地震条件下损伤-愈合模型的初步研究
|
摘要
脆性介质的损伤与破坏是力学中极为复杂、极具挑战性的难题之一,而地震是一类典型脆性介质的突发破裂或失稳。在地震等灾变发生前都会出现一定的前兆现象,地震之后地壳介质又会缓慢愈合,地壳介质的损伤愈合过程对地震预测具有重要的研究意义。首先介绍V.Lyakhovsky等提出的损伤流变模型,且结合岩石破坏声发射实验数据分析该模型的特点;进一步基于损伤力学,从Helmholtz自由能出发,并考虑地质材料的可愈合效应,建立一维损伤-愈合模型,采用数值计算的方法得到地质材料的损伤-愈合模式。用常数加载率的线性载荷叠加一个正弦扰动来模拟固体潮引力,模拟计算该加载条件下材料的损伤-愈合过程;同时也考察了整个损伤愈合演化过程中加卸载响应比值的变化情况,发现在灾变发生之前加卸载响应比值会出现明显异常、回落的现象。再次验证了加卸载响应比作为一种重要的前兆现象,能够定量地刻画介质的损伤演化过程,这也为加卸载响应比方法提供了更为坚实的物理基础。
The damage and failure of brittle media are challenging and complicated issues in mechanics field. Earthquake is a kind of typical failure or instability of brittle medium. Taking earthquakes for example,some precursory phenomena can be observed before the occurrence of catastrophic failure,and the healing phenomenon will take place gradually after earthquakes in a long time. So the study on the damage-healing process of the earth crust media is very significant to earthquake prediction. The model of damage rheology proposed by V. Lyakhovsky is introduced at first,and the shortcomings of the model are analyzed using the data obtained by acoustic emission experiment of rock failure. Secondly,based on damage mechanics,Helmholtz free energy, considering the healing phenomenon of the earth crust media,a new damage-healing model is set up in one dimension,and the damage-healing pattern is calculated with numerical method. The damage-healing process of the media is simulated under load which consists of two parts,the constant loading rate and a sinusoidal perturbation,to simulate solid tidal stress;and the evolution of load/unload response ratio(LURR) during the damage-healing process is also investigated at the same time. The result shows that the LURR value successively experiences,i.e. abnormity appearing,rising to the peak value then decreasing sharply before the occurrence of the catastrophic failure. This result validates that LURR can describe the damage degree of materialsquantitatively and is a good forecast of catastrophic failure,which also can provide solid basis for LURR method in physics.
The damage and failure of brittle media are challenging and complicated issues in mechanics field. Earthquake is a kind of typical failure or instability of brittle medium. Taking earthquakes for example,some precursory phenomena can be observed before the occurrence of catastrophic failure,and the healing phenomenon will take place gradually after earthquakes in a long time. So the study on the damage-healing process of the earth crust media is very significant to earthquake prediction. The model of damage rheology proposed by V. Lyakhovsky is introduced at first,and the shortcomings of the model are analyzed using the data obtained by acoustic emission experiment of rock failure. Secondly,based on damage mechanics,Helmholtz free energy, considering the healing phenomenon of the earth crust media,a new damage-healing model is set up in one dimension,and the damage-healing pattern is calculated with numerical method. The damage-healing process of the media is simulated under load which consists of two parts,the constant loading rate and a sinusoidal perturbation,to simulate solid tidal stress;and the evolution of load/unload response ratio(LURR) during the damage-healing process is also investigated at the same time. The result shows that the LURR value successively experiences,i.e. abnormity appearing,rising to the peak value then decreasing sharply before the occurrence of the catastrophic failure. This result validates that LURR can describe the damage degree of materialsquantitatively and is a good forecast of catastrophic failure,which also can provide solid basis for LURR method in physics.
引文
[1]尹祥础.地震预报的新途径——加卸载响应比理论[J].力学与实践,2004,26(6):1–7.(YIN Xiangchu.A new approach to earthquake prediction—load/unload response ratio(LURR)theory[J].Mechanics and Engineering,2004,26(6):1–7.(in Chinese))
[2]WILLIS B.Earthquake risk in California8earthquake districts[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1924,14:9–25.
[3]TOCHER D.Seismic history of the San Francisco bay region[J].Calif.Div.Mines Spec.Rep.,1959,57:39–48.
