重力挡土墙地震反应研究评述
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摘要
首先,对重力挡土墙的地震反应机理进行了探讨,在此基础上简要回顾了国内外抗震设计规范的演变进程;然后,对挡土墙地震反应的研究方法进行了细致评述,包括拟静力极限平衡分析法、简化条件解析法、极限位移法、地震土压力简化公式、集总参数法、整体有限元法、现场地震调查、离心机试验、振动台试验和原型观测实验等;最后,指出了需要解决的问题并提出了今后的研究方向。
Firstly,seismic response mechanism of gravity type retaining wall(GTRW) is discussed.And based on this,aseismic design codes of retaining wall at home and abroad are evaluated.Then,analysis methods of GTRW, including pseudo-static equilibrium method,analytical method on simple condition,limit displacement method,simple formula of earthquake earth pressure,lumped parameter method,FEM,seismic investigations in field and centrifugal test, shaking table test and prototype test,etc.are carefully reviewed.At the same time,concise remarks are made.Finally,existing problems are pointed out and the study problems,which need to be done in future,are suggested.Especially,combined with soil test,development of a nonlinear numerical simulation technique with higher efficiency,accuracy,more stability and possibility to consider water effect in soil is a trend.
Firstly,seismic response mechanism of gravity type retaining wall(GTRW) is discussed.And based on this,aseismic design codes of retaining wall at home and abroad are evaluated.Then,analysis methods of GTRW, including pseudo-static equilibrium method,analytical method on simple condition,limit displacement method,simple formula of earthquake earth pressure,lumped parameter method,FEM,seismic investigations in field and centrifugal test, shaking table test and prototype test,etc.are carefully reviewed.At the same time,concise remarks are made.Finally,existing problems are pointed out and the study problems,which need to be done in future,are suggested.Especially,combined with soil test,development of a nonlinear numerical simulation technique with higher efficiency,accuracy,more stability and possibility to consider water effect in soil is a trend.
引文
[1]中国地震局检测预报司.中国大陆地震灾害损失评估汇编(1996-2000)[M].北京:地震出版社,2001.
[2]冶金工业部建筑研究总院工程抗震研究室.九国抗震设计规范汇编[M].北京:地震出版社,1982.
[3]IAEE.Earthquake Resistant Regu lations:A W orld L ist-1992[M].International Associations for Earthquake Engineering,1992.
[4]EUROCODE 8(European prestandard).D esign provisions for earthquake resistance of structures.Part 5:Foundations,retain ing structures andgeotechn ical aspects[S].The Comm ission of the European Commun ities.1994.
[5]AASHTO.美国公路桥梁设计规范[S].辛济平,万国朝,张文,鲍卫刚,等译.北京:人民交通出版社,1994.
[6]W h itman R V.Seism ic design of earth retain ing structures[A].Proceed ings of 2nd International Conference on RecentAdvances in Geotechn icalEarthquake Engineering and Soil Dynam ics,1991:1767-1778.
[7]Nad im F,W h itman R V.Seism ic analysis and design of retain ing walls[J].SoilDynam ics and Geotechn ical Earthquake Engineering,1993:387-411.
[8]Seed H B,W h itman RV.D esign of earth retain ing structures for dynam ic loads[A].ASCE Specialty Conf.on Lateral Stresses in the G roundand D esign of Earth Retain ing Structures[C].Ithaca,NY,1970:103-147.
[9]李涛.地震主动简化计算公式[J].铁道工程学报,1996,(1).
[10]梁波.地震条件下桥台台背主动土压力简化计算方法[J].铁道工程学报,1999,(2).
[11]Chugh A K.A un ified procedure for earth pressure calcu lations[A].Th ird International Conference on RecentAdvances in Geotechn ical Earth-quake Engineering and Soil Dynam ics[C].Paper No.4.03,1995:1179-1182.
[12]张建民.任意侧向任意位移状态下土压力的评价方法[A].第五届全国土动力学学术会议论文集[C].大连:大连理工大学出版社,1998.
[13]Choudhury D.Seism ic passive resistance at soil-wall interface[A].13thWCEE[C].Canada,2004:2746.
