断层活动方式与地震地表变形分布特征研究
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摘要
基于断层弹性位错理论及断层滑动非均匀模型,用三维有限元方法计算了发震断层逆断、正断和水平走滑三种不同活动方式下的地表变形,探讨了断层不同活动方式下的地震应变与位移的分布规律及震级、断层倾角对地震地表变形分布的影响。研究结果表明,地震地表变形影响因素很多,如地质构造条件、岩性介质特征、断层活动强度、断层产状和区域构造应力场等,但分布形态最终取决于断层活动方式,变形大小则取决于断层活动强度,其它均为局地因素,只影响分布形态的局部扭曲。断层不同活动方式下的地震地表变形分布各有其自身的规律和特点,这些分布特征可为地震研究及近活动断层建筑工程抗震设计或加固防护参考。
Based on the elastic dislocation theory of fault and the inhomogeneous model of fault slip,the ground deformation of earthquake caused by three different active patterns of fault—normal fault,thrust fault and strike-slip fault—was calculated with the 3-D finite element method to analyze their regularity as well as their influence due to the magnitude of earthquake and the angle of fault dip.The research results indicate that there are many factors affecting the ground deformation of earthquake,such as the conditions of geological structures,the features of rock strata,the active intensity of faults,the angle of fault dips,and the stress field of regional geology;however,the regularity of ground deformation is finally determined by the active pattern of fault while the scale of ground deformation by the active intensity of fault,and the rest of the factors are local and only affect the local torsion of the ground deformation.The regularity of ground deformation of earthquake due to different active patterns of faults can be a bench mark for the seismic study as well as the earthquake designing and preventative strengthening of buildings near active faults.
Based on the elastic dislocation theory of fault and the inhomogeneous model of fault slip,the ground deformation of earthquake caused by three different active patterns of fault—normal fault,thrust fault and strike-slip fault—was calculated with the 3-D finite element method to analyze their regularity as well as their influence due to the magnitude of earthquake and the angle of fault dip.The research results indicate that there are many factors affecting the ground deformation of earthquake,such as the conditions of geological structures,the features of rock strata,the active intensity of faults,the angle of fault dips,and the stress field of regional geology;however,the regularity of ground deformation is finally determined by the active pattern of fault while the scale of ground deformation by the active intensity of fault,and the rest of the factors are local and only affect the local torsion of the ground deformation.The regularity of ground deformation of earthquake due to different active patterns of faults can be a bench mark for the seismic study as well as the earthquake designing and preventative strengthening of buildings near active faults.
引文
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[12]Okada Y.Surface deformation due to shear andtensile fault in a half space[J].Bulletin of SeismologySociety American,1985,75(4):1135-1145.
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[15]Segall P,Lisowski M.Surface displacements in the1906 San Francisco and 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes[J].Science,1990,250(9):1241-1244.
[16]Thora A,Segall P.The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakeimaged from inversion of geodetic data[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,1994,99(B11):21835-21855.
[17]宋惠珍,刘洁,兰印刚.位错模型的有限单元公式[J].西北地震学报,1993,15(2):6-12.Song H Z,Liu J,Lan Y G.The finite-elementformula of earthquake dislocation model[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1993,15(2):6-12.
[18]王爱国,石玉成,马巍.地震地表变形三维有限元数值分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(24):4124-4130.Wang A G,Shi Y C,Ma W.A numerical analysis ofseismic deformation in Mogao-Grottoes with 3D FEM[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2004,23(24):4124—4130.
[19]郭增建,秦保燕.震源物理[M].北京:地震出版社,1979.Guo Z J,Qing B Y.Hypocentral Physics[M].Beijing:Seimological Press,1979.
[20]李善邦.中国地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1981.Li S B.Earthquake in China[M].Beijing:Seimological Press,1981.
[21]国家地震局测量大队.1966年邢台地震的地形变[J].地球物理学报,1975,18(2):153-163.Surveying Group of CSB.The ground deformation of1966 Hsingtai earthquake[J].Chinese Journal ofGeophysics,1975,18(2):153-163.
[22]刘国祥,丁晓利,李志伟,等.ERS卫星雷达干涉测量:1999年台湾集集大地震震前和同震地表位移[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(增):165-173.Liu G X,Ding X L,Li Z W,et al.Grounddeformation measurement with ERS SARinterferometry:applied to 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwanearthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2002,45(S):165-173.
