地震作用下面板堆石坝面板错台模型试验研究
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摘要
采用弹性–重力相似关系设计了一组混凝土面板堆石坝(面板坝)振动台模型试验,研制开发了仿真面板材料,设计了一套图像采集、存储与分析系统。根据图像识别技术分析结果以及模型的数值计算分析结果,详细分析了面板坝面板错台机理,并与汶川地震中紫坪铺面板坝面板错台震害进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,地震造成的堆石体永久变形对面板产生的向下摩擦力和向外推力是造成面板错台的主要原因。模型试验结果与数值计算结果和实际震害基本吻合,表明振动台模型试验可以再现原型的主要破坏特征。
Shaking table model tests on concrete faced rock-fill dams are designed according to the elasticity-gravity similarity rules.Face-slab model materials are developed,and a system for the image collection,storage and pattern recognition is presented.On the basis of the results of the PIV analysis and the numerical simulation,the dislocation mechanism of the face-slab under earthquakes is analyzed,and the results are compared with the real dislocation damage of Zipingpu Dam during Wenchuan Earthquake.The results of the model tests agree with those of numerical simulation.Both of them reveal the slab dislocation phenomenon of Zipingpu Dam.The results show that the main reasons of the face-slab dislocation are the thrust force towards the upstream and the friction force towards the downstream along the slab due to the permanent deformation of the rock-fill.Shaking table model tests can reflect the main damage characteristics of the prototype dams.
Shaking table model tests on concrete faced rock-fill dams are designed according to the elasticity-gravity similarity rules.Face-slab model materials are developed,and a system for the image collection,storage and pattern recognition is presented.On the basis of the results of the PIV analysis and the numerical simulation,the dislocation mechanism of the face-slab under earthquakes is analyzed,and the results are compared with the real dislocation damage of Zipingpu Dam during Wenchuan Earthquake.The results of the model tests agree with those of numerical simulation.Both of them reveal the slab dislocation phenomenon of Zipingpu Dam.The results show that the main reasons of the face-slab dislocation are the thrust force towards the upstream and the friction force towards the downstream along the slab due to the permanent deformation of the rock-fill.Shaking table model tests can reflect the main damage characteristics of the prototype dams.
引文
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[12]朱晟,杨鸽,周建平,等.“5.12”汶川地震紫坪铺面板堆石坝静动力初步反演研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(5):113–119.(ZHU Sheng,YANG Ge,ZHOUJian-ping,et al.Back analysis on static and dynamiccharacteristics of Zipingpu CFRD under 5.12 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University,2010,42(5):113–119.(in Chinese))
[13]刘小生,王钟宁,赵剑明,等.面板堆石坝振动模型试验及动力分析研究[J].水利学报,2002(2):29–35.(LIUXiao-sheng,WANG Zhong-ning,ZHAO Jian-ming,et al.Advancement of technology on shaking table model test anddynamic analysis of CFRD[J].Journal of HydraulicEngineering,2002(2):29–35.(in Chinese))
[14]孔宪京,李永胜,邹德高,等.加筋边坡振动台模型试验研究[J].水力发电学报,2009,28(5):152–157.(KONGXian-jing,LI Yong-sheng,ZOU De-gao,et al.Shaking tablemodel tests on soil slope reinforced with geo-grid[J].Journalof Hydroelectric Engineering,2009,28(5):152–157.(inChinese))
[15]林皋,朱彤,林蓓.结构动力模型试验的相似技巧[J].大连理工大学学报,2000,40(1):1–8.(LIN Gao,ZHUTong,LIN Bei.Similarity technique for dynamic structuralmodel test[J].Journal of Dalian University of Technology,2000,40(1):1–8.(in Chinese))
[16]孔宪京.混凝土面板堆石坝抗震性能研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,1990.(KONG Xian-jing.Study on theperformance of concrete-faced rockfill dams duringearthquakes[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,1990.(in Chinese))
[17]刘小生,王钟宁,汪小刚,等.面板坝大型振动台模型试验与动力分析[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,知识产权出版社,2005.(LIU Xiao-sheng,WANG Zhong-ning,WANGXiao-gang,et al.Advancement of technology on shakingtable model test and dynamic analysis of CFRD[M].Beijing:China WaterPower Press,Intellectual Oroperty Press,2005.(in Chinese))
[18]朱彤,林皋,马恒春.混凝土仿真材料特性及其应用的试验研究[J].水力发电学报,2004,23(4):31–37.(ZHUTong,LIN Gao,MA Heng-chun.The test research onproperties and applications of emulation concrete material[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2004,23(4):31–37.(in Chinese))
[19]REN L,CHEN J Y,LI H N,et al.Design and application of afiber Bragg grating strain sensor with enhanced sensitivity inthe small-scale dam model[J].Smart Materials and Structures,2009,18(3):7.
