二氧化碳地质封存问题和地震监测研究进展
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摘要
二氧化碳(CO2)的捕获和封存技术(CCS)是近年提出的减少CO2排放的重要方法,经过近二十年的发展已经为国际社会所公认.了解长时间封存CO2的变化规律对于成功实施CO2封存非常重要,而限于现场试验的困难性,数值模拟已成为监控长时间封存CO2变化的最重要方法.因此,需要加强CO2封存所涉及的多孔隙介质中多组分多相流运移模拟和地球化学反应模拟研究.在CO2注入地下储层之后,需要长时间监测所封存CO2的运移情况,以及时发现泄漏并采取相应的应对措施.地震监测方法是众多监测方法中最重要的方法之一,四维地震已经在世界上几个大型的封存项目中进行了多次实施,并且取得了很好的效果.为了使地震监测方法更加准确,并能做到常态性地有效监测或实时监控,不仅需要不断发展岩石物理理论和方法,而且需要在岩石物理学研究中充分考虑CO2封存问题的特殊性,即CO2的溶解和化学反应所引起的岩石物理性质的改变.这是研究地球环境和全球气候变化等重大地球科学问题的基础性研究课题,具有重要的理论和实际意义.
Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration technology developed in recent years is an important way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions,and after nearly two decades of development its importance has been recognized by the international community.Understanding the variation of long term sequestration of the carbon dioxide is very important for successful implementation of CO2 sequestration,and because of the limitation and difficulty of field tests,numerical simulation has become the most important way to monitor the variation of long term sequestration.Through numerical simulation of migration law and phase transformation mechanism of the carbon dioxide-saline system in the reservoir,we can deepen the understanding of the various physical and chemical changes in the carbon dioxide-saline-rock multiphase system.The accurate simulation results can provide a theoretical basis for important practical problems such as the choice of sequestration scheme,monitoring methods and the choice of sequestration location.Therefore,it is necessary to enhance sequestration-related research of multi-component multi-phase flow transport simulation in porous media and of geochemical reaction simulation.After injection of carbon dioxide into underground reservoirs,long time monitoring is needed to detect the migration of sequestrated carbon dioxide,and to find the leakage and take appropriate response measures.Seismic monitoring method is one of the most important ways among all the monitoring methods,and 4D seismic monitoring has been implemented in several large-scale sequestration projects all over the world and achieved good results.To make seismic monitoring methods more accurate,and to achieve effective or real-time monitoring,it is important to not only develop rock physics theories and methods,but also involve special aspects of carbon sequestration into the rock physics research,that is,changes in rock physical properties caused by carbon dioxide dissolution and chemical reactions.This is a fundamental research and issue of great theoretical and practical significance in the study of the earth environment and global climate change and other major scientific issues.
Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration technology developed in recent years is an important way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions,and after nearly two decades of development its importance has been recognized by the international community.Understanding the variation of long term sequestration of the carbon dioxide is very important for successful implementation of CO2 sequestration,and because of the limitation and difficulty of field tests,numerical simulation has become the most important way to monitor the variation of long term sequestration.Through numerical simulation of migration law and phase transformation mechanism of the carbon dioxide-saline system in the reservoir,we can deepen the understanding of the various physical and chemical changes in the carbon dioxide-saline-rock multiphase system.The accurate simulation results can provide a theoretical basis for important practical problems such as the choice of sequestration scheme,monitoring methods and the choice of sequestration location.Therefore,it is necessary to enhance sequestration-related research of multi-component multi-phase flow transport simulation in porous media and of geochemical reaction simulation.After injection of carbon dioxide into underground reservoirs,long time monitoring is needed to detect the migration of sequestrated carbon dioxide,and to find the leakage and take appropriate response measures.Seismic monitoring method is one of the most important ways among all the monitoring methods,and 4D seismic monitoring has been implemented in several large-scale sequestration projects all over the world and achieved good results.To make seismic monitoring methods more accurate,and to achieve effective or real-time monitoring,it is important to not only develop rock physics theories and methods,but also involve special aspects of carbon sequestration into the rock physics research,that is,changes in rock physical properties caused by carbon dioxide dissolution and chemical reactions.This is a fundamental research and issue of great theoretical and practical significance in the study of the earth environment and global climate change and other major scientific issues.
引文
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[5]Xu T F,Apps J A,Pruess K.Numerical simulation of CO2disposal by mineral trapping in deep aquifers[J].Applied Geochemistry,2004,19(6):917-936.
[6]Bachu S.CO2storage in geological media:Role,means,status and barriers to deployment[J].Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2008,34(2):254-273.
[7]NETL.DOE/NETL Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage RD&D roadmap[OL].http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/press/2011/110106-DOE-NETL_CO2_Capture_and_Storage_RDD_Roadmap.html,2011.
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[11]Arts R,Chadwick A,Eiken O,et al.Ten yearsexperience of monitoring CO2injection in the Utsira Sand at Sleipner,offshore Norway[J].First Break,2008,26:65-72.
