50～60Ma碰撞而形成的全球最高最大的高原,已成为多数国内外学者的共识。然而,关于它的岩石圈变形机制却是长期争论的问题。深地震反射剖面是精细揭示岩石圈结构、分辨变形样式的有效技术。重新处理的松潘地块-西秦岭造山带深地震反射剖面揭示出岩石圈变形的细节,以地壳上部的双重逆冲构造、地壳中部一系列近水平拆离断层的叠置和地壳下部莫霍面的重叠为主要特征,展现出青藏高原东北缘岩石圈变形以缩短变形为主要机制。横向上上千公里展布的大规模左旋走滑的昆仑断层,自地表向下陡倾延伸到地壳中部的叠瓦状逆冲构造之上,在埋深约35km处被近水平的拆离层所截断。本次研究建立的岩石圈垂向构造图也展现出西秦岭造山带与若尔盖盆地岩石圈尺度的构造关系。
Although most researchers both in China and abroad have agreed that the Tibetan plateau is the largest highland induced by the India-Asia collision over the past 60～50 Ma,its formation mechanism has long been a problem of controversy.Deep seismic reflection profiling is an effective technique for revealing the fine structure of the lithosphere and detecting the deformation style of the crust.The reprocessing of the deep seismic reflection profile across Songpan block-West Qinling orogenic belt has revealed the details of lithosphere deformation.The superimposition of the thrust duplex structure in the upper crust and a sub-horizontal detachment in the middle crust and the vertical stacking of Moho at the bottom of the crust show that the lithospheric shortening deformation on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau was the main formation mechanism.The Kunlun fault 1000 km in length,one of the largest continental-scale strike-slip faults in Tibet,terminates at a sub-horizontal decollement with the depth of 35 km in the lowermost crust of Tibet.The study establishing the vertical structure of the lithosphere shows tectonic relationship between the western Qinling orogenic belt and the Zoige basin on the lithosphere scale.
Although most researchers both in China and abroad have agreed that the Tibetan plateau is the largest highland induced by the India-Asia collision over the past 60～50 Ma,its formation mechanism has long been a problem of controversy.Deep seismic reflection profiling is an effective technique for revealing the fine structure of the lithosphere and detecting the deformation style of the crust.The reprocessing of the deep seismic reflection profile across Songpan block-West Qinling orogenic belt has revealed the details of lithosphere deformation.The superimposition of the thrust duplex structure in the upper crust and a sub-horizontal detachment in the middle crust and the vertical stacking of Moho at the bottom of the crust show that the lithospheric shortening deformation on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau was the main formation mechanism.The Kunlun fault 1000 km in length,one of the largest continental-scale strike-slip faults in Tibet,terminates at a sub-horizontal decollement with the depth of 35 km in the lowermost crust of Tibet.The study establishing the vertical structure of the lithosphere shows tectonic relationship between the western Qinling orogenic belt and the Zoige basin on the lithosphere scale.
引文
董树文,李廷栋.2011.揭开入地计划序幕[J].地球学报,32(S1):1-2.
高锐,马永生,李秋生,朱铉,张季生,王海燕,李鹏武,卢占武,管烨.2006a.松潘地块与西秦岭造山带下地壳的性质和关系——深地震反射剖面的揭露[J].地质通报,25(12):1361-1367.
高锐,王海燕,马永生,朱铉,李秋生,李朋武,匡朝阳,卢占武.2006b.松潘地块若尔盖盆地与西秦岭造山带岩石圈尺度的构造关系——深地震反射剖面探测成果[J].地球学报,27(5):411-418.
高锐,王海燕,张忠杰,李秋生,陈凌,金胜,刘国兴,贺日正,张贵宾,卢占武,曾令森,许惠平.2011.切开地壳上地幔,揭露大陆深部结构与资源环境效应——深部探测技术实验与集成(Sinoprobe-02)项目简介与关键科学问题[J].地球学报,32(S1):34-38.
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王海燕,高锐,马永生,朱铉,李秋生,匡朝阳,李朋武,卢占武.2007.若尔盖与西秦岭地震反射岩石圈结构和盆山耦合[J].地球物理学报,50(2):472-481.
BIRD P.1991.Lateral extrusion of lower crust from under high topography,in the isostatic limit[J].J.Geophys.Res.,96(B6):10275-10286.