[4]黄德瑜,冯浩.强震前大范围地震活动性参数的时空扫描[J].地震学报,1981,3(3):283–291.(HUANG Deyu,FENG Hao.Largearea seismicity tracing prior to great earthquake[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1981,3(3):283–291.(in Chinese))
[5]张国民,傅征祥.华北强震的时间分布及物理解释[J].地球物理学报,1985,28(6):569–578.(ZHANG Guomin,FU Zhenxiang.Time distribution of North Chinese earthquakes and its physical explain[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1985,28(6):569–578.(in Chinese))
[6]张国民.我国大陆强震活动的韵律性特征[J].地震地质,1987,9(2):189–195.(ZHANG Guomin.Rhythmic characteristics of high seismic activity in China mainland[J].Seismology and Geology,1987,9(2):189–195.(in Chinese))
[7]李世愚,尹祥础,李红,等.闭合裂纹面相互作用过程中的多点破裂现象及其分析[J].地球物理学报,1989,32(增1):174–182.(LI Shiyu,YIN Xiangchu,LI Hong,et al.Multiple fracture in the interaction between the flanks of closed crack[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1989,32(Supp.1):174–182.(in Chinese))
[8]梅世蓉.中国的地震活动性[J].地球物理学报,1960,9(1):1–18.(MEI Shirong.The seismicity of China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1960,9(1):1–18.(in Chinese))
[9]尹祥础,陈学忠,宋治平,等.加卸载响应比——一种新的地震预报方法[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(6):767–775.(YIN Xiangchu,CHEN Xuezhong,SONG Zhiping,et al.The load-unload response ratio theory:a new approach to earthquake prediction[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1994,37(6):767–775.(in Chinese))
[10]尹祥础,尹灿.非线性系统失稳的前兆与地震预报——响应比理论及其应用[J].中国科学(B辑),1991,21(5):512–518.(YIN Xiangchu,YIN Can.The precursor of instability for nonlinear system and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Science in China(Series B),1991,21(5):512–518.(in Chinese))
[11]宋治平,尹祥础,王裕仓,等.美国加州地区地震前加卸载响应比的时空演化特征及预测意义[J].地震学报,2000,22(6):588–595.(SONG Zhiping,YIN Xiangchu,WANG Yucang,et al.The tempo-spatial evolution characteristics of the load/unload response ratio before strong earthquakes in California of America and its predicting implications[J].Acta Seismological Sinica,2000,22(6):588–595.(in Chinese))
[12]VERE-JONES D.Statistical theory of crack propagation[J].Math.Geol.,1977,9:455–481.
[13]SORNETTE A,SORNETTE D.Earthquake rupture as a critical point:consequences for telluric precursor[J].Tectonophysics,1990,179:327–334.
[14]BOWMAN D D,OUILLON G,SAMMIS C G,et al.An observation test of the critical earthquake concept[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103(B24):359–372.
[15]YIN X C,MORA P,PENG K Y,et al.Load-unload response ratio and accelerating moment/energy release critical region scaling and earthquake prediction[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2002,159(10):2511–2523.
[16]YIN X C,CHEN X Z,SONG Z P,et al.A new approach to earthquake prediction—the load/unload response ratio(LURR)theory[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1995,145(3/4):701–715.
[17]YIN X C,WANG Y C,PENG K Y,et al.Development of a newapproach to earthquake prediction:load/unload response ratio(LURR)theory[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2000,157(11/12):2365–2383.
[18]KACHANOV L M.Introduction to continuum damage mechanics[M].Dordrecht:Martinus Nijhoff,1986.
[19]LEMAITRE J.A course on damage mechanics[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1992.
[20]LYAKHOVSKY V,BEN-ZION Y,AGNON A.Distributed damage,faulting,and friction[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(B12):27635–27649.
[21]LYAKHOVSKY V,RECHES Z,WEINBERGER R,et al.Nonlinear elastic behavior of damaged rocks[J].Geophysical Journal International,1997,130(1):157–166.
