北京永定河谷中元古界雾迷山组软沉积物变形与古地震发生频率
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摘要
北京地区中元古界雾迷山组是太古界至中生界中出露面积最广、沉积厚度最大的地层单元,岩性以白云岩为主,其次为硅化白云岩。雾迷山组层序稳定,形成于相对广阔、持续且稳定沉降的浅水沉积环境。在永定河流域自庄户洼村溯河而上直至珍珠湖景区,在不同层位的雾迷山组露头中集中发现了多个期次、不同规模、由古地震引发的软沉积物变形构造,包括液化变形(液化混插、底辟、液化脉及液化卷曲层理等)、挤压变形(紧密褶皱、板刺状角砾和丘—槽构造等)、拉伸变形(环状层、拉伸布丁)以及脆性变形(地裂缝、层间断层和震裂岩)。文中对这些软沉积物变形的分布和表面特征做了系统描述,对典型的液化变形、挤压变形及拉伸变形的形成机制从形态学上进行了计算机模拟。结合该区的构造背景和前人研究资料,认为该区雾迷山组沉积期古地震系沿中元古代燕辽裂陷槽轴部的断裂活动触发的;根据软沉积物变形的出现频率,对古地震发生频率(地震周期)进行了初步估算,约为3.2至2万年。
As the most widely distributed and the thickest deposited stratigraphic unit in Beijing area,the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation was mainly composed of dolostone and siliceous dolostone and was basically formed in a relatively long stable peritidal environment.The sedimentary records formed in such environment are allergically to the changes of palaeoearthquakes and are rather easily preserved. Numerous soft-sediment deformation structures of palaeoearthquake origin have been identified in the upper part of Wumishan Formation along the Yongding River Valley(from Zhuanghuwa to Zhenzhu Lake).Typical soft-sediment structures described in this paper include liquefied structures(liquefied mixed layer,diapir,liquefied vein,liquefied convolute bedding),compressional deformation structures(intense fold,plate-spine breccia structures,mound-and-sag structure),extensional structures(loop-bedding, extensional pudding) and brittle deformation structures(ground fissure,intrastratal fault,seismic cracked breccia).Formation processes of typical soft-sediment deformation structures are morphologically simulated by computer.Combined the regional geological background and former geologists' research achievements,the movement of main fault along the axial region of Yan-Liao aulacogen is identified as the triggering fault of palaeoearthquake since the Early Mesoproterozoic.According to the frequencies of softsediment deformation structures,the occurrence frequency of palaeoearthquake of the Wumishan depositional period is calculated as between 32 thousand years to 20 thousand years.
As the most widely distributed and the thickest deposited stratigraphic unit in Beijing area,the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation was mainly composed of dolostone and siliceous dolostone and was basically formed in a relatively long stable peritidal environment.The sedimentary records formed in such environment are allergically to the changes of palaeoearthquakes and are rather easily preserved. Numerous soft-sediment deformation structures of palaeoearthquake origin have been identified in the upper part of Wumishan Formation along the Yongding River Valley(from Zhuanghuwa to Zhenzhu Lake).Typical soft-sediment structures described in this paper include liquefied structures(liquefied mixed layer,diapir,liquefied vein,liquefied convolute bedding),compressional deformation structures(intense fold,plate-spine breccia structures,mound-and-sag structure),extensional structures(loop-bedding, extensional pudding) and brittle deformation structures(ground fissure,intrastratal fault,seismic cracked breccia).Formation processes of typical soft-sediment deformation structures are morphologically simulated by computer.Combined the regional geological background and former geologists' research achievements,the movement of main fault along the axial region of Yan-Liao aulacogen is identified as the triggering fault of palaeoearthquake since the Early Mesoproterozoic.According to the frequencies of softsediment deformation structures,the occurrence frequency of palaeoearthquake of the Wumishan depositional period is calculated as between 32 thousand years to 20 thousand years.
引文
北京市地质矿产局.1991.北京市区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版社,68-81.
杜远生,韩欣.2000.论震积作用和震积岩[J].地球科学进展,15(4):389-394.