[20]刘君,刘福海,孔宪京,等.PIV技术在大型振动台模型试验中的应用[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(3):368–374.(LIU Jun,LIU Fu-hai,KONG Xian-jing,et al.Application ofPIV in large-scale shaking table model tests[J].ChineseJounal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(3):368–374.(in Chinese))
[21]沈珠江.理论土力学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1999.(SHEN Zhu-jiang.Theoretical soil mechanics[M].Beijing:China WaterPower Press,1999.(in Chinese))
[22]Itasca Consulting Group,Inc.FLAC-3D(Fast LagrangianAnalysis of Continua in 3 Dimensions)Version 3.0,Usermanual[S].2004.
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[24]KONG Xian-jing,PRADHAN TEJ B S,TATSUOKA Fumio,et al.Dynamic deformation properties of sand at extremelylow pressures-test results[R].Seisan-Kenkyu/Report of theinstitute of industrial science,the University of Tokyo,1986,38(2):28–31.
[25]KONG Xian-jing,PRADHAN TEJ B S,TATSUOKA Fumio,et al.Dynamic deformation properties of sand at extremelylow pressures-empirical relations[R].Seisan-Kenkyu/Reportof the institute of industrial science,the University of Tokyo,1986,38(3):11–14.
[2]孔宪京,娄树莲,邹德高,等.筑坝堆石料的等效动剪切模量与等效阻尼比[J].水利学报,2001(8):20–25.(KONGXian-jing,LOU Shu-lian,ZOU De-gao,et al.The equivalentdynamic shear modulus and equivalent damping ratio ofrock-fill material for dam[J].Journal of HydraulicEngineering,2001(8):20–25.(in Chinese))
[3]姜朴,汤书明.土石坝模型动力试验与计算[J].水利学报,1992(2):53–57.(JIANG Pu,TANG Shu-ming.Dynamicmodel tests and calculations of embankment dam[J].Journalof Hydraulic Engineering,1992(2):53–57.(in Chinese))
[4]韩国城,孔宪京.混凝土面板堆石坝抗震研究进展[J].大连理工大学学报,1996,36(6):708–720.(HAN Guo-cheng.KONG Xian-jing.Aseismatic studies of concrete facedrockfill dams:state of the art[J].Journal of Dalian Universityof Technology,1996,36(6):708–720.(in Chinese))
[5]陈生水,沈珠江.钢筋混凝土面板坝的地震永久变形分析[J].岩土工程学报,1990,12(3):66–72.(CHEN Sheng-shui,SHEN Zhu-jiang.The earthquake permanent deformationanalysis of the concrete faced dam[J].Chinese Jounal ofGeotechnical Engineering,1990,12(3):66–72.(inChinese))
[6]孔宪京,邹德高,邓学晶,等.高土石坝综合抗震措施及其效果的验算[J].水利学报,2006,37(12):1489–1495.(KONG Xian-jing,ZOU De-gao,Deng Xue-jing,et al.Comprehensive earthquake resistant measure of highearth-rockfill dams and effectiveness verification[J].Journalof Hydraulic Engineering,2006,37(12):1489–1495.(inChinese))
[7]孔宪京,刘君,韩国城.面板堆石坝动力破坏模型试验与数值仿真分析[J].岩土工程学报,2003,25(1):26–30.(KONG Xian-jing,LIU Jun,HAN Guo-cheng.Dynamicfailure test and numerical simulation of model concrete-facedrock-fill dam[J].Chinese Jounal of Geotechnical Engineering,2003,25(1):26–30.(in Chinese))
[8]郦能惠,孙大伟,李登华,等.300m级超高面板堆石坝变形规律的研究[J].岩土工程学报,2009,31(2):155–160.(LI Neng-hui,SUN Da-wei,LI Deng-hua,et al.Deformationbehavior of 300 m high-concrete face rockfill dams[J].Chinese Jounal of Geotechnical Engineering,2009,31(2):155–160.(in Chinese))
[9]孔宪京,邹德高,周扬,等.汶川地震中紫坪铺混凝土面板堆石坝震害分析[J].大连理工大学学报,2009,49(5):667–674.(KONG Xian-jing,ZOU De-gao,ZHOU Yang,etal.Earthquake damage analysis of Zipingpu concrete facerock-fill dam during Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal ofDalian University of Technology,2009,49(5):667–674.(inChinese))
[10]赵剑明,刘小生,温彦锋,等.紫坪铺大坝汶川地震震害分析及高土石坝抗震减灾研究设想[J].水力发电,2009,35(5):11–14.(ZHAO Jian-ming,LIU Xiao-sheng,WENYan-feng,et al.Analysis of earthquake damage of theZipingpu Dam in Wenchuan earthquake and the studyproposal on the anti-earthquake and disaster reduction of highearth-rock dam[J].Water Power,2009,35(5):11–14.(inChinese))