[22]余怀忠,尹祥础,梁乃刚.利用损伤力学模型研究地震前兆现象[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(2):404–413.(YU Huaizhong,YIN Xiangchu,LIANG Naigang.Using damage rheology model to research the precursor of earthquakes[J].Progress in Geophysics,2004,19(2):404–413.(in Chinese))
[23]BYERLEE J D.Frictional characteristics of granite under high confining pressure[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1967,72(B14):3639–3648.
[24]尹祥础.固体力学[M].北京:地震出版社,1985.(YIN Xiangchu.Solid mechanics[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1985.(in Chinese))
[25]ZHANG H H,YIN X C,LIANG N G,et al.Acoustic emission experiments of rock failure under load simulating the hypocenter condition[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2006,163(11/12):2389–2406.
[26]YIN X C,ZHANG L P,ZHANG H H,et al.LURR′s twenty years and its perspective[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2006,163(11/12):2317–2341.
[27]张晖辉,尹祥础,梁乃刚,等.模拟引潮力作用下岩石破坏前兆的实验研究——加卸载响应比(LURR)理论和能量加速释放(AER)[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(17):3172–3179.(ZHANG Huihui,YIN Xiangchu,LIANG Naigang,et al.Experimental study on rock precursor using simulated tide stress—load/unload response ratio(LURR)and accelerating energy release(AER)[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(17):3172–3179.(in Chinese))
[28]张晖辉.非均匀脆性介质的灾变预测——加卸载响应比理论的研究与实践[博士学位论文][D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2006.(ZHANG Huihui.Prediction of catastrophic failure in heterogeneous brittle media—study and practice of load/unload response ratio(LURR)[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Beijing:Graduate School,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006.(in Chinese))
[29]张浪平,尹祥础,梁乃刚.加卸载响应比与损伤变量关系研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1874–1881.(ZHANG Langping,YIN Xiangchu,LIANG Naigang.Study on relation between load/unload response ratio and damage variable[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(9):1874–1881.(in Chinese))
[30]尹祥础.地震预测新途径的探索[J].中国地震,1987,3(1):3–10.(YIN Xiangchu.The new approach of earthquake prediction[J].Earthquake Research in China,1987,3(1):3–10.(in Chinese))
[2]WILLIS B.Earthquake risk in California8earthquake districts[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1924,14:9–25.
[3]TOCHER D.Seismic history of the San Francisco bay region[J].Calif.Div.Mines Spec.Rep.,1959,57:39–48.
[4]黄德瑜,冯浩.强震前大范围地震活动性参数的时空扫描[J].地震学报,1981,3(3):283–291.(HUANG Deyu,FENG Hao.Largearea seismicity tracing prior to great earthquake[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1981,3(3):283–291.(in Chinese))
[5]张国民,傅征祥.华北强震的时间分布及物理解释[J].地球物理学报,1985,28(6):569–578.(ZHANG Guomin,FU Zhenxiang.Time distribution of North Chinese earthquakes and its physical explain[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1985,28(6):569–578.(in Chinese))
[6]张国民.我国大陆强震活动的韵律性特征[J].地震地质,1987,9(2):189–195.(ZHANG Guomin.Rhythmic characteristics of high seismic activity in China mainland[J].Seismology and Geology,1987,9(2):189–195.(in Chinese))
[7]李世愚,尹祥础,李红,等.闭合裂纹面相互作用过程中的多点破裂现象及其分析[J].地球物理学报,1989,32(增1):174–182.(LI Shiyu,YIN Xiangchu,LI Hong,et al.Multiple fracture in the interaction between the flanks of closed crack[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1989,32(Supp.1):174–182.(in Chinese))
[8]梅世蓉.中国的地震活动性[J].地球物理学报,1960,9(1):1–18.(MEI Shirong.The seismicity of China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1960,9(1):1–18.(in Chinese))
[9]尹祥础,陈学忠,宋治平,等.加卸载响应比——一种新的地震预报方法[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(6):767–775.(YIN Xiangchu,CHEN Xuezhong,SONG Zhiping,et al.The load-unload response ratio theory:a new approach to earthquake prediction[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1994,37(6):767–775.(in Chinese))
[10]尹祥础,尹灿.非线性系统失稳的前兆与地震预报——响应比理论及其应用[J].中国科学(B辑),1991,21(5):512–518.(YIN Xiangchu,YIN Can.The precursor of instability for nonlinear system and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Science in China(Series B),1991,21(5):512–518.(in Chinese))
[11]宋治平,尹祥础,王裕仓,等.美国加州地区地震前加卸载响应比的时空演化特征及预测意义[J].地震学报,2000,22(6):588–595.(SONG Zhiping,YIN Xiangchu,WANG Yucang,et al.The tempo-spatial evolution characteristics of the load/unload response ratio before strong earthquakes in California of America and its predicting implications[J].Acta Seismological Sinica,2000,22(6):588–595.(in Chinese))
[12]VERE-JONES D.Statistical theory of crack propagation[J].Math.Geol.,1977,9:455–481.