[12]Preston C,Monea M,Brown K,et al.IEA GHG WeyburnCO2monitoring and storage project[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2005,86(14-15):1547-1568.
[13]Ringrose P,Atbi M,Mason D,et al.Plume development around well KB-502at the In Salah CO2storage site[J].First Break,2009,27:85-89.
[14]Pruess K,García J.Multiphase flow dynamics during CO2disposal into saline aquifers[J].Environmental Geology,2002,42(2-3):282-295.
[15]Peaceman D W.Fundamentals of Numerical Reservoir Simulation[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1977.
[16]OSullivan M,Pruess K,Lippmann J.State of the art of geothermal reservoir simulation[J].Geothermics,2001,30(4):395-429.
[17]Hassanzadeh H,Pooladi-Darvish M,Keith D W.Scaling behavior of convective mixing,with application to geological storage of CO2[J].AIChE Journal,2007,53(5):1121-1131.
[18]García J.Fluid Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide Disposal into Saline Aquifers[D].San Francisco:University of California,2003.
[19]刘小燕.二氧化碳深含水层隔离的二相渗流模拟与岩石物理学研究[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2005.Liu X Y.Two-phase flow simulation and rock physics research of sequestration of carbon dioxide into deep saline aquifers[D].Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China,2005.
[20]刘永忠,黄必武,王乐.非均质多孔盐水层中超临界CO2的注入压力与饱和度分布特性[J].化工学报,2010,61(1):32-42.Liu Y Z,Huang B W,Wang L.Characteristics of injection pressure and saturation distributions of supercritical CO2injecting into heterogeneous saline aquifers[J].CIESC Journal(in Chinese),2010,61(1):32-42.
[21]罗庶,胥蕊娜,姜培学.CO2地质封存中突破压力梯度的孔隙尺度数值模拟[J].工程热物理学报,2011,32(5):819-823.Luo S,Xu R N,Jiang P X.Pore-sclae numerical simulation on breakthrough pressure gradient during CO2geological storage[J].Journal of Engineering Thermophysics(in Chinese),2011,32(5):819-823.
[22]Doughty C,Pruess K.Modeling supercritical CO2injection in heterogeneous porous media[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2003,3(3):837-847.
[23]Omambia A,Li Y L.Numeric modeling of carbon dioxide sequestration in deep saline aquifers in Wangchang Oilfield-Jianghan Basin,China[J].Journal of American Science,2010,6(8):178-187.
[24]Class H,Helmig R,Bastian P.Numerical simulation of non-isothermal multiphase multicomponent processes in porous media.1.An efficient solution technique[J].Advances in Water Resources,2002,25(5):533-550.
[25]Pruess K.Numerical studies of fluid leakage from a geologic disposal reservoir for CO2show self-limiting feedback between fluid flow and heat transfer[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32(14):L14404.
[26]Garcia J,Pruess K.Flow Instabilities During Injection of CO2into Saline Aquifers[A].//Proceedings,TOUGH Symposium2003.Berkeley,California:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,2003.
[27]Plug W J,Bruining J.Capillary pressure for the sand-CO2-water system under various pressure conditions.Application to CO2sequestration[J].Advances in Water Resources,2007,30(11):2339-2353.
[28]Burton M,Kumar N,Bryant S L.CO2injectivity into brine aquifers:why relative permeability matters as much as absolute permeability[J].Energy Procedia,2009,1(1):3091-3098.
[29]Kumar A,Noh M H,Pope G A,et al.Reservoir simulation of CO2storage in deep saline aquifers[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers,2004,10(3):336-348.
[30]Juanes R,Spiteri E J,Orr F M,et al.Impact of relative permeability hysteresis on geological CO2storage[J].Water Resources Research,2006,42(12):W12418.
[31]Doughty C.Modeling geologic storage of carbon dioxide:Comparison of non-hysteretic and hysteretic characteristic curves[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2007,48(6):1768-1781.
[32]Pruess K,Spycher N.ECO2N-A fluid property module for the TOUGH2code for studies of CO2storage in saline aquifers[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2007,48(6):1761-1767.
[33]Pruess K,Garcia J,Kovscek T.Code intercomparison builds confidence in numerical simulation models for geologic disposal of CO2[J].Energy,2004,29(9-10):1431-1444.
[34]Class H,Ebigbo A,Helmig R.A benchmark study on problems related to CO2storage in geologic formations[J].Computational Geosciences,2009,13(4):409-434.
[35]朱子涵,李明远,林梅钦,等.储层中CO2-水-岩石相互作用研究进展[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2011,30(1):104-112.Zhu Z H,Li M Y,Lin M Q,et al.Review of the CO2-water-rock interaction in reservoir[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry(in Chinese),2011,30(1):104-112.
[36]Pruess K,Xu T F,Apps J A.Numerical modeling of aquifer disposal of CO2[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers,2003,8(1):49-60.
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