2013年四川省芦山“4.20”7.0级强烈地震触发滑坡
|
摘要
2013年4月20日,四川省芦山县发生了M S7.0地震。文中简要介绍了芦山地震的基本情况与芦山地震区历史地震及其相关地震滑坡情况。依据2008年汶川地震滑坡与地震动峰值加速度(PGA)的空间关系,对芦山地震滑坡大体分布范围进行了推测。根据地震滑坡分类学,将芦山地震滑坡分为破坏型滑坡、连贯型滑坡、流滑型滑坡3大类。其中,破坏型滑坡包括岩质崩塌、岩质滑动、岩质崩滑、土质崩塌、土质滑动等5类;连贯型滑坡包括土质坍塌与慢土流2类;流滑型滑坡为快速流滑。破坏型滑坡如岩质崩塌、岩石滑动、土质崩塌这3类是芦山地震滑坡中最常见的类型。基于震后可利用的高分辨率航片,初步解译得到3 883处滑坡位置点数据。最后,从余震对滑坡的影响,芦山地震滑坡与邻区地震滑坡对比分析,对后续基于高分辨率遥感影像的滑坡精细解译的启示等3个方面开展了分析与讨论。
On April 20,2013,a strong earthquake of MS7.0 struck the Lushan County,Sichuan Province of China.In this paper,basic information of the April 20,2013 Lushan earthquake,historical earthquakes in the Lushan earthquake struck area and associated historical earthquake-triggered landslides were introduced firstly.We delineated the probable spatial distribution boundary of landslides triggered by the Lushan earthquake based on correlations between the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake-triggered landslides and associated peak ground acceleration(PGA).According to earthquake-triggered landslides classification principles,landslides triggered by the earthquake are divided into three main categories:disrupted landslides,coherent landslides,and flow landslides.The first main category includes five types:rock falls,disrupted rock slides,rock avalanches,soil falls,and disrupted soil slides.The second main category includes two types of soil slumps and slow earth flows.The type of flow landslides is mainly rapid flow slides.Three disrupted landslides,including rock falls,disrupted rock slides,and soil falls are the most common types of landslides triggered by the earthquake.We preliminary mapped 3883 landslides based on available high-resolution aerial photographs taken soon after the earthquake.In addition,the effect of aftershocks on the landslides,comparisons of landslides triggered by the Lushan earthquake with landslides triggered by other earthquake events,and guidance for subsequent landslides detailed interpretation based on high-resolution remote sensing images were discussed respectively.In conclusion,based on quick field investigations to the Lushan earthquake,the classifications,morphology of source area,motion and accumulation area of many earthquake-triggered landslides were recorded before the landslide might be reconstructed by human factors,aftershocks,and rainfall etc.It has important significance to earthquake-triggered landslide hazard mitigation in earthquake struck area and the scientific research of subsequent landslides related to the Lushan earthquake.
On April 20,2013,a strong earthquake of MS7.0 struck the Lushan County,Sichuan Province of China.In this paper,basic information of the April 20,2013 Lushan earthquake,historical earthquakes in the Lushan earthquake struck area and associated historical earthquake-triggered landslides were introduced firstly.We delineated the probable spatial distribution boundary of landslides triggered by the Lushan earthquake based on correlations between the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake-triggered landslides and associated peak ground acceleration(PGA).According to earthquake-triggered landslides classification principles,landslides triggered by the earthquake are divided into three main categories:disrupted landslides,coherent landslides,and flow landslides.The first main category includes five types:rock falls,disrupted rock slides,rock avalanches,soil falls,and disrupted soil slides.The second main category includes two types of soil slumps and slow earth flows.The type of flow landslides is mainly rapid flow slides.Three disrupted landslides,including rock falls,disrupted rock slides,and soil falls are the most common types of landslides triggered by the earthquake.We preliminary mapped 3883 landslides based on available high-resolution aerial photographs taken soon after the earthquake.In addition,the effect of aftershocks on the landslides,comparisons of landslides triggered by the Lushan earthquake with landslides triggered by other earthquake events,and guidance for subsequent landslides detailed interpretation based on high-resolution remote sensing images were discussed respectively.In conclusion,based on quick field investigations to the Lushan earthquake,the classifications,morphology of source area,motion and accumulation area of many earthquake-triggered landslides were recorded before the landslide might be reconstructed by human factors,aftershocks,and rainfall etc.It has important significance to earthquake-triggered landslide hazard mitigation in earthquake struck area and the scientific research of subsequent landslides related to the Lushan earthquake.