[13]SORNETTE A,SORNETTE D.Earthquake rupture as a critical point:consequences for telluric precursor[J].Tectonophysics,1990,179:327–334.
[14]BOWMAN D D,OUILLON G,SAMMIS C G,et al.An observation test of the critical earthquake concept[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103(B24):359–372.
[15]YIN X C,MORA P,PENG K Y,et al.Load-unload response ratio and accelerating moment/energy release critical region scaling and earthquake prediction[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2002,159(10):2511–2523.
[16]YIN X C,CHEN X Z,SONG Z P,et al.A new approach to earthquake prediction—the load/unload response ratio(LURR)theory[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1995,145(3/4):701–715.
[17]YIN X C,WANG Y C,PENG K Y,et al.Development of a newapproach to earthquake prediction:load/unload response ratio(LURR)theory[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2000,157(11/12):2365–2383.
[18]KACHANOV L M.Introduction to continuum damage mechanics[M].Dordrecht:Martinus Nijhoff,1986.
[19]LEMAITRE J.A course on damage mechanics[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1992.
[20]LYAKHOVSKY V,BEN-ZION Y,AGNON A.Distributed damage,faulting,and friction[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(B12):27635–27649.
[21]LYAKHOVSKY V,RECHES Z,WEINBERGER R,et al.Nonlinear elastic behavior of damaged rocks[J].Geophysical Journal International,1997,130(1):157–166.
[22]余怀忠,尹祥础,梁乃刚.利用损伤力学模型研究地震前兆现象[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(2):404–413.(YU Huaizhong,YIN Xiangchu,LIANG Naigang.Using damage rheology model to research the precursor of earthquakes[J].Progress in Geophysics,2004,19(2):404–413.(in Chinese))
[23]BYERLEE J D.Frictional characteristics of granite under high confining pressure[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1967,72(B14):3639–3648.
[24]尹祥础.固体力学[M].北京:地震出版社,1985.(YIN Xiangchu.Solid mechanics[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1985.(in Chinese))
[25]ZHANG H H,YIN X C,LIANG N G,et al.Acoustic emission experiments of rock failure under load simulating the hypocenter condition[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2006,163(11/12):2389–2406.
[26]YIN X C,ZHANG L P,ZHANG H H,et al.LURR′s twenty years and its perspective[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2006,163(11/12):2317–2341.
[27]张晖辉,尹祥础,梁乃刚,等.模拟引潮力作用下岩石破坏前兆的实验研究——加卸载响应比(LURR)理论和能量加速释放(AER)[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(17):3172–3179.(ZHANG Huihui,YIN Xiangchu,LIANG Naigang,et al.Experimental study on rock precursor using simulated tide stress—load/unload response ratio(LURR)and accelerating energy release(AER)[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(17):3172–3179.(in Chinese))
[28]张晖辉.非均匀脆性介质的灾变预测——加卸载响应比理论的研究与实践[博士学位论文][D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2006.(ZHANG Huihui.Prediction of catastrophic failure in heterogeneous brittle media—study and practice of load/unload response ratio(LURR)[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Beijing:Graduate School,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006.(in Chinese))
[29]张浪平,尹祥础,梁乃刚.加卸载响应比与损伤变量关系研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1874–1881.(ZHANG Langping,YIN Xiangchu,LIANG Naigang.Study on relation between load/unload response ratio and damage variable[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(9):1874–1881.(in Chinese))
[30]尹祥础.地震预测新途径的探索[J].中国地震,1987,3(1):3–10.(YIN Xiangchu.The new approach of earthquake prediction[J].Earthquake Research in China,1987,3(1):3–10.(in Chinese))
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心