汶川地震灾后农村自建临时过渡住房案例调研
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摘要
通过对汶川地震灾后四川省什邡和绵竹市农村地区灾民自建临时过渡住房的实地调查,指出虽然自建临时过渡住房在安全、质量、卫生等方面存在较大的缺点,但也具有自主性强、成本低、建造周期短、材料易于得到、技术要求低、利于保持原有产权和社会关系稳定等优点,应充分重视灾民的创造性,加强灾后临时过渡住房的研究和指导。
Through on-the-spot investigation into self-built transitional shelters in rural areas of Shifang and Mianzhu in Sichan Province after Wenchuan Earthquake,the paper summarizes that self-built transitional shelters have some disadvantages such as unsafe site,crude construction and poor sanitation,but also have advantages which are strong independence,low cost,short building period,accessible materials,low skills,clear property right,preserving the local social environment,etc.Finally,it suggests that the government should learn creative ideas from victims,and make more effort on research and providing guidance for transitional sheltering after natural disaster.
Through on-the-spot investigation into self-built transitional shelters in rural areas of Shifang and Mianzhu in Sichan Province after Wenchuan Earthquake,the paper summarizes that self-built transitional shelters have some disadvantages such as unsafe site,crude construction and poor sanitation,but also have advantages which are strong independence,low cost,short building period,accessible materials,low skills,clear property right,preserving the local social environment,etc.Finally,it suggests that the government should learn creative ideas from victims,and make more effort on research and providing guidance for transitional sheltering after natural disaster.
引文
1)UN-Habitat,UNHCR,IFRC.Shelter Projects2008,2008:84-85.http://www.recoveryplatform.org/outfile.php-id=202&href=http://www.recoveryplatform.org/assets/publication/UN-Habitat-shelter-projects-2008.pdf.乐施会的名称来源于1942年成立的牛津饥荒救济委员会,当时是一个在第二次世界大战期间为希腊受饥饿的妇女和儿童提供食物的联盟组织,后成长为一个具有世界影响力的紧急救援组织。1995年,一些独立的非政府组织成立了国际乐施会,主要目标是建立一个反贫穷和不公正的国际组织平台。目前有14个成员联盟。在成立几十年的过程中,乐施会在全世界各地参与了大量的救灾工作,积累了大量的经验。有关情况参见www.oxfam.org。Ian Davis是牛津大学的教授,从1972年开始持续研究灾害管理,是1982年联合国救灾署(UNDRO)发布的《灾后庇护所(shelter)救助指南》的主要顾问学者之一。Fred Cuny是国际著名的灾害救助专家,1971年～1995年,Cuny和他建立的Intertect顾问公司,和一些非政府组织、联合国有关机构、捐助人一起参与了一系列著名的灾害救助工作,第一个撰写出灾后营地规划指南,在灾后庇护所的建设、最低人道主义标准、营地规划设计、生计恢复、政策干预等方面提出许多建设性的设想,1995年Cuny死于车臣战争。从1982到2005年,关于灾后庇护所和住房的研究,举办了8次重要的国际会议,另外从2002年开始每6个月举办一次论坛,这些会议和论坛主要集中在三个方面的内容,一是安置,比如研究灾后庇护所的类型和质量的标准,灾后庇护所和住房等项目长期发展的过程和结果等,二是能力,比如研究改进灾后应对的程序,各种组织的协调机制以及当地的应对能力等,三是实施,比如研究灾后援助的重要性包括计划和结果的评估,退出机制以及国际社会相互经验的学习和传播等。
3)数据来源:中新网3月8日电,四川省建设厅厅长杨洪波就四川地震灾后重建恢复情况接受中外记者专题采访时指出。http://www.chinanews.com.cn/edu/kong/news/2009/03-08/1592624.shtml
4)什邡、绵竹市政府网站,http://www.shifang.gov.cn,http://www.mz.gov.cn
5)按照《汶川地震灾后恢复重建城乡住房建设专项规划》,灾后什邡、绵竹市农房新建户数分别约为11.46万、12.7万户。后根据实际情况有所调整,什邡市数据来源:德阳灾后重建网http://www.deyang.gov.cn/dyweb/cj/,什邡:确保居者有其屋攻坚战全面打响。绵竹市数据来源:四川新闻网http://www.scol.com.cn/,绵竹12.4万户农房重建倒计时
7)如果包括厨房和菜地的空间,推荐的人均占地最低标准为45m2。“全球计划”提出包括基础设施的面积,推荐的人均占地最低标准也是45m2;Shelter Centre.Shelter after disaster07b,2007:25-26.http://www.humanitarianreform.org/humanitarianreform/Portals/1/cluster%20approach%20page/clusters%20pages/CCm/IDP%20Key%20Resources/Shelter%20Centre,%202007,%20Shelter%20after%20Disaster.pdf
[1]UNDRO.Shelter after disaster guidelines for assistance,1982:iii,5.http://www.sheltercentre.org/library/shelter+after+disas ter+guidelines+assistance
[2]UN/OCHA.Exploring key changes and developments in post disaster settlement,shelter and housing,19822006,2006:30-32.http://www.sheltercentre.org/library/Exploring+key+changes+and+developments+postdisaster+settlement+shelter+and+housin g+19822006
[3]E.L.Quarantelli.Patterns of sheltering and housing in American disasters.University of Delaware Disaster Research Center,PRELIMINARY PAPER#170,1991:3-5.http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/19716/542/3/PP170.pdf
[4]仇保兴.震后重建案例分析——地震后重建技术丛书(国外篇)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.http://www.china-up.com/512dz/book/index.asp
[5]四川省人民政府2010年政府工作报告[N].四川日报,2010-2-4.
