环境同位素及其示踪技术在地震预测研究中的应用前景
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摘要
随着新的观测技术和理论的快速发展,环境同位素示踪技术在分析与地震孕育、发生有关的地下水动态信息中有可能发挥重要作用。简单介绍了稳定同位素2H、18O以及放射性同位素3H、14C的特征与示踪技术,详细阐述前人应用环境同位素在地下水活动规律中所开展的研究,包括地下水的补给来源、地下热水的循环深度、水岩相互作用、地下水的年龄等,并重点分析了这种示踪技术在研究地下水对构造活动发生和对应力应变响应等方面的应用。积极推进环境同位素示踪技术的应用,对地下流体地震前兆信息的评估、地震活动性强度的判定、流体在孕震过程中作用的探讨,以及井孔映震效能的评价等方面的研究具有重要的意义。
In recent years,with the progress of new observation techniques and related theories,the tracing technique of environmental isotopes can be used to identify the dynamic information of groundwater,which is associated with the earthquake gestation and occurrence. In this study,the characteristics of stable isotopes including 2H,18O as well as radioactive isotopes such as 3H,14C,and the tracing techniques are investigated. Especially,with the environmental isotopes,the activity rules of groundwater including the groundwater recharge,circulation depth of geothermal water,water-rock interaction and groundwater age are discussed in depth. The study was carried out to analyze the effects of the groundwater on its response to the stress-strain changes and to the tectonic activities. It is worthy to mention that the tracing technique of environmental isotopes can be applied to identifying the information of seismic subsurface fluid,determining the intensity of seismicity,discussing the role of fluid in earthquake gestation,and estimating the effect of earthquake reflection in borehole.
In recent years,with the progress of new observation techniques and related theories,the tracing technique of environmental isotopes can be used to identify the dynamic information of groundwater,which is associated with the earthquake gestation and occurrence. In this study,the characteristics of stable isotopes including 2H,18O as well as radioactive isotopes such as 3H,14C,and the tracing techniques are investigated. Especially,with the environmental isotopes,the activity rules of groundwater including the groundwater recharge,circulation depth of geothermal water,water-rock interaction and groundwater age are discussed in depth. The study was carried out to analyze the effects of the groundwater on its response to the stress-strain changes and to the tectonic activities. It is worthy to mention that the tracing technique of environmental isotopes can be applied to identifying the information of seismic subsurface fluid,determining the intensity of seismicity,discussing the role of fluid in earthquake gestation,and estimating the effect of earthquake reflection in borehole.
引文
[1]林瑞芬,卫克勤,王志祥.我国某些地热田和温泉的环境同位素研究[C].全国第四届同位素会议论文汇编,1989:264-266.
[1]林瑞芬,卫克勤,王志祥.我国某些地热田和温泉的环境同位素研究.全国第四届同位素会议论文汇编,1989:264-266.
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[2]Qiu C Y.The application of He/Ar ratio of groundwater tested by mass spectrometer in earthquake monitoring[J].Mass Spectrometry,1983(1):3-9(in Chinese).
[3]Wakita H,Nakamura Y,Kita I,et al.Hydrogen release:Newindicator of fault activity[J].Science,1980,210:188-190.
[4]O Neil J R,King C.Variations in stable-isotope ratios of ground water in seismically active regions of California[J].Geophys Res Lett,1981,8(5):429-432.
[5]Bradbury K R.Tritiumas anindicator of ground-water agein Central Wisconsin[J].Ground Water,1991,29(3):398-404.
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[10]King C Y.Earthquake-related hydrologic and geochemical changes[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2004,24(1):19-28.
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[16]Che Y T,Liu WZ,Yu J Z,et al.Dynamic change of subsur-face fluidin Three Gorges Well Network before and after res-ervoir i mpounding[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamic,2004,24(2):14-22(in Chinese).
[17]Zhang W H,Yao Y S.Analysis of dynamic characteristic of groundwater before and after second i mpoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamic,2007,27(5):94-98(in Chinese).
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[29]Criss R E,Singleton MJ,Champion D E.Three-di mensional oxygenisotopei maging of convective fluidfowl aroundthe big bonanza,Comstock Lode Mining District,Nevada[J].Eco-nomic Geology,2000,95(1):131-142.
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[34]Rose S.Utilization of decadal tritium variation for assessing the residence ti me of base flow[J].Ground Water,2007,45(3):309-317.
[35]Zhang W,Wang J Y,E X M,et al.The Principal and Meth-ods of Earthquake Prediction Using Hydrogeochemistry[M].Beijing:Education Science Press,1988:215-250(in Chi-nese).
[36]Xing Y A,Wang J Y.The new method of prediction for the earthquake risk area with evolutionary diagrams of radon in ground water[J].Earthquake,2000,20(4):1-6(in Chi-nese).
