汶川地震导致的古建筑震害
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摘要
为了解汶川地震造成的古建筑震害及对古建筑的保护,根据古建筑震害资料,通过归纳方法,获得了古建筑不同的震害症状:对木结构而言,主要有地基破坏、柱底侧移、柱身倾斜、节点拔榫、装修开裂、梁架歪闪、瓦件掉落、填充墙破坏等;而砖石及砖木结构由于承重材料的抗拉、压、剪强度相对较差,容易产生倒塌等严重震害。在此基础上,通过勘查分析方法,获得了古建筑产生震害的主要原因:地震力过大、古建筑缺乏及时保养与加固、施工原因及砖石材料本身强度差的原因等。针对不同的震害原因,提出了相应的抗震加固建议。在上述工作基础上,得出如下结论:为提高古建筑的抗震性能,应加强对古建筑的维护与加固,及时清除各种隐患,将地震产生的破坏减小到最轻的程度。
The different types of damage caused to ancient Chinese architecture by the Wenchuan earthquake were summarized as a basis for protecting such ancient structures in the future.For wooden structures,destruction of foundations, shift of column bases,incline of columns,separation of tenons from mortises,cracks in the decoration,incline of the roof system,loss of tiles,collapse of filler walls,etc were found.Masonry and brick wooden structures, because the materials' anti - dragging,anti - pressure and anti - shearing force strengths are relatively weak,tended to collapse during the earthquake.Conclusion was drawn that the main reasons for damage to ancient structures are the extremely strong seismic force,the lack of timely maintenance and reinforcement of the ancient structures,poor construction,the natural weakness of masonry materials,etc.Possible aseismic reinforcement remedies for each damage type were recommanded.Based on the above work,it is concluded that to improve the aseismic capability of ancient Chinese structures and to minimize earthquake damage,more effort should be put into maintenance and reinforcement and timely removal of latent problems.
The different types of damage caused to ancient Chinese architecture by the Wenchuan earthquake were summarized as a basis for protecting such ancient structures in the future.For wooden structures,destruction of foundations, shift of column bases,incline of columns,separation of tenons from mortises,cracks in the decoration,incline of the roof system,loss of tiles,collapse of filler walls,etc were found.Masonry and brick wooden structures, because the materials' anti - dragging,anti - pressure and anti - shearing force strengths are relatively weak,tended to collapse during the earthquake.Conclusion was drawn that the main reasons for damage to ancient structures are the extremely strong seismic force,the lack of timely maintenance and reinforcement of the ancient structures,poor construction,the natural weakness of masonry materials,etc.Possible aseismic reinforcement remedies for each damage type were recommanded.Based on the above work,it is concluded that to improve the aseismic capability of ancient Chinese structures and to minimize earthquake damage,more effort should be put into maintenance and reinforcement and timely removal of latent problems.
引文
[1]Http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a 018300cf/_ content/08_09/01/1220238314350.html
[2]Http://news.youth.cn/yw/200806/t20080606 _ 732754.htm
[3]Http://cul.sohu.com/20080604/n257272362.shtml
[4]Http://www.cftmedia.com/upload/www/4/2008 - 10/678.html
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[6]李桂荣,郭恩栋,朱敏.中国古建筑抗震性能分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2004,24(6):68-72. LI Gui - rong,GUO En - dong,Zhu Min.Analysis of seismic charac- teristics of chinese ancient buildings[J].Earthquake Eng Eng Vibr, 2004,24(6):68-72.
[7]GB50165-92,古建筑木结构维护与加固技术规范[S]. GB50165-92,Technical Code for Maintenance and Strengthening of Ancient Timber Buildings[S].
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[9]袁建力.砖石古塔的震害特征与抗震鉴定方法[C]//汶川地震建筑震害调查与灾后重建分析报告.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008:396-403. YAN Jian-li.Seismic damage symptoms as well as appraisal methods of Chinese ancient masonry pagodas[C]//Reports on damage inspection as well as rebuilding analysis after Wenchuan earthquake for buildings.Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,2008: 396-403.
[10]唐飞.羌族碉楼与震后调查[J].中国文化遗产,2008,04: 36-39. TANG Fei.Suvey on Qiang minority after Wenchuan earthquake [J].China Cult Herit,2008,04:36-39.
[11]薛建阳,张鹏程,赵鸿铁.古建筑木结构抗震机理的探讨[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2000,32(1):8-11. XUE Jian-yang,ZHANG Peng-cheng,ZHAO Hong-tie.Study on the aseismic mechanism of historic timber structural building [J].J Xi'An Univ Archit Technol,2000,32(1):8-11.