[6]UN-Habitat,UNHCR,IFRC.Shelter Projects2008,2008:Ⅷ.http://www.recoveryplatform.org/outfile.p h p-i d=202&h r e f=h t t p://w w w.recoveryplatform.org/assets/publication/UN-Habitat-shelter-projects-2008.pdf.
[7]Sphere projects.Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response,2004:4,219.http://www.sheltercentre.org/library/Humanitarian+Cha rter+and+Minimum+Standards+Disaster+Res ponse
[8]UNHCR.Handbook for Emergencies.Third Edition,2007:210,221.220.http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/46a9e29a2.pdf
[9]范悦,周博.中日震后应急临时住宅建设与使用状况启示[J].大连理工大学学报,2009,Vol.49(5):689;UN/OCHA.Shelter Centre,DFID.Transitional settlement and reconstruction after natural disasters,2008:90-91.http://www.sheltercentre.org/library/Transitional+settlement+and+reconst ruction+after+natural+disasters
[10]郭晓鸣.当前过渡安置房建设存在的问题与政策建议.决策咨询通讯,2008(增刊):71.
[11]Oxfam.Sheltering people after disasters:lessons from the tsunami,2008.http://www.oxfamamerica.org/publications/aggregator/reports/enhanced-summary-view-b-start:int=40&-C=
[12]藤井明.聚落探访[M].宁晶.译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003:186
3)数据来源:中新网3月8日电,四川省建设厅厅长杨洪波就四川地震灾后重建恢复情况接受中外记者专题采访时指出。http://www.chinanews.com.cn/edu/kong/news/2009/03-08/1592624.shtml
4)什邡、绵竹市政府网站,http://www.shifang.gov.cn,http://www.mz.gov.cn
5)按照《汶川地震灾后恢复重建城乡住房建设专项规划》,灾后什邡、绵竹市农房新建户数分别约为11.46万、12.7万户。后根据实际情况有所调整,什邡市数据来源:德阳灾后重建网http://www.deyang.gov.cn/dyweb/cj/,什邡:确保居者有其屋攻坚战全面打响。绵竹市数据来源:四川新闻网http://www.scol.com.cn/,绵竹12.4万户农房重建倒计时
7)如果包括厨房和菜地的空间,推荐的人均占地最低标准为45m2。“全球计划”提出包括基础设施的面积,推荐的人均占地最低标准也是45m2;Shelter Centre.Shelter after disaster07b,2007:25-26.http://www.humanitarianreform.org/humanitarianreform/Portals/1/cluster%20approach%20page/clusters%20pages/CCm/IDP%20Key%20Resources/Shelter%20Centre,%202007,%20Shelter%20after%20Disaster.pdf
[1]UNDRO.Shelter after disaster guidelines for assistance,1982:iii,5.http://www.sheltercentre.org/library/shelter+after+disas ter+guidelines+assistance
[2]UN/OCHA.Exploring key changes and developments in post disaster settlement,shelter and housing,19822006,2006:30-32.http://www.sheltercentre.org/library/Exploring+key+changes+and+developments+postdisaster+settlement+shelter+and+housin g+19822006
[3]E.L.Quarantelli.Patterns of sheltering and housing in American disasters.University of Delaware Disaster Research Center,PRELIMINARY PAPER#170,1991:3-5.http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/19716/542/3/PP170.pdf
[4]仇保兴.震后重建案例分析——地震后重建技术丛书(国外篇)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.http://www.china-up.com/512dz/book/index.asp
[5]四川省人民政府2010年政府工作报告[N].四川日报,2010-2-4.
[6]UN-Habitat,UNHCR,IFRC.Shelter Projects2008,2008:Ⅷ.http://www.recoveryplatform.org/outfile.p h p-i d=202&h r e f=h t t p://w w w.recoveryplatform.org/assets/publication/UN-Habitat-shelter-projects-2008.pdf.
[7]Sphere projects.Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response,2004:4,219.http://www.sheltercentre.org/library/Humanitarian+Cha rter+and+Minimum+Standards+Disaster+Res ponse
[8]UNHCR.Handbook for Emergencies.Third Edition,2007:210,221.220.http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/46a9e29a2.pdf
[9]范悦,周博.中日震后应急临时住宅建设与使用状况启示[J].大连理工大学学报,2009,Vol.49(5):689;UN/OCHA.Shelter Centre,DFID.Transitional settlement and reconstruction after natural disasters,2008:90-91.http://www.sheltercentre.org/library/Transitional+settlement+and+reconst ruction+after+natural+disasters
[10]郭晓鸣.当前过渡安置房建设存在的问题与政策建议.决策咨询通讯,2008(增刊):71.
[11]Oxfam.Sheltering people after disasters:lessons from the tsunami,2008.http://www.oxfamamerica.org/publications/aggregator/reports/enhanced-summary-view-b-start:int=40&-C=
[12]藤井明.聚落探访[M].宁晶.译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003:186
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