引文
陈立春,冉勇康,王虎,等.2013.芦山地震与龙门山断裂带南段活动性[J].科学通报,58(20):1925—1932.CHEN Li-chun,RAN Yong-kang,WANG Hu,et al.2013.The Lushan M S7 .0 earthquake and activity of the southern segment of the Longmenshan Fault zone[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,58(20):1925—1932(in Chinese).
邓起东,高翔,陈桂华,等.2010.青藏高原昆仑-汶川地震系列与巴颜喀喇断块的最新活动[J].地学前缘,17(5):163—178.DENG Qi-dong,GAO Xiang,CHEN Gui-hua,et al.2010.Recent tectonic activity of Bayankala Fault block and the Kunlun Wenchuan earthquake series of the Tibetan plateau[J].Earth Science Frontiers,17(5):163—178(in Chinese).
国家地震局震害防御司.1995.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪-公元1911年)[M].北京.地震出版社.Disaster Prevention Department of National Seismological Bureau.1995.Catalog of Strong Historical Earthquake of China(23 Century B.C.-1911 A.D.)[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
郭志.2013.四川省芦山“4.20”7.0级强烈地震震源机制[EB/OL].http:∥www.eq-igl.ac.cn/zt/(last accessed May 1,2013).GUO Zhi.2013.Focal mechanisms of the April 20,2013 Lushan,Sichuan Province M S7 .0 strong earthquake[EB/OL].http:∥www.eq-igl.ac.cn/zt/.(last accessed May 1,2013)(in Chinese).
房立华,王长在,王未来.2013.余震序列精确定位[EB/OL].www.cea-igp.ac.cn/jjxcdsxj/266815.shtml(last accessed May 1,2013).FANG Li-hua,WANG Chang-zai,WANG Wei-lai.2013.Accurate location of aftershock sequence[EB/OL].www.ceaigp.ac.cn/jjxcdsxj/266815.shtml(last accessed May 1,2013)(in Chinese).
韩竹军,任治坤,王虎,等.2013.芦山县龙门乡芦山“4.20”7.0级强烈地震地表破裂迹象与讨论[J].地震地质,35(2):388—397.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2013.02.017.HAN Zhu-jun,REN Zhi-kun,WANG Hu,et al.2013.The surface rupture signs of the Lushan“4.20”M S7 .0 earthquake at Longmen Township,Lushan County and its discussion[J].Seismology and Geology,35(2):388—397(in Chinese).
黄润秋,李为乐.2008“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,27(12):2585—2592.HUANG Run-qiu,LI Wei-le.2008.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12thMay,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(12):2585—2592(in Chinese).
刘超,许力生,陈运泰.2013.地震矩张量反演结果[EB/OL].www.cea-igp.ac.cn/jjxcdsxj/266826.shtml(last accessed May 1,2013).LIU Chao,XU Li-sheng,CHEN Yun-tai.2013.Results of seismic moment tensor inversion[EB/OL].www.cea-igp.ac.cn/jjxcdsxj/266826.shtml(last accessed May 1,2013)(in Chinese).