[12]何玲,潘文,杨正海.村镇木结构房屋震害及抗震技术措施[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2006,28(6):94-101. HE Ling,PAN Wen,YANG Zheng-hai.Seismic damage of rural wooden constitutions and their aseismic methods[J].Earthquake Resist Eng Retrofit.2006,28(6):94-101.
[13]赵作周,钱稼茹,方东平.汶川地震村镇住宅的震害分析与重建建议[C]//汶川地震建筑震害调查与灾后重建分析报告.北京:中国建筑工业出版社:142-150. ZHAO ZUO-zhou,QIAN Jia-ru,FANG Dong ping.Damage analysis and rebuilding suggestion on rural houses destroyed by Wenchuan earthquake[C]// Reports on damage inspection as well as rebuilding analysis after Wenchuan earthquake for buildings. Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,2008:142-150.
[14]宋波,钟珉,于咏妍.汶川地震中甘肃陇南市村镇房屋考察与震害分析[C]//汶川地震建筑震害调查与灾后重建分析报告.北京:中国建筑工业出版社:156-163. SONG Bo,ZHONG Min,YU Yong-yan.Damage inspection and analysis of rural buildings in Longnan district,Gansu province caused by Wenchuan earthquake[C]//Reports on damage inspection as well as rebuilding analysis after Wenchuan earthquake for buildings.Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,2008: 156-163.
[15]周绪红,王瑞成,李颖.宝鸡地区村镇建筑震害分析[C]//汶川地震建筑震害调查与灾后重建分析报告.北京:中国建筑工业出版社:176-181. ZHOU Xu-Hong,WANG Rui-cheng,LI Yin.Damage analysis of rural buildings in Baoji district caused by Wenchuan earthquake [C]//Reports on damage inspection as well as rebuilding analysis after Wenchuan earthquake for buildings.Beijing:China Architec- ture＆Building Press,2008:176-181.
[16]李小伟.清代大式殿堂体系弹塑性分析及基于性能的抗震性能评估[D].西安:长安大学,2006:31-49. LI Xiao-wei.Elastic-plastic analysis and aseismatic behaviors evaluation based on performance for wooden frame palace with dougong in Qing Dynasty[D].Xi'An:Chang'An University,2006: 31-49.
[17]白丽娟.浅谈故宫的基础[J].故宫博物院院刊,1993,3: 26-33. BAI Li-juan.Discussion on basement of the Forbidden City[J].J Palace Mus,1993,3:26-33.
[18]柯吉鹏.古建筑的抗震性能与加固方法研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2004:66-71. KE Ji-peng.Study on the seismic capacity and the reinforced method of ancient buildings[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2004:70-71.
[19]谷军明,缪升,杨海名.云南地区穿斗木结构抗震研究[J].工程抗震与加固改造.2005,27(增):205-210. GU Jun- ming,MIAO Sheng,YANG Hai- ming.Study on seismic performance of through type timber frame in Yonnan[J].Earthquake Resis Eng Retrofit.2005,27(S):205 - 210.
[20]袁建力,李胜才,刘大齐.砖石古塔抗震鉴定方法的研究与应用[J].扬州大学学报(自然科学版),1999,2(3):54-58. YUAN Jian -li,LI Sheng- cai,LIU Da -qi.Research and application of seismic appraisal method for ancient masonry pagodas[J].J Yang Zhou Univ(Nat Sci Ed),1999,2(3 ):54 - 58.
[21]苏刚,苏力华,王赣萍.砖石古塔的地震修复及动力学特征初探[J].山西地震,2002,2:35-38. SU Gang,SU Li - hua,WANG Gan - ping.Discussion of the earth-quake renovation and the dynamic characteristic of ancient brick and rock pagoda[J].Earthquake Res Shanxi,2002,2:35 - 38.
[2]Http://news.youth.cn/yw/200806/t20080606 _ 732754.htm
[3]Http://cul.sohu.com/20080604/n257272362.shtml
[4]Http://www.cftmedia.com/upload/www/4/2008 - 10/678.html
[5]杨焕成.地震前后古代建筑的检查方法和加固维修措施[J].中原文物,1985,2:96-98. YANG Huan - cheng.Inspecting methods and strengthening measures of ancient buildings before and after earthquake[J].Cultural Relics of Central China,1985,2:96-98.
[6]李桂荣,郭恩栋,朱敏.中国古建筑抗震性能分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2004,24(6):68-72. LI Gui - rong,GUO En - dong,Zhu Min.Analysis of seismic charac- teristics of chinese ancient buildings[J].Earthquake Eng Eng Vibr, 2004,24(6):68-72.
[7]GB50165-92,古建筑木结构维护与加固技术规范[S]. GB50165-92,Technical Code for Maintenance and Strengthening of Ancient Timber Buildings[S].
[8]GB50011-2001,建筑抗震设计规范[S]. GB50011-2001,Code for Seismic Design of Buildings[S].