BURCHFIEL B C,DENG Q,MOLNAR P,ROYDEN L H,WANG Y,ZHANG P,ZHANG W.1989.Intracrustal de-tachment with zones of continental deformation[J].Geology,17(8):748-752.
CHEN S F,WILSON C J L,DENG Q D,ZHAO X L,LUO Z L.1994.Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes in the Min Shan and Longmen Mountains,northeastern Tibetan plateau[J].J.Geophys.Res.,99(B12):24025-24038.
CLARK M K,ROYDEN L H.2000.Topographic ooze:building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow[J].Geology,28(8):703-706.
DONG Shu-wen,LI Ting-dong.2011.Opened into the plan[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,32(S1):1-2(in Chinese with English ab-stract).
ENGLAND P,MCKENZIE D.1982.A thin viscous sheet model for continental deformation[J].Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,70(2):295-321.
FANG X M,GARZIONE C,VAN DER VOO R,LI J J,FAN M J.2003.Flexural subsidence by29Ma on the NE edge of the Tibet from the magnetostratigraphy of the Linxia basin,China[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,210(3-4):545-560.
FLESCH L M,HOLT W E,SILVER P G,STEPHENSON M,WANG C Y,CHAN W W.2005.Constraining the extent of crust upper mantle coupling in central Asia using GPS,geo-logic,and shear-wave splitting data[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,238(1-2):248-268.doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.023.
FU B,AWATA Y.2007.Displacement and timing of left-lateral faulting in the Kunlun Fault Zone,northern Tibet,inferred from geologic and geomorphic features[J].Asian Earth Sci.,29(2-3):253-265.
GAO Rui,MA Yong-sheng,LI Qiu-sheng,ZHU Xuan,ZHANG Ji-sheng,WANG Hai-yan,LI Peng-wu,LU Zhan-wu,GUAN Ye.2006a.Tectonic relationships between the Zoige basin of the Song-Pan Block and the West Qinling orogen at litho-sphere scale:Results of deep seismic reflection profiling[J].Geological Bulletin of China,25(12):1361-1367(in Chinese with English abstract).
GAO Rui,WANG Hai-yan,MA Yong-sheng,ZHU Xuan,LI Qiu-sheng,LI Peng-wu,KUANG Chao-yang,LU Zhan-wu.2006b.Tectonic relationships between the Zoige basin of the Song-Pan Block and the West Qinling orogen at lithosphere scale:Results of deep seismic reflection profiling[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,27(5):411-418(in Chinese with English abstract).
GAO Rui,WANG Hai-yan,ZHANG Zhong-jie,LI Qiu-sheng,CHEN Ling,JIN Sheng,LIU Guo-xing,HE Ri-zheng,ZHANG Gui-bin,LU Zhan-wu,ZENG Ling-sen,XU Hui-ping.2011.“Cutting”the Crust and the Upper Mantle and Revealing the Deep Structure of the Continent with the Resource Effect:An Introduction to the Project SinoProbe-02of Experimenta-tion,Deep Probing Techniques and Integration and a Discus-sion on Key Science Problems[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,32(S1):34-38(in Chinese with English abstract).
HARKINS N,KIRBY E.2008.Fluvial terrace riser degradation and determination of slip rates on strike-slip faults:an example from the Kunlun fault,China[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,35:6.doi:10.1029/2007GL033073.
HIRN A,LEPINE J-C,JOBERT G,SAPIN M,WITTLINGER G,ZHONG X,XU E Y,GAO X J,WANG J W,TENG S B,XIONG P M R,TATER J M.1984.Crustal structure andvariability of Himalayan border of Tibet[J].Nature,307:23-25.
HORTON B K,DUPONT-NIVET G,ZHOU J,WAANDERS G L,BUTLER R F,WANG J.2004.Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of the Xining-Minhe and Dangchang basins,northeastern Ti-betan Plateau:Magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic re-sults[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,109(B4),1-15.doi:10.1029/2003JB002913.
JOLIVET M,BRUNEL M,SEWARD D,XU Z,YANG J,MALAVIEILLE J,ROGER F,LEYRELOUP A,ARNAUD N,WU C.2003.Neogene extension and volcanism in the Kunlun Fault Zone,northern Tibet:new constraints on the age of the Kunlun Fault[J].Tectonics,22:1052.doi:10.1029/2002TC001428.
KIDD W S F,MOLNAR P.1988.Quaternary and active faulting observed on the1985Academia Sinica-Royal Society Geo-traverse of Tibet[J].Phil.Trans.Royal Society London,A,327:337-363.doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0133.