段吉业,刘鹏举,万传彪.2002.华北燕山中—新元古代震积岩系及其地震节律[J].地质学报,76(4):441-445.
和政军,宋天锐,丁孝忠,等.2000.燕山中元古代裂谷早期同沉积断裂活动及其对事件沉积的影响[J].古地理学报,2(3):83-91.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏,等.2009.北京房山世界地质公园中元古界雾迷山组地震—海啸序列及地质特征[J].地质通报,28(1):30-37.
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刘鹏举.2001.河北平泉中元古代高于庄组震积岩及地震节律[J].现代地质,15(3):266-268.
梅冥相,马永生,郭庆银.2001.天津蓟县雾迷山旋回层基本模式及其马尔柯夫链分析[J].高校地质学报,7(3):288-299.
乔秀夫.2002.中朝板块元古宙板内地震带与盆地格局[J].地学前缘,9(3):141-150.
乔秀夫,高林志.2007.燕辽裂陷槽中元古代古地震与古地理[J].古地理学报,9(4):337-352.
乔秀夫,高林志,彭阳.2001.古郯庐带沧浪铺阶地震事件、层序及构造意义[J].中国科学(D辑),31(11):911-918.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2009.沉积物的地震及古地震效应[J].古地理学报,11(6):593-610.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列[J].地质学报,68(1):16-34.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.2006.地层中地震记录(古地震)[M].北京:地质出版社,1-263.
宋天锐.1988.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震—海啸序列[J].科学通报,38(8):609-611.
田洪水,张增奇,杜圣贤.2006.山东临朐红丝石层中的古地震记录[J].中国地质,33(5):1137-1148.
王松山,桑海清,裘冀,等.1995.蓟县雾迷山组和杨庄组形成年龄的研究[J].地质科学,30(2):166-172.
张传恒,刘典波,张传林,等.2006.新疆博格达地区早二叠世软沉积物变形构造.弧后碰撞前陆盆地地震记录[J].地学前缘,13(4):255-266.
张传恒,武振杰,高林志,等.2007.雾迷山组中地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义[J].中国科学(D辑),27(3):336-342.
Ettensohn Frank R,Zhang C,Lierman R.2011.Soft-sediment deformationin epicontinental carbonates as evidence of paleoseismicity with evi-dence for a possible new seismogenic indicator:Accordion folds[J].Sedimentary Geology,235:222-233.
Fairchild I J,Einsele G,Song T R.1997.Possible seismic origin of molartooth structure in Neoproterezoic carbonate ramp deposits,North Chi-na[J].Sedimentology,44:611-636.
Qiao Xiufu,Gao Linzhi,Peng Yang.2007.Mesoproterozoic earthquake e-vent and breakup of the Sino-Korean Plate[J].Acta Geologica Sini-ca(English Edition),81(3):385-397.
Qiao Xiufu,Song Tianrui,Gao Linzhi,et al.1994.Seismic sequence incarbonate rocks by vibrational liquefaction[J].Acta Geologica Sini-ca,7(3):243-265.
Rodriguez-Pascua M A,Calvo J P,Vicete G D,et al.2000.Soft-sedimentdeformation structure interpreted as seismites in lacustrine sedimentsof the Prebetic Zone,SE Spain,and their potential use as indicatorsof earthquake magnitudes during the Late Miocene[J].SedimentaryGeology,135:117-135.
Rossetti Dilce F,Bezerra F H,Góes Ana M,et al.2011.Sediment de-formation in Miocene and post-Miocene strata,Northeastern Brazil:Evidence for paleoseismicity in a passive margin[J].SedimentaryGeology,235:172-187.
Rossetti Dilce F,Goes,Werner Truckenbrodt,et al.2000.Tsunami-in-duced large-scale scour-and-fill seructures in Late Albian to Ceno-manian deposits of the Grajau Basin,northern Brazil[J].Sedimen-tology,47(2):309-323.
杜远生,韩欣.2000.论震积作用和震积岩[J].地球科学进展,15(4):389-394.
段吉业,刘鹏举,万传彪.2002.华北燕山中—新元古代震积岩系及其地震节律[J].地质学报,76(4):441-445.