[14]CHEN Xueliang,TAO X iaxin.Seism ic earth pressures on retain ing wall w ith cohesive backfill[A].International Conference on Advances andNew Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research[C].Aug.15-17,2002,Harb in,Ch ina.
[15]陈学良,陶夏新.粘性土挡土墙地震土压力解析解[A].现代地震工程进展[C].南京:东南大学出版社,2002,218-224.
[16]陈宪麦.挡土墙抗震设计中两个重要问题的研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2003.
[17]Scott R E.Earthquake-induced pressures on retain ing walls[A].Porch.The 5thWCEE[C].1973.
[18]Sun Kem ing,L in Gao.Dynam ic response of soil pressure on retain ing wall[A].Th ird International Conference on RecentAdvances in Geotech-n ical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynam ics[C]Vol.III,St.Lou is,M issouri,Paper No.4.17,1995:347-350.
[19]R ichards R,E lm s D G.Seism ic behavior of gravity retain ing walls[J].Journal of the Geotechn ical Engineering D ivision,ASCE,1979,105(GT4):449-464.
[20]E lm s D G,R ichards R.Seism ic design of gravity retain ing walls[J].Bu lletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering,1979,12(2):114-121.
[21]Zarrab i-Kashan i K.Slid ing of gravity retain ing wall during earthquakes considering vertical accelerations and changing inclination of failure sur-face[D].D epartm ent of C ivil Engineering,Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,MA.1979.
[22]E lm s D G.Refinem ents to the newmark slid ing b lock model[A].Proc.,12thWCEE[C].Ph ilipp ines,2000,5:1-3.
[23]R ichards R J,F ishman K L Ishman,Mander J B,Yao D.4 tilting failure of retain ing walls includ ing p-delta effect and application to kobewalls[A].Proc.,12thWCEE[C].Ph ilipp ines,2000,5(12):21-30.
[24]S imonelli A L,Carafa P,Feola A,C rewe A J,Taylor C A,Retain ing walls under seism ic actions:shak ing tab le testing and num erical approa-ches[A].Proc.,12thWCEE[C].Ph ilipp ines,2000,5(12):37-48.
[25]S imonelli A L,V iggian i C.Som e remarks on retain ing wall design under seism ic cond itions[A].10thW orld Conference Earthq.Eng[C].Balk-ena,Rotterdam,1992:1665-1670.
[26]Kap ila J P.Earthquake resistant design of retain ing walls[A].Proceed ings,2ndEarthquake Symposium[C].Un iversity of Roorkee,Roorkee,Ind ia.1962.
[27]Veletsos A,Younan A H.Dynam ic soil pressure on rigid verticalwalls[J].Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynam ics,1994,23:275-301.
[28]W u yingwei,Prakash S.Seism ic d isplacem ent of rigid retain ing wall on subm ergence[A].Proc.,12 thWCEE[C].Makati shangri-La Hotel,Makati C ity,Ph ilipp ines,2000,5.
[29]Rafnsson E A.D isplacem ent based design of rigid retain ing walls sub jected to dynam ic loads considering soil non linearity[D].Un iversity ofM is-souri-Rolla,USA.1991.
[30]Ghahraman i A,Anvar S A.Dynam ic earth pressure simu lation by single degree of freedom system[A].13thWC EE[C].Canada,2004,PaperNo.2663.
[31]Nad im F,W h itman R V.Seism ically induced movem ent of retain ing walls[J].Journal of the Geotechn ical Engineering D ivision,ASCE,1983,109(7):915-931.
[32]Nad im F,W h itman R V.Coupled slid ing and tilting of gravity retain ing walls during earthquakes[A].Proceed ings of 8 th WCEE[C].SanFrancisco,CA.1984.
[33]刘勇生.桥台滑坡与动土压力[D].哈尔滨:国家地震局工程力学研究所,1988.
[34]何度心,高金英.地震时桥台的滑坡问题[R].哈尔滨:中国科学院工程力学研究所,1978.
[35]何度心.桥梁震动研究[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.