KIRBY E,HARKINS N,WANG E Q,SHI X H,FAN C,BURBANK D.2007.Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun fault[J].Tectonics,26(2):1-16.doi:10.1029/2006TC002033TC2010.
NELSON K D,ZHAO W J,BROWN L D,KUO J,CHE J K,LIU X W,KLEMPERER S L,MAKOVSKY Y,MEISSNER R,MECHIE J,KIND R,WENZEL F,NI J,NABELEK J,LESHOU C,TAN H,WEI W,JONES A G,BOOKER J,UNSWORTH M,KIDD W,HAUCK M,ALSDORF D,ROSS A,COGAN M,WU C,SANDVOL E,EDWARDS M.1996.Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet:Synthe-sis of Project INDEPTH Results[J].Science,274(5293):1684-1688.
PAN Gui-tang,DING Jun,YAO Dong-sheng,WANG Li-quan.2004.Geological Map of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau and Adjacent Areas(1:1,500,000)[M].Chengdu:Chengdu Carto-graphic Publishing House(in Chinese).
ROYDEN L H,BURCHFIEL B C,KING R W,WANG E,CHEN Z,SHEN F,YUPING L.1997.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet[J].Science,276(5313):788-790.
ROYDEN L H,BURCHFIEL B C,VAN DER HILST R D.2008.The geological evolution of the Tibetan plateau[J].Science,321(5892):1054-1058.
TAPPONNIER P,XU Z Q,ROGER F,MEYER B,ARNAUD N,WITTLINGER G,YANG J S.2001.Oblique Step Wise rise andGrowth of the Tibet Plateau[J].Science,294(5547):1671-1677.
VAN D W J,TAPPONNIER P,RYERSON F J,MERIAUX A S,MEYER B,GAUDEMER Y,FINKEL R C,CAFFEE M W,ZHAO G G,XU Z Q.2002.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central600km of the Kunlun Fault(Tibet),from Al-26,Be-10,and C-14dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology[J].Geophys.J.Inter.,148(3):356-388.
WANG H Y,GAO R,LI Q S,ZHANG J S,LU Z W,HOU H S.2009.Lithosphere structure of the west Qinling orogenic belt revealed by deep seismic reflection profile[J].2009AGU(American Geophysical Union)Fall Metting,San Francisco,CA,T11B-1810.
WANG Hai-yan,GAO Rui,MA Yong-sheng,ZHU Xuan,LI Qiu-sheng,KUANG Chao-yang,LI Peng-wu,LU Zhan-wu.2007.Basin-range coupling and lithosphere structure between the Zoige and the west Qinling[J].Chinese Journal of Geo-physics,50(2):472-481(in Chinese with English abstract).
WITTLINGER G,TAPPONNIER P,POUPINET G,JIANG M,SHI D,HERQUEL G,MASSON F.1998.Tomographic evidence for localized lithospheric shear along the Altyn Tagh fault[J].Science,282(5386):74-76.
YIN A,DANG Y Q,ZHANG M,CHEN X H,MCRIVETTE M W.2008.Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam basin and its surrounding regions(Part3):structural geology,sedimentation,and regional tectonic reconstruction[J].Geol.Soc.Am.Bull.,120(7-8):847-876.
YIN A,HARRISON T M.2000.Geological evolution of the Hima-layan-Tibetan Orogen.Annu[J].Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.,28:211-280.
ZHAO W,MORGAN W J.1987.Injection of Indian crust into Tibet lower crust:A two-dimensional finite element model study[J].Tectonics,6(4):489-504.
高锐,马永生,李秋生,朱铉,张季生,王海燕,李鹏武,卢占武,管烨.2006a.松潘地块与西秦岭造山带下地壳的性质和关系——深地震反射剖面的揭露[J].地质通报,25(12):1361-1367.
高锐,王海燕,马永生,朱铉,李秋生,李朋武,匡朝阳,卢占武.2006b.松潘地块若尔盖盆地与西秦岭造山带岩石圈尺度的构造关系——深地震反射剖面探测成果[J].地球学报,27(5):411-418.
高锐,王海燕,张忠杰,李秋生,陈凌,金胜,刘国兴,贺日正,张贵宾,卢占武,曾令森,许惠平.2011.切开地壳上地幔,揭露大陆深部结构与资源环境效应——深部探测技术实验与集成(Sinoprobe-02)项目简介与关键科学问题[J].地球学报,32(S1):34-38.
