不同横断面泄流槽的地震堰塞湖溃决实验研究
详细信息 本馆镜像全文    |  推荐本文 | | 获取馆网全文
摘要
堰塞湖的溃决问题是研究堰塞湖的核心内容之一,也是堰塞湖进行排险和处置的重要依据。本文以唐家山堰塞湖为原型,设计室内1:250的近似模型实验,完成了堰塞湖自然溃决实验、梯形槽堰塞湖溃决实验、三角形槽堰塞湖溃决实验和复式槽堰塞湖溃决实验,通过对溃决过程中堰塞坝内部土体体积含水量变化特征、泄流槽侵蚀特征和溃决流量过程的分析,获得以下认识:(1)溃决初期以下切侵蚀为主、后期以侧蚀为主;溯源侵蚀方面,自然溃决表现最强烈,人工辅助溃决实验中溯源侵蚀由强到弱依次为:复式槽、三角形槽、梯形槽;(2)人工辅助溃决在一定程度上削减了洪峰流量,与自然溃决相比减小了7.7%~20.1%,表明开挖人工泄流槽降低坝前水位的措施对于降低堰塞湖溃决风险是可行的;(3)以溃决流量增长率高或到达溃决洪峰时间短为判定溃决初期排泄效率高的标准,对比3组人工槽溃决实验,排泄效率由高到低依次为:三角型横断面、复式横断面、梯形横断面。针对唐家山堰塞湖处置,可在梯形槽基础上开挖三角形槽变为复式槽来进一步提升溃决初期排泄效率。
Dam-break of barrier-lakes is not only one of the key problems of barrier lake research but also an important topic of engineering research.Based on the Tangjiashan barrier lake induced by the Wenchuan earthquake,an indoor model test for barrier lake,with a scale of 1:250,was carried out,which included some dam-bursting tests without any artificial measures and others with different types of artificial cross-sections of the drainage channel,such as trapezoidal,triangle and compound section.After analyzing the results of the test,the characteristics of volumetric water content of the dam body,erosional features of drainage channels and the variation of bursting discharge,some conclusions are drawn as follows:(1)The dam-break pattern was primarily downward erosion in the early time and lateral erosion in the later time and the strongest intensity of headwater erosion occurred during natural dam-break test,followed by artificial dam-break tests with compound section,triangular section or trapezoidal section,respectively;(2) The discharge of artificial dam-break tests with longer duration was far smaller than natural dam-break test,the peak discharge of the former decreased by 7.7%~20.1%,indicating that the drainage channel was a good method of controlling water level in front of dam and feasible to reduce the risk of dam-break.(3) If a higher growth rate of discharge or a shorter time reaching peak discharge was taken as the standard of high drainage efficiency in the early time of dam-break,the drainage efficiency of triangular section,compound section,and trapezoidal section reduced sequentially.In terms of the experience of handling Tangjiashan barrier lake,a compound section channel is better than others.
引文
[1]聂高众,高建国,邓砚.地震诱发的堰塞湖初步研究[J].第四纪研究,2004,24(3):293-301.
    [2]程尊兰,崔鹏,李泳,等.滑坡、泥石流堰塞湖灾害主要的成灾特点与减灾对策[J].山地学报,2008,26(6):733-738.
    [3]崔鹏,韩用顺,陈晓清.汶川地震堰塞湖分布规律与风险评估[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2009,41(3):35-42.
    [4]Shang Yanjun,Zhifa Yang,Lihui Li,et al.A super-large landslide in Tibet in 2000:background,occurrence,disaster,and origin[J].Geomorphology,2003,54:225-243.
    [5]Mizuyama Takahisa,Shigekiyo Tabata,Toshio Mori,et al.堰塞坝溃决及防范[J].水利水电技术,2008,39(7):97-99.
    [6]王心,梁振海.天然坝溃坝模拟试验[J].水土保持应用技术,2008(,2):8-9.
    [7]党超,程尊兰,刘晶晶.泥石流堰塞坝溃决模式实验[J].灾害学,2008,23(3):15-19.
    [8]牛志攀,许唯临,张建民,等.堰塞湖冲刷及溃决试验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2009,41(3):90-95.
    [9]陈晓清,崔鹏,游勇,等.一种人工调控排泄流量的堰塞湖处置方法及其应用[P].中国:200910216148.8,2009-11-5申请.
    [10]陈五一,郑家祥,谭建,等.唐家山堰塞湖应急排险设计及综合整治的设想[J].水力发电,2008,34(11):10-14.
    [11]任馨,李浩浩,李晶瑜.青川县东河口堰塞湖过流状态下的处理[J].水利水电技术,2008,39(8):24-26.
    [12]吴持恭.水力学(第3版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社2,003.320-339.
    [13]匡尚富,汪小刚,黄金池,等.堰塞湖溃坝风险及其影响分析评估[J].中国水利,2008(,16):17-21.
    [14]郭洪巍,吴葱葱.逐渐溃坝和瞬时溃坝的模拟研究与比较[J].东北水利水电,2000,18(2):1-3.
    [15]曹波,蒋乃明,熊进.唐家山堰塞湖应急处置施工技术和施工组织[J].人民长江,2008,39(22):4-6.
    [16]张根寿.现代地貌学[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.54-56.
    [17]朱勇辉,廖鸿志,吴中如.国外土坝溃坝模拟综述[J].长江科学院院报,2003,20(2):26-29.
    [18]陈晓清,崔鹏,赵万玉,等.5.12汶川地震堰塞湖应急处置措施的讨论—以唐家山为例[J].山地学报,20102,6(6):733-738.

版权所有:© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心