[36]Zeng X.Seism ic response of gravity quay walls.I:Centrifuge modeling[J].Journal of Geotechn ical and Geoenvirononm ental Engineering,1998,124(5):406-417.
[37]Madabhush i S P G,Zeng X.Seism ic response of gravity quay walls.II:Num erical modeling[J].Journal of Geotechn ical and Geoenvironon-m ental Engineering,1998,124(5):418-427.
[38]Zeng X,Steedman R S.Rotating b lock m ethod for seism ic d isplacem ent of gravity walls[J].Journal of geotechn ical and geoenvironm ental engi-neering,ASCE,2001:709-717.
[39]Zeng X.Earthquake induced d isplacem ent of gravity retain ing walls[A].Th ird International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechn icalEESD[C].1995,3:339-342.
[40]P itilak isK,Moutsak isA.Seism ic analysis and behavior of gravity retain ing walls-the case ofKalamata HarborQuaywall[J].Soil and Found.,Tokyo,Japan,1989,29(1):1-17.
[41]陈学良.挡土墙地震反应的波动模拟分析[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2001.
[42]陈学良,袁一凡.求解振动方程的一种显式积分格式及其精度与稳定性[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(3):9-14.
[43]陈学良,袁一凡.挡土墙地震反应的波动模拟[A].现代地震工程进展[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2002:266-271.
[44]袁一凡,陈学良.挡土墙地震反应的波动模拟分析[A].新世纪地震工程与防震减灾[C].北京:地震出版社,2002:585-579.
[45]陈学良,袁一凡.挡土墙地震反应非线性波动模拟[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(4):9-16.
[46]周晓岩.重力式挡土结构水平地震作用沿高度分布[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2005.
[47]中国赴日地震考察团.日本阪神大地震考察[M].北京:地震出版社,1995.
[48]Tateyama M,Tatsuoka F,Kosek i J,Horii K.Damage to soil retain ing walls for railway embankm ents during the greatHansh in-Awaji earth-quake[A].lst Int.Conf.Earthq.Geotech.Engg[C].Tokyo,1995:49-54.
[49]刘恢先.唐山大地震震害[M].北京:地震出版社,1986.
[50]Nazarian H,Had jian A H.Earthquake induced lateral soil pressure on structures[J].ASCE,Journal ofGeotechn ical Engineering,1979,105(GT9):1049-1066.
[51]D ewoolkarM M,Stad ler A T,Batiste S N,KoH Y,Pak R Y S.Dynam ic centrifuge experim ent on a cantilever retain ing wall[A].3thIntern.Conf.on RecentAdvances in Geotechn ical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynam ics[C].Paper No.2.14,1995:1117-1121.
[52]Fu jiwara T,Horikosh i K,H iguch i Y,Sueoka T.Estimation of dynam ic d isplacem ent of gravity type quay walls based on centrifuge modeling[A].Proc.,12thWCEE[C].Makati shangri-La Hotel,Makati C ity,Ph ilipp ines,2000.
[53]V lavianos G J.Probab ility of seism ic failure in retain ing walls[A].Proceed ings,F irstHellentic Conference on Geotechn ical Engin[C].Ath-ens,February 1988.
[2]冶金工业部建筑研究总院工程抗震研究室.九国抗震设计规范汇编[M].北京:地震出版社,1982.
[3]IAEE.Earthquake Resistant Regu lations:A W orld L ist-1992[M].International Associations for Earthquake Engineering,1992.
[4]EUROCODE 8(European prestandard).D esign provisions for earthquake resistance of structures.Part 5:Foundations,retain ing structures andgeotechn ical aspects[S].The Comm ission of the European Commun ities.1994.
[5]AASHTO.美国公路桥梁设计规范[S].辛济平,万国朝,张文,鲍卫刚,等译.北京:人民交通出版社,1994.
[6]W h itman R V.Seism ic design of earth retain ing structures[A].Proceed ings of 2nd International Conference on RecentAdvances in Geotechn icalEarthquake Engineering and Soil Dynam ics,1991:1767-1778.
[7]Nad im F,W h itman R V.Seism ic analysis and design of retain ing walls[J].SoilDynam ics and Geotechn ical Earthquake Engineering,1993:387-411.
