汶川地震对震区河流演化的影响
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摘要
5.12汶川地震,不仅直接影响灾区河流的河道,并诱发了大量崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、堰塞湖等次生山地灾害,这些山地灾害的产生和发展将对震区河流的演化产生深远影响。因此,对震后山区河流河道演化规律和发展趋势进行准确的分析和预测,是震区河道修复及震后恢复重建的关键。结合野外考察资料,分别从河型、纵断面、横断面3方面分析了震区河流的演化特点。分析结果表明:河床剧烈抬升引起河型游荡分汊,两岸频发的山地灾害挤压河道;高强度山洪冲刷河床及岸滩并展宽河道,泥沙的淤积也可束窄河道;河流纵断面总体淤高,但纵断面结构渐趋稳定,大石块多且上游来水来沙丰富的河段会逐渐发育成阶梯状结构,而以淤积为主的河段,由于山洪冲刷会形成下凹型纵断面,并逐渐向直线型纵断面发展。
Apart from the direct effect on the river channel,secondary mountain disasters induced by Wenchuan big earthquake in 2008 including collapses,landslides,debris flows and barrier lakes have far-reaching influences on river channel morphology in the earthquake region.Based on field data,we analyzed the characteristics of river channel evolution and predicted its development to assist the recovery and reconstruction after the earthquake.In terms of the river pattern,wandering and braided rivers were formed because of severe riverbed uplift,and the channel changed its route owing to extrusion by loose materials from mountain hazards on both sides.Regarding the cross section,high-intensity flood scoured the riverbed and then broadened the river channel;whereas sediment deposition could also narrow the channel.The vertical profile of the river was elevated in general with its structure becoming more stable.River reaches with large rocks and abundant incoming water and sediment will gradually develop to ladder-like structure;while reaches subject to deposition in mid-stream and downstream of the mountain area will exhibit concave profile due to scouring and will develop to linear profile.
Apart from the direct effect on the river channel,secondary mountain disasters induced by Wenchuan big earthquake in 2008 including collapses,landslides,debris flows and barrier lakes have far-reaching influences on river channel morphology in the earthquake region.Based on field data,we analyzed the characteristics of river channel evolution and predicted its development to assist the recovery and reconstruction after the earthquake.In terms of the river pattern,wandering and braided rivers were formed because of severe riverbed uplift,and the channel changed its route owing to extrusion by loose materials from mountain hazards on both sides.Regarding the cross section,high-intensity flood scoured the riverbed and then broadened the river channel;whereas sediment deposition could also narrow the channel.The vertical profile of the river was elevated in general with its structure becoming more stable.River reaches with large rocks and abundant incoming water and sediment will gradually develop to ladder-like structure;while reaches subject to deposition in mid-stream and downstream of the mountain area will exhibit concave profile due to scouring and will develop to linear profile.
引文
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[17]徐江,王兆印.阶梯-深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报,2004,(10):48-55.(XU Jiang,WANG Zhao-yin.Formation and Mechanism of Step-Pool System[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004,(10):48-55.(in Chinese))
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[2]四川省水土保持局.四川省“5.12”汶川特大地震水土保持设施震损调查评估报告[R].成都:四川省水土保持局,2008.(Soil and Water Conservation Bureau ofSichuan Province.Assessment Survey of Damages on Soiland Water Conservation Facilities by“5.12”WenchuanEarthquake in Sichuan Province[R].Chengdu:Soil andWater Conservation Bureau of Sichuan Province,2008.(in Chinese))
[3]梁军.地震堰塞湖对山区河流的影响与综合治理[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2009,41(6):13-18.(LIANG Jun.Fluvial Process Influenced by Earth-quake Lakes and Restoration of Mountain Rivers[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edi-tion),2009,41(6):13-18.(in Chinese))
[4]崔鹏,韩用顺,陈晓清.汶川地震堰塞湖分布规律与风险评估[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2009,41(3):35-42.(CUI Peng,HAN Yong-shun,CHEN Xiao-qing.Distribution and Risk Analysis of Dammed LakesReduced by Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Si-chuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2009,41(3):35-42.(in Chinese))
[5]“5.12”汶川地震水利部前方领导小组.四川省水利抗震救灾指挥部堰塞湖组资料汇编[R].成都:四川省水利厅,2008.(The Front Leading Group of Ministry ofWater Resources for“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake.Compilation of Dammed Lake Data the group of SichuanEarthquake-Relief Headquarters[R].Chengdu:SichuanProvincial Department of Water Resources,2008.(inChinese))
[6]COSTA J E,SCHUSTER R L.The Formation and Fail-ure of Natural Dams[J].Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,1988,(100):1054-1068.