[37]Wang C M,Li X H,Wei B L.Applications of Fracture-gas Measurement to the Earthquake Studies in China[M].Bei-jing:Seismological Press,1991:136-197(in Chinese).
[38]Liu Y W.The main science advance of earthquake research of underground fluid on“Ninth Five-Year Plan”key object in China[J].Earthquake,2002,22(4):1-8(in Chinese).
[39]Liu Y W,Che Y T.Retrospect and prospect of observation and study on seismic underground fluid in China[J].Earth-quake Research in China,2006,22(3):210-222(in Chi-nese).
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[1]林瑞芬,卫克勤,王志祥.我国某些地热田和温泉的环境同位素研究.全国第四届同位素会议论文汇编,1989:264-266.
[1]Sugisaki R.Deep-seated gas emission induced by the earth tide:Abasic observation for geochemica1earthquake predic-tion[J].Science,1981,212:1264-1266.
[2]Qiu C Y.The application of He/Ar ratio of groundwater tested by mass spectrometer in earthquake monitoring[J].Mass Spectrometry,1983(1):3-9(in Chinese).
[3]Wakita H,Nakamura Y,Kita I,et al.Hydrogen release:Newindicator of fault activity[J].Science,1980,210:188-190.
[4]O Neil J R,King C.Variations in stable-isotope ratios of ground water in seismically active regions of California[J].Geophys Res Lett,1981,8(5):429-432.
[5]Bradbury K R.Tritiumas anindicator of ground-water agein Central Wisconsin[J].Ground Water,1991,29(3):398-404.
[6]Wang D S,Liu E K,Zhang HP,et al.Application of envi-ronmental tritium and carbon-14to the esti mation of the Karst groundwater age andthe catchment area of Niangziguan spring in North China[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,1991,18(2):2-6(in Chinese).
[7]Demlie M,Wohnlich S,Gizaw B,et al.Groundwater re-charge in the Akaki catchment,central Ethiopia:Evidence fromenvironmental isotopes(18O,2Hand3H)and chloride mass balance[J].Hydrological Processes,2007,21(6):807-818.
[8]Mukherjee A,Fryar A E,Rowe H D.Regional-scale stable isotopic signatures of recharge and deep groundwater in the arsenic affected areas of West Bengal,India[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,334(1):151-161.
[9]Hiroshiro Y,Jinno K,Tsutsumi A.Esti mation of residence ti me and catchment area for spring water using radioactive i-sotope and groundwater flow model[J].Memoirs of the Fac-ulty of Engineering,2007,67(1):1-9.
[10]King C Y.Earthquake-related hydrologic and geochemical changes[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2004,24(1):19-28.
[11]Shangguan Z G,Zang W.Modern geothermal fluid geochem-isty of Tancheng-Lujiang fault and Jiaodong-Liaodong fault block zone[J].Science in China:Series D,1998,28(1):23-29(in Chinese).
[12]Qian H,Ma Z Y.Hydrogeochemisty[M].Beijing:Geolog-ical Publishing House,2005(in Chinese).
[13]Du J G,Liu C Q.Isotopic-geochemical application to earth-quake prediction[J].Earthquake,2003,23(2):99-107(in Chinese).
[14]Wakui H,Yamanaka T.Sources of groundwater recharge and their local differences in the central part of Nasu fan as revealed by stable isotopes[J].Journal of Groundwater Hy-drology,2006,48(4):263-277.
[15]Ping J H,Cao J F,Su X S,et al.Application of isotopic technique to the research of the affected range of lateral seep-age of the down-Yellow River water[J].Journal of Jilin Uni-versity:Earth Science Edition,2004,34(3):399-404(in Chinese).
[16]Che Y T,Liu WZ,Yu J Z,et al.Dynamic change of subsur-face fluidin Three Gorges Well Network before and after res-ervoir i mpounding[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamic,2004,24(2):14-22(in Chinese).
[17]Zhang W H,Yao Y S.Analysis of dynamic characteristic of groundwater before and after second i mpoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamic,2007,27(5):94-98(in Chinese).
[18]Wang J H,Lin Y W,Liu C L.Effect of subsurface fluid in the earthquake preparation and occurrence—Taking the geo-thermal area in the southern Zhangjiakou as an example[J].Earthquake,2000(Suppl):115-118(in Chinese).
[19]Lin Y W.Discussion on the relation between circulation depth of hot spring water and seismic activityin the northern segment of Honghe fault zone[J].Seismology and Geology,1993,15(3):193-199(in Chinese).
[20]Che Y T,Wang J H,Yu J Z.Characteristic of thermal fluids in upper crust and its relationship with seismicity in Yan-gqing-Huanlai Basin[J].Seismology and Geology,2001,23(1):49-54(in Chinese).