和政军,宋天锐,丁孝忠,等.2000.燕山中元古代裂谷早期同沉积断裂活动及其对事件沉积的影响[J].古地理学报,2(3):83-91.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏,等.2009.北京房山世界地质公园中元古界雾迷山组地震—海啸序列及地质特征[J].地质通报,28(1):30-37.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏.1994.再论震积岩及震积不整合:以川西,滇西地区为例[J].地球科学,19(6):845-850.
梁定益,宋志敏,赵崇贺,等.2002.河北省白石山中元古代地震遗迹的发现[J].地质通报,21(10):625-630.
梁定益,聂泽同,万晓樵,等.1991.试论震积岩及震积不整合——以川西、滇西地区为例[J].现代地质,5(2):138-146.
刘鹏举.2001.河北平泉中元古代高于庄组震积岩及地震节律[J].现代地质,15(3):266-268.
梅冥相,马永生,郭庆银.2001.天津蓟县雾迷山旋回层基本模式及其马尔柯夫链分析[J].高校地质学报,7(3):288-299.
乔秀夫.2002.中朝板块元古宙板内地震带与盆地格局[J].地学前缘,9(3):141-150.
乔秀夫,高林志.2007.燕辽裂陷槽中元古代古地震与古地理[J].古地理学报,9(4):337-352.
乔秀夫,高林志,彭阳.2001.古郯庐带沧浪铺阶地震事件、层序及构造意义[J].中国科学(D辑),31(11):911-918.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2009.沉积物的地震及古地震效应[J].古地理学报,11(6):593-610.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列[J].地质学报,68(1):16-34.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.2006.地层中地震记录(古地震)[M].北京:地质出版社,1-263.
宋天锐.1988.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震—海啸序列[J].科学通报,38(8):609-611.
田洪水,张增奇,杜圣贤.2006.山东临朐红丝石层中的古地震记录[J].中国地质,33(5):1137-1148.
王松山,桑海清,裘冀,等.1995.蓟县雾迷山组和杨庄组形成年龄的研究[J].地质科学,30(2):166-172.
张传恒,刘典波,张传林,等.2006.新疆博格达地区早二叠世软沉积物变形构造.弧后碰撞前陆盆地地震记录[J].地学前缘,13(4):255-266.
张传恒,武振杰,高林志,等.2007.雾迷山组中地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义[J].中国科学(D辑),27(3):336-342.
Ettensohn Frank R,Zhang C,Lierman R.2011.Soft-sediment deformationin epicontinental carbonates as evidence of paleoseismicity with evi-dence for a possible new seismogenic indicator:Accordion folds[J].Sedimentary Geology,235:222-233.
Fairchild I J,Einsele G,Song T R.1997.Possible seismic origin of molartooth structure in Neoproterezoic carbonate ramp deposits,North Chi-na[J].Sedimentology,44:611-636.
Qiao Xiufu,Gao Linzhi,Peng Yang.2007.Mesoproterozoic earthquake e-vent and breakup of the Sino-Korean Plate[J].Acta Geologica Sini-ca(English Edition),81(3):385-397.
Qiao Xiufu,Song Tianrui,Gao Linzhi,et al.1994.Seismic sequence incarbonate rocks by vibrational liquefaction[J].Acta Geologica Sini-ca,7(3):243-265.
Rodriguez-Pascua M A,Calvo J P,Vicete G D,et al.2000.Soft-sedimentdeformation structure interpreted as seismites in lacustrine sedimentsof the Prebetic Zone,SE Spain,and their potential use as indicatorsof earthquake magnitudes during the Late Miocene[J].SedimentaryGeology,135:117-135.
Rossetti Dilce F,Bezerra F H,Góes Ana M,et al.2011.Sediment de-formation in Miocene and post-Miocene strata,Northeastern Brazil:Evidence for paleoseismicity in a passive margin[J].SedimentaryGeology,235:172-187.
Rossetti Dilce F,Goes,Werner Truckenbrodt,et al.2000.Tsunami-in-duced large-scale scour-and-fill seructures in Late Albian to Ceno-manian deposits of the Grajau Basin,northern Brazil[J].Sedimen-tology,47(2):309-323.
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