王卫民,郝金来,姚振兴.2013.2013年4月20日四川雅安芦山6.7级地震震源破裂过程反演初步结果[EB/OL].www.igg.cas.cn/xwzx/zhxw/201304/t20130420_3823903.html(last accessed May 1,2013)(in Chinese).WANG Wei-min,HAO Jin-lai,YAO Zhen-xing.2013.Preliminary result for rupture process of Apr.20,2013,M W6 .7earthquake,Lushan,Yaan,China[EB/OL].www.igg.cas.cn/xwzx/zhxw/201304/t20130420_3823903.html(last accessed May 1,2013)(in Chinese).
许冲.2012.汶川地震滑坡详细编录及其与全球其他地震滑坡事件对比[J].科技导报,30(25):18—26.XU Chong.2012.Detailed inventory of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake triggered landslides and its comparison with global other earthquake events[J].Science&Technology Review,30(25):18—26(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,姚鑫.2009a.汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害的数量与面积[J].科技导报,27(11):79—81.XU Chong,DAI Fu-chu,YAO Xin.2009a.Incidence number and affected area of Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslides[J].Science&Technology Review,27(11):79—81(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,陈剑,等.2009b.汶川M S8 .0地震重灾区次生地质灾害遥感精细解译[J].遥感学报,13(4):754 —762.XU Chong,DAI Fu-chu,CHEN Jian,et al.2009b.Identification and analysis of secondary geological hazards triggered by a magnitude 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,13(4):754—762(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,徐锡伟.2010.汶川地震滑坡灾害研究综述[J].地质论评,56(6):860—874.XU Chong,DAI Fu-chu,XU Xi-wei.2010.Wenchuan earthquake induced landslides:An overview[J].Geological Review,56(6):860—874(in Chinese).
许冲,肖建章.2013.2013年芦山地震滑坡空间分布分析:以太平镇东北方向的一个典型矩形区为例[J].地震地质,35(2):436—451.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2013.02.021.XU Chong,XIAO Jian-zhang.2013.Spatial analysis of landslides triggered by the 2013 M S7 .0 Lushan earthquake:A case study of a typical rectangle area in the northeast of Taiping Town[J].Seismology and Geology,35(2):436 —451(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟.2012a.俯冲带地区压扭断裂型地震触发滑坡及其剥蚀厚度空间分布规律分析[J].工程地质学报,20(5):732—744.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei.2012a.Spatial distribution of seismic landslides and their erosion thickness related with a transpressional fault caused earthquake in subduction zone[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,20(5):732—744 (in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟.2012b.走滑断裂型地震诱发的滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异[J].地质通报,31(4):532—540 .XU Chong,XU Xi-wei.2012b.Spatial distribution difference of landslides triggered by slipping-fault type earthquake on two sides of the fault[J].Geological Bulletin of China,31(4):532—540(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.2012.玉树地震滑坡分布调查及其特征与形成机制[J].地震地质,34(1):47—62.doi:10 .3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2012.01.006.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua.2012.Study on the characteristics,mechanism,and spatial distribution of Yushu earthquake triggered landslides[J].Seismology and Geology,34(1):47—62(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟,吴熙彦,等.2013a.2008年汶川地震滑坡详细编目及其空间分布规律分析[J].工程地质学报,21(1):25—44.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,WU Xi-yan,et al.2013a.Detailed inventories of landslides triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and their spatial distribution statistical analyses[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,21(1):25—44(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.2013b.基于证据权方法的玉树地震滑坡危险性评价[J].地震地质,35(1):151—164.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2013.01.013.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua.2013b.The Yushu earthquake triggered landslide hazard evaluation based on weight of evidence method[J].Seismology and Geology,35(1):151—164.(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川M S8 .0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597—629 .XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008.The M S8 .0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597—629(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华.2013a.四川雅安7.0级地震地震构造图[EB/OL].www.eq-igl.ac.cn/admin/upload/files/四川雅安-3(2).jpg.XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua.2013a.Seismic tectonic map of the Yaan,Sichuan M S7 .0 earthquake[EB/OL].www.eq-igl.ac.cn/admin/upload/files/四川雅安-3(2).jpg(last accessed May 1,2013)(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,韩竹军,等.2013b.四川芦山7.0级强震:一次典型的盲逆断层型地震[J].科学通报,58(20):1887—1893.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,HAN Zhu-jun,et al.2013b.Lushan M S7 .0 earthquake:A blind reserve-fault earthquake[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,58(20):1887—1893(in Chinese).