[21]Shangguan Z G,Liu G F,Gao C S.The discharges and sources of CO2in the area of the boundary faults of the Si-chuan-Yunan Block[J].Earthquake Research in China,1993,9(2):146-153(in Chinese).
[22]Wang G C,Zhang Z C,Wang M,et al.The geochemical characteristic of geothermal water and noble gasesin Yanhuai Basin,China[J].Seismology and Geology,2003,25(3):421-429(in Chinese).
[23]Wang W H,Zhang H,Su HJ.Research on the relation of circulation depth of hot spring water with seismicity in the northern marginfault zone of Qinling[J].Northwestern Seis-mological Journal,2008,30(1):73-79(in Chinese).
[24]Sun B Y,Wang Y C,Hou YZ.Isotope characteristic andits application to earthquake prediction research in Jizhong and adjacent areas[J].Geology and Geochemistry,1994(4):50-54(in Chinese).
[25]Huang W,Zhou W B,Chen P.The study on mechanical effect of the chemical action of water-rock on rocks[J].West-China Exploration Engineering,2006(1):122-125(in Chi-nese).
[26]Li B Q.Some progress in the research of chemical effects of subsurface fluid on rocks[J].Translated Seismology and Ge-ology,1995,17(2):47-51(in Chinese).
[27]Che Y T,Liu WZ,Yu J Z,et al.The assumption of hard interlayer gestating of middle crust and fluid inducing earth-quake in strong earthquake of internal plate[J].Acta Seis-mologica Sinica,2000,22(1):93-101(in Chinese).
[28]Baumgartner L P,Valley J W.Stable isotope transport and contact metamorphic fluid flow[J].Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry,2001,43(Suppl):415-467.
[29]Criss R E,Singleton MJ,Champion D E.Three-di mensional oxygenisotopei maging of convective fluidfowl aroundthe big bonanza,Comstock Lode Mining District,Nevada[J].Eco-nomic Geology,2000,95(1):131-142.
[30]Gregory R T,Richards I J,Ferguson K M,et al.Coupled oxygen and hydrogen isotope exchange in Archean igneous rocks:Constraints on the seawater and the hydrosphere[J].Geochi mica et Cosmochi mica Acta,2008,72(12):327-335.
[31]Zhao Z F,Zheng Y F,Xian Q,et al.Geochemical kinetics of oxygen isotope exchange between water and minerals in Mes-ozoic igneous rocks from the Dabie Orogen[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2007,26(1):11-18(in Chinese).
[32]Pan S X,Gao A T.A preli minary study of the relation be-tween reflecting earthquake ability of spring and groundwater age and its application in earthquake prediction[J].North-western Seismological Journal,2001,23(2):189-193(in Chi-nese).
[33]Qian Y P,Qin D J,Pang Z H,et al.A discussion of re-charge sources of deep groundwater in the Ejin Basin in the lower reaches of Heihe River[J].Hydrogeology and Engi-neering Geology,2006,33(3):25-29(in Chinese).
[34]Rose S.Utilization of decadal tritium variation for assessing the residence ti me of base flow[J].Ground Water,2007,45(3):309-317.
[35]Zhang W,Wang J Y,E X M,et al.The Principal and Meth-ods of Earthquake Prediction Using Hydrogeochemistry[M].Beijing:Education Science Press,1988:215-250(in Chi-nese).
[36]Xing Y A,Wang J Y.The new method of prediction for the earthquake risk area with evolutionary diagrams of radon in ground water[J].Earthquake,2000,20(4):1-6(in Chi-nese).
[37]Wang C M,Li X H,Wei B L.Applications of Fracture-gas Measurement to the Earthquake Studies in China[M].Bei-jing:Seismological Press,1991:136-197(in Chinese).
[38]Liu Y W.The main science advance of earthquake research of underground fluid on“Ninth Five-Year Plan”key object in China[J].Earthquake,2002,22(4):1-8(in Chinese).
[39]Liu Y W,Che Y T.Retrospect and prospect of observation and study on seismic underground fluid in China[J].Earth-quake Research in China,2006,22(3):210-222(in Chi-nese).
[2]邱纯一.质谱仪测定地下水He/Ar比值及其在地震监测中的应用[J].质谱学杂志,1983(1):3-9.
[6]王东升,刘恩凯,张洪平.应用环境氚和碳-14估算娘子关泉岩溶地下水年龄和汇水区面积[J].水文地质工程地质,1991,18(2):2-6.
[11]上官志冠,臧伟.郯庐断裂及胶辽断块区现代地热流体地球化学[J].中国科学:D辑,1998,28(1):23-29.
[12]钱会,马致远.水文地球化学[M].北京:地质出版社,2005.
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