[8]Seed H B,W h itman RV.D esign of earth retain ing structures for dynam ic loads[A].ASCE Specialty Conf.on Lateral Stresses in the G roundand D esign of Earth Retain ing Structures[C].Ithaca,NY,1970:103-147.
[9]李涛.地震主动简化计算公式[J].铁道工程学报,1996,(1).
[10]梁波.地震条件下桥台台背主动土压力简化计算方法[J].铁道工程学报,1999,(2).
[11]Chugh A K.A un ified procedure for earth pressure calcu lations[A].Th ird International Conference on RecentAdvances in Geotechn ical Earth-quake Engineering and Soil Dynam ics[C].Paper No.4.03,1995:1179-1182.
[12]张建民.任意侧向任意位移状态下土压力的评价方法[A].第五届全国土动力学学术会议论文集[C].大连:大连理工大学出版社,1998.
[13]Choudhury D.Seism ic passive resistance at soil-wall interface[A].13thWCEE[C].Canada,2004:2746.
[14]CHEN Xueliang,TAO X iaxin.Seism ic earth pressures on retain ing wall w ith cohesive backfill[A].International Conference on Advances andNew Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research[C].Aug.15-17,2002,Harb in,Ch ina.
[15]陈学良,陶夏新.粘性土挡土墙地震土压力解析解[A].现代地震工程进展[C].南京:东南大学出版社,2002,218-224.
[16]陈宪麦.挡土墙抗震设计中两个重要问题的研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2003.
[17]Scott R E.Earthquake-induced pressures on retain ing walls[A].Porch.The 5thWCEE[C].1973.
[18]Sun Kem ing,L in Gao.Dynam ic response of soil pressure on retain ing wall[A].Th ird International Conference on RecentAdvances in Geotech-n ical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynam ics[C]Vol.III,St.Lou is,M issouri,Paper No.4.17,1995:347-350.
[19]R ichards R,E lm s D G.Seism ic behavior of gravity retain ing walls[J].Journal of the Geotechn ical Engineering D ivision,ASCE,1979,105(GT4):449-464.
[20]E lm s D G,R ichards R.Seism ic design of gravity retain ing walls[J].Bu lletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering,1979,12(2):114-121.
[21]Zarrab i-Kashan i K.Slid ing of gravity retain ing wall during earthquakes considering vertical accelerations and changing inclination of failure sur-face[D].D epartm ent of C ivil Engineering,Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,MA.1979.
[22]E lm s D G.Refinem ents to the newmark slid ing b lock model[A].Proc.,12thWCEE[C].Ph ilipp ines,2000,5:1-3.
[23]R ichards R J,F ishman K L Ishman,Mander J B,Yao D.4 tilting failure of retain ing walls includ ing p-delta effect and application to kobewalls[A].Proc.,12thWCEE[C].Ph ilipp ines,2000,5(12):21-30.
[24]S imonelli A L,Carafa P,Feola A,C rewe A J,Taylor C A,Retain ing walls under seism ic actions:shak ing tab le testing and num erical approa-ches[A].Proc.,12thWCEE[C].Ph ilipp ines,2000,5(12):37-48.
[25]S imonelli A L,V iggian i C.Som e remarks on retain ing wall design under seism ic cond itions[A].10thW orld Conference Earthq.Eng[C].Balk-ena,Rotterdam,1992:1665-1670.
[26]Kap ila J P.Earthquake resistant design of retain ing walls[A].Proceed ings,2ndEarthquake Symposium[C].Un iversity of Roorkee,Roorkee,Ind ia.1962.
[27]Veletsos A,Younan A H.Dynam ic soil pressure on rigid verticalwalls[J].Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynam ics,1994,23:275-301.
[28]W u yingwei,Prakash S.Seism ic d isplacem ent of rigid retain ing wall on subm ergence[A].Proc.,12 thWCEE[C].Makati shangri-La Hotel,Makati C ity,Ph ilipp ines,2000,5.
[29]Rafnsson E A.D isplacem ent based design of rigid retain ing walls sub jected to dynam ic loads considering soil non linearity[D].Un iversity ofM is-souri-Rolla,USA.1991.