殷跃平.2008.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,16(4):433—444.YIN Yue-ping.2008.Researches on the geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,16(4):433—444(in Chinese).
殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,等.2010.青海玉树M S7 .1级地震地质灾害主要特征[J].工程地质学报,18(3):289 —296.YIN Yue-ping,ZHANG Yong-shuang,MA Yin-sheng,et al.2010.Research on major characteristics of geohazards induced by the Yushu M S7 .1 earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,18(3):289—296(in Chinese).
张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2013.地震破裂过程[EB/OL].www.cea-igp.ac.cn/jjxcdsxj/266815.shtml.ZHANG Yong,XU Li-sheng,CHEN Yun-tai.2013.Earthquake rupture process[EB/OL].www.cea-igp.ac.cn/jjxcdsxj/266815.shtml.(in Chinese).
中国地震局震害防御司.1999.中国近代地震目录(公元1912年—1990年M S≥4.7)[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.Disaster Prevention Department of China Earthquake Administration.1999.Catalog of Modern Earthquake of China(1912 A.D.-1990 A.D.)[M].China Science and Technology Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
Dai F C,Xu C,Yao X,et al.2011.Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2008 M S8 .0 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,40(4):883—895.
Harp E L,Keefer D K,Sato H P,et al.2011.Landslide inventories:The essential part of seismic landslide hazard analyses[J].Engineering Geology,122(1):9—21.
Jibson R W,Harp E L.2012.Extraordinary distance limits of landslides triggered by the 2011 Mineral,Virginia,earthquake[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,102(6):2368—2377.
Gorum T,Fan X M,van Westen C J,et al.2011.Distribution pattern of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Geomorphology,133(3-4):152—167.
Keefer D K.1984.Landslides caused by earthquakes[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,95(4):406—421.
Keefer D K.2002.Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes-A historical review[J].Surveys in Geophysics,23(6):473—510.
USGS.2008.Shakemap us2008ryan[EB/OL].http:∥earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/global/shake/2008ryan/(last accessed September 1,2010).
USGS.2013a.M6.6~52km WSW of Linqiong,China[EB/OL].http:∥earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usb000gcdd(last accessed May 1,2013).
USGS.2013b.Global Earthquake Search(Beta)[EB/OL].http:∥earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/epic/(last accessed May 1,2013).
Xu C,Xu X W.2012.Comment on“Spatial distribution analysis of landslides triggered by 2008.5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake,China”by Shengwen Qi,Qiang Xu,Hengxing Lan,Bing Zhang,Jianyou Liu[Engineering Geology 116(2010)95-108][J].Engineering Geology,133-134:40—42.
Xu C,Dai F C,Xu X W,et al.2012a.GIS-based support vector machine modeling of earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility in the Jianjiang River watershed,China[J].Geomorphology,145-146:70—80.
Xu C,Xu X W,Dai F C,et al.2012b.Comparison of different models for susceptibility mapping of earthquake triggered landslides related with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China[J].Computers&Geosciences,46:317—329.
Xu C,Xu X W,Yu G H.2012c.Earthquake triggered landslide hazard mapping and validation related with the 2010Port-au-Prince,Haiti earthquake[J].Disaster Advances,5(4):1297—1304.
Xu C,Xu X W,Yao X,et al.2013a.Three(nearly)complete inventories of landslides triggered by the May 12,2008Wenchuan M W7 .9 earthquake of China and their spatial distribution statistical analysis[J].Landslides,10(4):421 —431.doi:10.1007/s10346-013-0404—6.