潘桂堂,丁俊,姚冬生,王立全.2004.青藏高原及邻区地质图(1:1,500,000)[M].成都:成都制图出版社.
王海燕,高锐,马永生,朱铉,李秋生,匡朝阳,李朋武,卢占武.2007.若尔盖与西秦岭地震反射岩石圈结构和盆山耦合[J].地球物理学报,50(2):472-481.
BIRD P.1991.Lateral extrusion of lower crust from under high topography,in the isostatic limit[J].J.Geophys.Res.,96(B6):10275-10286.
BURCHFIEL B C,DENG Q,MOLNAR P,ROYDEN L H,WANG Y,ZHANG P,ZHANG W.1989.Intracrustal de-tachment with zones of continental deformation[J].Geology,17(8):748-752.
CHEN S F,WILSON C J L,DENG Q D,ZHAO X L,LUO Z L.1994.Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes in the Min Shan and Longmen Mountains,northeastern Tibetan plateau[J].J.Geophys.Res.,99(B12):24025-24038.
CLARK M K,ROYDEN L H.2000.Topographic ooze:building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow[J].Geology,28(8):703-706.
DONG Shu-wen,LI Ting-dong.2011.Opened into the plan[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,32(S1):1-2(in Chinese with English ab-stract).
ENGLAND P,MCKENZIE D.1982.A thin viscous sheet model for continental deformation[J].Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,70(2):295-321.
FANG X M,GARZIONE C,VAN DER VOO R,LI J J,FAN M J.2003.Flexural subsidence by29Ma on the NE edge of the Tibet from the magnetostratigraphy of the Linxia basin,China[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,210(3-4):545-560.
FLESCH L M,HOLT W E,SILVER P G,STEPHENSON M,WANG C Y,CHAN W W.2005.Constraining the extent of crust upper mantle coupling in central Asia using GPS,geo-logic,and shear-wave splitting data[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,238(1-2):248-268.doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.023.
FU B,AWATA Y.2007.Displacement and timing of left-lateral faulting in the Kunlun Fault Zone,northern Tibet,inferred from geologic and geomorphic features[J].Asian Earth Sci.,29(2-3):253-265.
GAO Rui,MA Yong-sheng,LI Qiu-sheng,ZHU Xuan,ZHANG Ji-sheng,WANG Hai-yan,LI Peng-wu,LU Zhan-wu,GUAN Ye.2006a.Tectonic relationships between the Zoige basin of the Song-Pan Block and the West Qinling orogen at litho-sphere scale:Results of deep seismic reflection profiling[J].Geological Bulletin of China,25(12):1361-1367(in Chinese with English abstract).
GAO Rui,WANG Hai-yan,MA Yong-sheng,ZHU Xuan,LI Qiu-sheng,LI Peng-wu,KUANG Chao-yang,LU Zhan-wu.2006b.Tectonic relationships between the Zoige basin of the Song-Pan Block and the West Qinling orogen at lithosphere scale:Results of deep seismic reflection profiling[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,27(5):411-418(in Chinese with English abstract).
GAO Rui,WANG Hai-yan,ZHANG Zhong-jie,LI Qiu-sheng,CHEN Ling,JIN Sheng,LIU Guo-xing,HE Ri-zheng,ZHANG Gui-bin,LU Zhan-wu,ZENG Ling-sen,XU Hui-ping.2011.“Cutting”the Crust and the Upper Mantle and Revealing the Deep Structure of the Continent with the Resource Effect:An Introduction to the Project SinoProbe-02of Experimenta-tion,Deep Probing Techniques and Integration and a Discus-sion on Key Science Problems[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,32(S1):34-38(in Chinese with English abstract).
HARKINS N,KIRBY E.2008.Fluvial terrace riser degradation and determination of slip rates on strike-slip faults:an example from the Kunlun fault,China[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,35:6.doi:10.1029/2007GL033073.
HIRN A,LEPINE J-C,JOBERT G,SAPIN M,WITTLINGER G,ZHONG X,XU E Y,GAO X J,WANG J W,TENG S B,XIONG P M R,TATER J M.1984.Crustal structure andvariability of Himalayan border of Tibet[J].Nature,307:23-25.