[30]Ghahraman i A,Anvar S A.Dynam ic earth pressure simu lation by single degree of freedom system[A].13thWC EE[C].Canada,2004,PaperNo.2663.
[31]Nad im F,W h itman R V.Seism ically induced movem ent of retain ing walls[J].Journal of the Geotechn ical Engineering D ivision,ASCE,1983,109(7):915-931.
[32]Nad im F,W h itman R V.Coupled slid ing and tilting of gravity retain ing walls during earthquakes[A].Proceed ings of 8 th WCEE[C].SanFrancisco,CA.1984.
[33]刘勇生.桥台滑坡与动土压力[D].哈尔滨:国家地震局工程力学研究所,1988.
[34]何度心,高金英.地震时桥台的滑坡问题[R].哈尔滨:中国科学院工程力学研究所,1978.
[35]何度心.桥梁震动研究[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.
[36]Zeng X.Seism ic response of gravity quay walls.I:Centrifuge modeling[J].Journal of Geotechn ical and Geoenvirononm ental Engineering,1998,124(5):406-417.
[37]Madabhush i S P G,Zeng X.Seism ic response of gravity quay walls.II:Num erical modeling[J].Journal of Geotechn ical and Geoenvironon-m ental Engineering,1998,124(5):418-427.
[38]Zeng X,Steedman R S.Rotating b lock m ethod for seism ic d isplacem ent of gravity walls[J].Journal of geotechn ical and geoenvironm ental engi-neering,ASCE,2001:709-717.
[39]Zeng X.Earthquake induced d isplacem ent of gravity retain ing walls[A].Th ird International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechn icalEESD[C].1995,3:339-342.
[40]P itilak isK,Moutsak isA.Seism ic analysis and behavior of gravity retain ing walls-the case ofKalamata HarborQuaywall[J].Soil and Found.,Tokyo,Japan,1989,29(1):1-17.
[41]陈学良.挡土墙地震反应的波动模拟分析[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2001.
[42]陈学良,袁一凡.求解振动方程的一种显式积分格式及其精度与稳定性[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(3):9-14.
[43]陈学良,袁一凡.挡土墙地震反应的波动模拟[A].现代地震工程进展[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2002:266-271.
[44]袁一凡,陈学良.挡土墙地震反应的波动模拟分析[A].新世纪地震工程与防震减灾[C].北京:地震出版社,2002:585-579.
[45]陈学良,袁一凡.挡土墙地震反应非线性波动模拟[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(4):9-16.
[46]周晓岩.重力式挡土结构水平地震作用沿高度分布[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2005.
[47]中国赴日地震考察团.日本阪神大地震考察[M].北京:地震出版社,1995.
[48]Tateyama M,Tatsuoka F,Kosek i J,Horii K.Damage to soil retain ing walls for railway embankm ents during the greatHansh in-Awaji earth-quake[A].lst Int.Conf.Earthq.Geotech.Engg[C].Tokyo,1995:49-54.
[49]刘恢先.唐山大地震震害[M].北京:地震出版社,1986.
[50]Nazarian H,Had jian A H.Earthquake induced lateral soil pressure on structures[J].ASCE,Journal ofGeotechn ical Engineering,1979,105(GT9):1049-1066.
[51]D ewoolkarM M,Stad ler A T,Batiste S N,KoH Y,Pak R Y S.Dynam ic centrifuge experim ent on a cantilever retain ing wall[A].3thIntern.Conf.on RecentAdvances in Geotechn ical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynam ics[C].Paper No.2.14,1995:1117-1121.
[52]Fu jiwara T,Horikosh i K,H iguch i Y,Sueoka T.Estimation of dynam ic d isplacem ent of gravity type quay walls based on centrifuge modeling[A].Proc.,12thWCEE[C].Makati shangri-La Hotel,Makati C ity,Ph ilipp ines,2000.
[53]V lavianos G J.Probab ility of seism ic failure in retain ing walls[A].Proceed ings,F irstHellentic Conference on Geotechn ical Engin[C].Ath-ens,February 1988.
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