[7]SCHUSTER R L,COSTA J E.A Perspective on Land-slide Dams[J].Geotechnical Special Publication,1986,(3):1-20.
[8]张建新,王俊,熊珊珊,等.地震诱发堰塞湖的应急水文分析方法与实践[J].水文,2009,29(2):59-61.(ZHANG Jian-xin,WANG Jun,XIONG Shan-shan,etal.The Emergency Hydrological Analysis Methods andPractice of Earthquake-Induced Dammed Lakes[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2009,29(2):59-61.(inChinese))
[9]胡卸文,吕小平,黄润秋,等.唐家山堰塞坝9.24泥石流堵江及溃决模式[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(3):312-320.(HU Xie-wen,LV Xiao-ping,HUANGRun-qiu,et al.Analyses of River Blocking and BreakingMode of“9.24”Debris Flow near Tangjiashan BarrierDam[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2009,44(3):312-320.(in Chinese))
[10]崔鹏,庄建琦,陈兴长,等.汶川地震区震后泥石流活动特征与防治对策[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(5):10-19.(CUI Peng,ZHUANG Jian-qi,CHEN Xing-chang,et al.Characteristics and Coun-termeasures of Debris Flow in Wenchuan Area After theEarthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineer-ing Science Edition),2010,42(5):10-19.(in Chi-nese))
[11]钱宁,张仁,周志德.河床演变学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.(QIAN Ning,ZHANG Ren,ZHOU Zhi-de.River Channel Process[M].Beijing:Science Press,1987.(in Chinese))
[12]谢鉴衡.河流泥沙工程学(上册)[M].北京:水利出版社,1981.(XIE Jian-heng.River Sediment Engineering(1st volume)[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,1981.(in Chinese))
[13]钱宁,周文浩.黄河下游河床演变[M].北京:科学出版社,1965.(QIAN Ning,ZHOU Wen-hao.Evolutionof the Lower Yellow River[M].Beijing:Science Press,1965.(in Chinese))
[14]谢鉴衡,刘建军,王双峰.冲积河流河型判读[R].武汉:武汉水利电力大学,1995.(XIE Jian-heng,LIUJian-jun,WANG Shuang-feng.Patterns of Alluvial River[R].Wuhan:Wuhan University of Hydraulic and Elec-tric Engineering Institute,1995.(in Chinese))
[15]崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,等.5.12汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):280-282.(CUI Peng,WEI Fang-qiang,HE Si-ming,et al.Mountain Disasters Induced by the Earthquake of May 12in Wenchuan and the Disasters Mitigation[J].Journal ofMountain Science,2008,26(3):280-282.(in Chi-nese))
[16]夏军强,王光谦,吴保生.游荡型河流演变及其数值模拟[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005.(XIA Jun-qiang,WANG Guang-qian,WU Bao-sheng.WanderingRiver Evolution and Numerical Simulation[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2005.(in Chinese))
[17]徐江,王兆印.阶梯-深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报,2004,(10):48-55.(XU Jiang,WANG Zhao-yin.Formation and Mechanism of Step-Pool System[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004,(10):48-55.(in Chinese))
[18]黄文典,王兆印.长江中下游的河床纵坡面演变分析及预测[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2007,47(12):2131-2134.(HUANG Wen-dian,WANG Zhao-yin.Fluvial Process Forecasting for the Middle and LowerReaches of the Yangtze River[J].Journal of Tsinghua U-niversity,2007,47(12):2131-2134.(in Chinese))
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