[11]陈生水,霍家平,章为民.“5.12”汶川地震对紫坪铺混凝土面板坝的影响及原因分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):795–801.(CHEN Sheng-shui,HUO Jia-ping,ZHANG Wei-min.Analysis of effects of 5.12 WenchuanEarthquake on Zipingpu Concrete Face Rock-fill Dam[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(6):795–801.(in Chinese))
[12]朱晟,杨鸽,周建平,等.“5.12”汶川地震紫坪铺面板堆石坝静动力初步反演研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(5):113–119.(ZHU Sheng,YANG Ge,ZHOUJian-ping,et al.Back analysis on static and dynamiccharacteristics of Zipingpu CFRD under 5.12 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University,2010,42(5):113–119.(in Chinese))
[13]刘小生,王钟宁,赵剑明,等.面板堆石坝振动模型试验及动力分析研究[J].水利学报,2002(2):29–35.(LIUXiao-sheng,WANG Zhong-ning,ZHAO Jian-ming,et al.Advancement of technology on shaking table model test anddynamic analysis of CFRD[J].Journal of HydraulicEngineering,2002(2):29–35.(in Chinese))
[14]孔宪京,李永胜,邹德高,等.加筋边坡振动台模型试验研究[J].水力发电学报,2009,28(5):152–157.(KONGXian-jing,LI Yong-sheng,ZOU De-gao,et al.Shaking tablemodel tests on soil slope reinforced with geo-grid[J].Journalof Hydroelectric Engineering,2009,28(5):152–157.(inChinese))
[15]林皋,朱彤,林蓓.结构动力模型试验的相似技巧[J].大连理工大学学报,2000,40(1):1–8.(LIN Gao,ZHUTong,LIN Bei.Similarity technique for dynamic structuralmodel test[J].Journal of Dalian University of Technology,2000,40(1):1–8.(in Chinese))
[16]孔宪京.混凝土面板堆石坝抗震性能研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,1990.(KONG Xian-jing.Study on theperformance of concrete-faced rockfill dams duringearthquakes[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,1990.(in Chinese))
[17]刘小生,王钟宁,汪小刚,等.面板坝大型振动台模型试验与动力分析[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,知识产权出版社,2005.(LIU Xiao-sheng,WANG Zhong-ning,WANGXiao-gang,et al.Advancement of technology on shakingtable model test and dynamic analysis of CFRD[M].Beijing:China WaterPower Press,Intellectual Oroperty Press,2005.(in Chinese))
[18]朱彤,林皋,马恒春.混凝土仿真材料特性及其应用的试验研究[J].水力发电学报,2004,23(4):31–37.(ZHUTong,LIN Gao,MA Heng-chun.The test research onproperties and applications of emulation concrete material[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2004,23(4):31–37.(in Chinese))
[19]REN L,CHEN J Y,LI H N,et al.Design and application of afiber Bragg grating strain sensor with enhanced sensitivity inthe small-scale dam model[J].Smart Materials and Structures,2009,18(3):7.
[20]刘君,刘福海,孔宪京,等.PIV技术在大型振动台模型试验中的应用[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(3):368–374.(LIU Jun,LIU Fu-hai,KONG Xian-jing,et al.Application ofPIV in large-scale shaking table model tests[J].ChineseJounal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(3):368–374.(in Chinese))
[21]沈珠江.理论土力学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1999.(SHEN Zhu-jiang.Theoretical soil mechanics[M].Beijing:China WaterPower Press,1999.(in Chinese))
[22]Itasca Consulting Group,Inc.FLAC-3D(Fast LagrangianAnalysis of Continua in 3 Dimensions)Version 3.0,Usermanual[S].2004.
[23]PRADHAN TEJ B S,KONG Xian-jing,TATSUOKA Fumio,et al.Dynamic deformation properties of sand at extremelylow pressures-testing method[R].Seisan-Kenkyu/Report ofthe institute of industrial science,the University of Tokyo,1986,38(2):24–27.
[24]KONG Xian-jing,PRADHAN TEJ B S,TATSUOKA Fumio,et al.Dynamic deformation properties of sand at extremelylow pressures-test results[R].Seisan-Kenkyu/Report of theinstitute of industrial science,the University of Tokyo,1986,38(2):28–31.
[25]KONG Xian-jing,PRADHAN TEJ B S,TATSUOKA Fumio,et al.Dynamic deformation properties of sand at extremelylow pressures-empirical relations[R].Seisan-Kenkyu/Reportof the institute of industrial science,the University of Tokyo,1986,38(3):11–14.
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