Xu C,Xu X W,Yu G H.2013b.Landslides triggered by slipping-fault-generated earthquake on a plateau:An example of the 14 April 2010,M S7 .1,Yushu,China earthquake[J].Landslides,10(4):421—431.doi:10.1007/s10346-012-0340-x.
Xu X W,Tan X B,Yu G H,et al.2013c.Normal-and oblique-slip of the 2008 Yutian earthquake:Evidence for eastward block motion,northern Tibetan plateau[J].Tectonophysics,584:152—165.
邓起东,高翔,陈桂华,等.2010.青藏高原昆仑-汶川地震系列与巴颜喀喇断块的最新活动[J].地学前缘,17(5):163—178.DENG Qi-dong,GAO Xiang,CHEN Gui-hua,et al.2010.Recent tectonic activity of Bayankala Fault block and the Kunlun Wenchuan earthquake series of the Tibetan plateau[J].Earth Science Frontiers,17(5):163—178(in Chinese).
国家地震局震害防御司.1995.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪-公元1911年)[M].北京.地震出版社.Disaster Prevention Department of National Seismological Bureau.1995.Catalog of Strong Historical Earthquake of China(23 Century B.C.-1911 A.D.)[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
郭志.2013.四川省芦山“4.20”7.0级强烈地震震源机制[EB/OL].http:∥www.eq-igl.ac.cn/zt/(last accessed May 1,2013).GUO Zhi.2013.Focal mechanisms of the April 20,2013 Lushan,Sichuan Province M S7 .0 strong earthquake[EB/OL].http:∥www.eq-igl.ac.cn/zt/.(last accessed May 1,2013)(in Chinese).
房立华,王长在,王未来.2013.余震序列精确定位[EB/OL].www.cea-igp.ac.cn/jjxcdsxj/266815.shtml(last accessed May 1,2013).FANG Li-hua,WANG Chang-zai,WANG Wei-lai.2013.Accurate location of aftershock sequence[EB/OL].www.ceaigp.ac.cn/jjxcdsxj/266815.shtml(last accessed May 1,2013)(in Chinese).
韩竹军,任治坤,王虎,等.2013.芦山县龙门乡芦山“4.20”7.0级强烈地震地表破裂迹象与讨论[J].地震地质,35(2):388—397.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2013.02.017.HAN Zhu-jun,REN Zhi-kun,WANG Hu,et al.2013.The surface rupture signs of the Lushan“4.20”M S7 .0 earthquake at Longmen Township,Lushan County and its discussion[J].Seismology and Geology,35(2):388—397(in Chinese).
黄润秋,李为乐.2008“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,27(12):2585—2592.HUANG Run-qiu,LI Wei-le.2008.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12thMay,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(12):2585—2592(in Chinese).
刘超,许力生,陈运泰.2013.地震矩张量反演结果[EB/OL].www.cea-igp.ac.cn/jjxcdsxj/266826.shtml(last accessed May 1,2013).LIU Chao,XU Li-sheng,CHEN Yun-tai.2013.Results of seismic moment tensor inversion[EB/OL].www.cea-igp.ac.cn/jjxcdsxj/266826.shtml(last accessed May 1,2013)(in Chinese).
王卫民,郝金来,姚振兴.2013.2013年4月20日四川雅安芦山6.7级地震震源破裂过程反演初步结果[EB/OL].www.igg.cas.cn/xwzx/zhxw/201304/t20130420_3823903.html(last accessed May 1,2013)(in Chinese).WANG Wei-min,HAO Jin-lai,YAO Zhen-xing.2013.Preliminary result for rupture process of Apr.20,2013,M W6 .7earthquake,Lushan,Yaan,China[EB/OL].www.igg.cas.cn/xwzx/zhxw/201304/t20130420_3823903.html(last accessed May 1,2013)(in Chinese).