HORTON B K,DUPONT-NIVET G,ZHOU J,WAANDERS G L,BUTLER R F,WANG J.2004.Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of the Xining-Minhe and Dangchang basins,northeastern Ti-betan Plateau:Magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic re-sults[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,109(B4),1-15.doi:10.1029/2003JB002913.
JOLIVET M,BRUNEL M,SEWARD D,XU Z,YANG J,MALAVIEILLE J,ROGER F,LEYRELOUP A,ARNAUD N,WU C.2003.Neogene extension and volcanism in the Kunlun Fault Zone,northern Tibet:new constraints on the age of the Kunlun Fault[J].Tectonics,22:1052.doi:10.1029/2002TC001428.
KIDD W S F,MOLNAR P.1988.Quaternary and active faulting observed on the1985Academia Sinica-Royal Society Geo-traverse of Tibet[J].Phil.Trans.Royal Society London,A,327:337-363.doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0133.
KIRBY E,HARKINS N,WANG E Q,SHI X H,FAN C,BURBANK D.2007.Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun fault[J].Tectonics,26(2):1-16.doi:10.1029/2006TC002033TC2010.
NELSON K D,ZHAO W J,BROWN L D,KUO J,CHE J K,LIU X W,KLEMPERER S L,MAKOVSKY Y,MEISSNER R,MECHIE J,KIND R,WENZEL F,NI J,NABELEK J,LESHOU C,TAN H,WEI W,JONES A G,BOOKER J,UNSWORTH M,KIDD W,HAUCK M,ALSDORF D,ROSS A,COGAN M,WU C,SANDVOL E,EDWARDS M.1996.Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet:Synthe-sis of Project INDEPTH Results[J].Science,274(5293):1684-1688.
PAN Gui-tang,DING Jun,YAO Dong-sheng,WANG Li-quan.2004.Geological Map of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau and Adjacent Areas(1:1,500,000)[M].Chengdu:Chengdu Carto-graphic Publishing House(in Chinese).
ROYDEN L H,BURCHFIEL B C,KING R W,WANG E,CHEN Z,SHEN F,YUPING L.1997.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet[J].Science,276(5313):788-790.
ROYDEN L H,BURCHFIEL B C,VAN DER HILST R D.2008.The geological evolution of the Tibetan plateau[J].Science,321(5892):1054-1058.
TAPPONNIER P,XU Z Q,ROGER F,MEYER B,ARNAUD N,WITTLINGER G,YANG J S.2001.Oblique Step Wise rise andGrowth of the Tibet Plateau[J].Science,294(5547):1671-1677.
VAN D W J,TAPPONNIER P,RYERSON F J,MERIAUX A S,MEYER B,GAUDEMER Y,FINKEL R C,CAFFEE M W,ZHAO G G,XU Z Q.2002.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central600km of the Kunlun Fault(Tibet),from Al-26,Be-10,and C-14dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology[J].Geophys.J.Inter.,148(3):356-388.
WANG H Y,GAO R,LI Q S,ZHANG J S,LU Z W,HOU H S.2009.Lithosphere structure of the west Qinling orogenic belt revealed by deep seismic reflection profile[J].2009AGU(American Geophysical Union)Fall Metting,San Francisco,CA,T11B-1810.
WANG Hai-yan,GAO Rui,MA Yong-sheng,ZHU Xuan,LI Qiu-sheng,KUANG Chao-yang,LI Peng-wu,LU Zhan-wu.2007.Basin-range coupling and lithosphere structure between the Zoige and the west Qinling[J].Chinese Journal of Geo-physics,50(2):472-481(in Chinese with English abstract).
WITTLINGER G,TAPPONNIER P,POUPINET G,JIANG M,SHI D,HERQUEL G,MASSON F.1998.Tomographic evidence for localized lithospheric shear along the Altyn Tagh fault[J].Science,282(5386):74-76.
YIN A,DANG Y Q,ZHANG M,CHEN X H,MCRIVETTE M W.2008.Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam basin and its surrounding regions(Part3):structural geology,sedimentation,and regional tectonic reconstruction[J].Geol.Soc.Am.Bull.,120(7-8):847-876.
YIN A,HARRISON T M.2000.Geological evolution of the Hima-layan-Tibetan Orogen.Annu[J].Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.,28:211-280.
ZHAO W,MORGAN W J.1987.Injection of Indian crust into Tibet lower crust:A two-dimensional finite element model study[J].Tectonics,6(4):489-504.
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