[9]袁建力.砖石古塔的震害特征与抗震鉴定方法[C]//汶川地震建筑震害调查与灾后重建分析报告.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008:396-403. YAN Jian-li.Seismic damage symptoms as well as appraisal methods of Chinese ancient masonry pagodas[C]//Reports on damage inspection as well as rebuilding analysis after Wenchuan earthquake for buildings.Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,2008: 396-403.
[10]唐飞.羌族碉楼与震后调查[J].中国文化遗产,2008,04: 36-39. TANG Fei.Suvey on Qiang minority after Wenchuan earthquake [J].China Cult Herit,2008,04:36-39.
[11]薛建阳,张鹏程,赵鸿铁.古建筑木结构抗震机理的探讨[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2000,32(1):8-11. XUE Jian-yang,ZHANG Peng-cheng,ZHAO Hong-tie.Study on the aseismic mechanism of historic timber structural building [J].J Xi'An Univ Archit Technol,2000,32(1):8-11.
[12]何玲,潘文,杨正海.村镇木结构房屋震害及抗震技术措施[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2006,28(6):94-101. HE Ling,PAN Wen,YANG Zheng-hai.Seismic damage of rural wooden constitutions and their aseismic methods[J].Earthquake Resist Eng Retrofit.2006,28(6):94-101.
[13]赵作周,钱稼茹,方东平.汶川地震村镇住宅的震害分析与重建建议[C]//汶川地震建筑震害调查与灾后重建分析报告.北京:中国建筑工业出版社:142-150. ZHAO ZUO-zhou,QIAN Jia-ru,FANG Dong ping.Damage analysis and rebuilding suggestion on rural houses destroyed by Wenchuan earthquake[C]// Reports on damage inspection as well as rebuilding analysis after Wenchuan earthquake for buildings. Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,2008:142-150.
[14]宋波,钟珉,于咏妍.汶川地震中甘肃陇南市村镇房屋考察与震害分析[C]//汶川地震建筑震害调查与灾后重建分析报告.北京:中国建筑工业出版社:156-163. SONG Bo,ZHONG Min,YU Yong-yan.Damage inspection and analysis of rural buildings in Longnan district,Gansu province caused by Wenchuan earthquake[C]//Reports on damage inspection as well as rebuilding analysis after Wenchuan earthquake for buildings.Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,2008: 156-163.
[15]周绪红,王瑞成,李颖.宝鸡地区村镇建筑震害分析[C]//汶川地震建筑震害调查与灾后重建分析报告.北京:中国建筑工业出版社:176-181. ZHOU Xu-Hong,WANG Rui-cheng,LI Yin.Damage analysis of rural buildings in Baoji district caused by Wenchuan earthquake [C]//Reports on damage inspection as well as rebuilding analysis after Wenchuan earthquake for buildings.Beijing:China Architec- ture＆Building Press,2008:176-181.
[16]李小伟.清代大式殿堂体系弹塑性分析及基于性能的抗震性能评估[D].西安:长安大学,2006:31-49. LI Xiao-wei.Elastic-plastic analysis and aseismatic behaviors evaluation based on performance for wooden frame palace with dougong in Qing Dynasty[D].Xi'An:Chang'An University,2006: 31-49.
[17]白丽娟.浅谈故宫的基础[J].故宫博物院院刊,1993,3: 26-33. BAI Li-juan.Discussion on basement of the Forbidden City[J].J Palace Mus,1993,3:26-33.
[18]柯吉鹏.古建筑的抗震性能与加固方法研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2004:66-71. KE Ji-peng.Study on the seismic capacity and the reinforced method of ancient buildings[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2004:70-71.
[19]谷军明,缪升,杨海名.云南地区穿斗木结构抗震研究[J].工程抗震与加固改造.2005,27(增):205-210. GU Jun- ming,MIAO Sheng,YANG Hai- ming.Study on seismic performance of through type timber frame in Yonnan[J].Earthquake Resis Eng Retrofit.2005,27(S):205 - 210.
[20]袁建力,李胜才,刘大齐.砖石古塔抗震鉴定方法的研究与应用[J].扬州大学学报(自然科学版),1999,2(3):54-58. YUAN Jian -li,LI Sheng- cai,LIU Da -qi.Research and application of seismic appraisal method for ancient masonry pagodas[J].J Yang Zhou Univ(Nat Sci Ed),1999,2(3 ):54 - 58.
[21]苏刚,苏力华,王赣萍.砖石古塔的地震修复及动力学特征初探[J].山西地震,2002,2:35-38. SU Gang,SU Li - hua,WANG Gan - ping.Discussion of the earth-quake renovation and the dynamic characteristic of ancient brick and rock pagoda[J].Earthquake Res Shanxi,2002,2:35 - 38.
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