[2]伍法权,王学潮,国连杰,等.南水北调西线一期工程区断层活动性及其对工程的影响分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(8):1370-1374.Wu F Q,Wang X C,Guo L J,et al.Fault activityand its effect on the west line of water diversionproject from south to north of China[J].ChineseJournal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(8):1370-1374.
[3]陈运泰,黄立人,林邦慧,等.用大地测量资料反演1976年唐山地震的位错模式[J].地球物理学报,1979,22(3):201-217.Chen Y T,Huang L R,Lin B H,et al.A Dislocationmodel of the Tangshan earthquake of 1976 from theinversion of geodetic data[J].Chinese Journal ofGeophysics,1979,22(3):201-217.
[4]陈运泰,林邦慧,林中洋,等.根据地面形变的观测研究1966年邢台地震的震源过程[J].地球物理学报,1975,18(3):164-182.Chen Y T,Lin B H,Lin Z Y,et al.The focalmechanism of the 1966 Hsingtai earthquake as inferredfrom the ground deformation observasions[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1975,18(3):164-182.
[5]王卫民,赵连锋,李娟,等.1999年台湾集集地震震源破裂过程[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(1):132-147.Wang W M,Zhao L F,Li J,et al.Rupture processof the Chi-Chi(Taiwan)earthquake in 1999[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2005,48(1):132-147.
[6]Kasahara K.Physical conditions of earthquake faults(),a model of strike-slip faults with various dipangles[J].Bulletin of Earthquake Research Institute,Tokyo University,1959,37(1):39-52.
[7]Chinnery M A.The deformation of the ground aroundsurface faults[J].Bulletin of Seismology Society ofAmerican,1961,51(3):355-372.
[8]Marayama T.Statical elastic dislocation in an infiniteand semi-infinite medium[J].Bulletin of EarthquakeResearch Institute,Tokyo University,1964,42(2):355-372.
[9]Press F.Displacements,strains and tilts atteleseismic distances[J].Journal of GeographyResearch,1965,70(10):2395-2412.
[10]Chinnery M A,Petrals J A.The dislocation faultmodel with a variable discontinuity[J].Tectonophysics,1968,5(6):513-529.
[11]Canitez N,Tokosoz M N.Static and dynamic study ofearthquake source mechanism:San Fernandoearthquake[J].Journal of Geography Research,1972,77(14):2583-2594.
[12]Okada Y.Surface deformation due to shear andtensile fault in a half space[J].Bulletin of SeismologySociety American,1985,75(4):1135-1145.
[13]黄立人,顾国华.静力位错理论[M].北京:地震出版社,1982.Huang L R,Gu G H.Statical Dislocation Theory[M].Beijing:Seimological Press,1982.
[14]Segall P,Harris R.Earthquake deformation cycle onthe San Andress fault near Parkfield,California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1987,92(B10):10511-10525.
[15]Segall P,Lisowski M.Surface displacements in the1906 San Francisco and 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes[J].Science,1990,250(9):1241-1244.
[16]Thora A,Segall P.The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakeimaged from inversion of geodetic data[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,1994,99(B11):21835-21855.
[17]宋惠珍,刘洁,兰印刚.位错模型的有限单元公式[J].西北地震学报,1993,15(2):6-12.Song H Z,Liu J,Lan Y G.The finite-elementformula of earthquake dislocation model[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1993,15(2):6-12.
[18]王爱国,石玉成,马巍.地震地表变形三维有限元数值分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(24):4124-4130.Wang A G,Shi Y C,Ma W.A numerical analysis ofseismic deformation in Mogao-Grottoes with 3D FEM[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2004,23(24):4124—4130.
[19]郭增建,秦保燕.震源物理[M].北京:地震出版社,1979.Guo Z J,Qing B Y.Hypocentral Physics[M].Beijing:Seimological Press,1979.
[20]李善邦.中国地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1981.Li S B.Earthquake in China[M].Beijing:Seimological Press,1981.
[21]国家地震局测量大队.1966年邢台地震的地形变[J].地球物理学报,1975,18(2):153-163.Surveying Group of CSB.The ground deformation of1966 Hsingtai earthquake[J].Chinese Journal ofGeophysics,1975,18(2):153-163.
[22]刘国祥,丁晓利,李志伟,等.ERS卫星雷达干涉测量:1999年台湾集集大地震震前和同震地表位移[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(增):165-173.Liu G X,Ding X L,Li Z W,et al.Grounddeformation measurement with ERS SARinterferometry:applied to 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwanearthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2002,45(S):165-173.
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