许冲.2012.汶川地震滑坡详细编录及其与全球其他地震滑坡事件对比[J].科技导报,30(25):18—26.XU Chong.2012.Detailed inventory of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake triggered landslides and its comparison with global other earthquake events[J].Science&Technology Review,30(25):18—26(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,姚鑫.2009a.汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害的数量与面积[J].科技导报,27(11):79—81.XU Chong,DAI Fu-chu,YAO Xin.2009a.Incidence number and affected area of Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslides[J].Science&Technology Review,27(11):79—81(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,陈剑,等.2009b.汶川M S8 .0地震重灾区次生地质灾害遥感精细解译[J].遥感学报,13(4):754 —762.XU Chong,DAI Fu-chu,CHEN Jian,et al.2009b.Identification and analysis of secondary geological hazards triggered by a magnitude 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,13(4):754—762(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,徐锡伟.2010.汶川地震滑坡灾害研究综述[J].地质论评,56(6):860—874.XU Chong,DAI Fu-chu,XU Xi-wei.2010.Wenchuan earthquake induced landslides:An overview[J].Geological Review,56(6):860—874(in Chinese).
许冲,肖建章.2013.2013年芦山地震滑坡空间分布分析:以太平镇东北方向的一个典型矩形区为例[J].地震地质,35(2):436—451.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2013.02.021.XU Chong,XIAO Jian-zhang.2013.Spatial analysis of landslides triggered by the 2013 M S7 .0 Lushan earthquake:A case study of a typical rectangle area in the northeast of Taiping Town[J].Seismology and Geology,35(2):436 —451(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟.2012a.俯冲带地区压扭断裂型地震触发滑坡及其剥蚀厚度空间分布规律分析[J].工程地质学报,20(5):732—744.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei.2012a.Spatial distribution of seismic landslides and their erosion thickness related with a transpressional fault caused earthquake in subduction zone[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,20(5):732—744 (in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟.2012b.走滑断裂型地震诱发的滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异[J].地质通报,31(4):532—540 .XU Chong,XU Xi-wei.2012b.Spatial distribution difference of landslides triggered by slipping-fault type earthquake on two sides of the fault[J].Geological Bulletin of China,31(4):532—540(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.2012.玉树地震滑坡分布调查及其特征与形成机制[J].地震地质,34(1):47—62.doi:10 .3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2012.01.006.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua.2012.Study on the characteristics,mechanism,and spatial distribution of Yushu earthquake triggered landslides[J].Seismology and Geology,34(1):47—62(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟,吴熙彦,等.2013a.2008年汶川地震滑坡详细编目及其空间分布规律分析[J].工程地质学报,21(1):25—44.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,WU Xi-yan,et al.2013a.Detailed inventories of landslides triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and their spatial distribution statistical analyses[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,21(1):25—44(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.2013b.基于证据权方法的玉树地震滑坡危险性评价[J].地震地质,35(1):151—164.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2013.01.013.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua.2013b.The Yushu earthquake triggered landslide hazard evaluation based on weight of evidence method[J].Seismology and Geology,35(1):151—164.(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川M S8 .0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597—629 .XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008.The M S8 .0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597—629(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华.2013a.四川雅安7.0级地震地震构造图[EB/OL].www.eq-igl.ac.cn/admin/upload/files/四川雅安-3(2).jpg.XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua.2013a.Seismic tectonic map of the Yaan,Sichuan M S7 .0 earthquake[EB/OL].www.eq-igl.ac.cn/admin/upload/files/四川雅安-3(2).jpg(last accessed May 1,2013)(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,韩竹军,等.2013b.四川芦山7.0级强震:一次典型的盲逆断层型地震[J].科学通报,58(20):1887—1893.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,HAN Zhu-jun,et al.2013b.Lushan M S7 .0 earthquake:A blind reserve-fault earthquake[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,58(20):1887—1893(in Chinese).
殷跃平.2008.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,16(4):433—444.YIN Yue-ping.2008.Researches on the geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,16(4):433—444(in Chinese).
殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,等.2010.青海玉树M S7 .1级地震地质灾害主要特征[J].工程地质学报,18(3):289 —296.YIN Yue-ping,ZHANG Yong-shuang,MA Yin-sheng,et al.2010.Research on major characteristics of geohazards induced by the Yushu M S7 .1 earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,18(3):289—296(in Chinese).
张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2013.地震破裂过程[EB/OL].www.cea-igp.ac.cn/jjxcdsxj/266815.shtml.ZHANG Yong,XU Li-sheng,CHEN Yun-tai.2013.Earthquake rupture process[EB/OL].www.cea-igp.ac.cn/jjxcdsxj/266815.shtml.(in Chinese).
中国地震局震害防御司.1999.中国近代地震目录(公元1912年—1990年M S≥4.7)[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.Disaster Prevention Department of China Earthquake Administration.1999.Catalog of Modern Earthquake of China(1912 A.D.-1990 A.D.)[M].China Science and Technology Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
Dai F C,Xu C,Yao X,et al.2011.Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2008 M S8 .0 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,40(4):883—895.
Harp E L,Keefer D K,Sato H P,et al.2011.Landslide inventories:The essential part of seismic landslide hazard analyses[J].Engineering Geology,122(1):9—21.
Jibson R W,Harp E L.2012.Extraordinary distance limits of landslides triggered by the 2011 Mineral,Virginia,earthquake[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,102(6):2368—2377.
Gorum T,Fan X M,van Westen C J,et al.2011.Distribution pattern of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Geomorphology,133(3-4):152—167.
Keefer D K.1984.Landslides caused by earthquakes[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,95(4):406—421.
Keefer D K.2002.Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes-A historical review[J].Surveys in Geophysics,23(6):473—510.
USGS.2008.Shakemap us2008ryan[EB/OL].http:∥earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/global/shake/2008ryan/(last accessed September 1,2010).
USGS.2013a.M6.6~52km WSW of Linqiong,China[EB/OL].http:∥earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usb000gcdd(last accessed May 1,2013).
USGS.2013b.Global Earthquake Search(Beta)[EB/OL].http:∥earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/epic/(last accessed May 1,2013).
Xu C,Xu X W.2012.Comment on“Spatial distribution analysis of landslides triggered by 2008.5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake,China”by Shengwen Qi,Qiang Xu,Hengxing Lan,Bing Zhang,Jianyou Liu[Engineering Geology 116(2010)95-108][J].Engineering Geology,133-134:40—42.
Xu C,Dai F C,Xu X W,et al.2012a.GIS-based support vector machine modeling of earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility in the Jianjiang River watershed,China[J].Geomorphology,145-146:70—80.
Xu C,Xu X W,Dai F C,et al.2012b.Comparison of different models for susceptibility mapping of earthquake triggered landslides related with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China[J].Computers&Geosciences,46:317—329.
Xu C,Xu X W,Yu G H.2012c.Earthquake triggered landslide hazard mapping and validation related with the 2010Port-au-Prince,Haiti earthquake[J].Disaster Advances,5(4):1297—1304.
Xu C,Xu X W,Yao X,et al.2013a.Three(nearly)complete inventories of landslides triggered by the May 12,2008Wenchuan M W7 .9 earthquake of China and their spatial distribution statistical analysis[J].Landslides,10(4):421 —431.doi:10.1007/s10346-013-0404—6.
Xu C,Xu X W,Yu G H.2013b.Landslides triggered by slipping-fault-generated earthquake on a plateau:An example of the 14 April 2010,M S7 .1,Yushu,China earthquake[J].Landslides,10(4):421—431.doi:10.1007/s10346-012-0340-x.
Xu X W,Tan X B,Yu G H,et al.2013c.Normal-and oblique-slip of the 2008 Yutian earthquake:Evidence for eastward block motion,northern Tibetan plateau[J].Tectonophysics,584:152—165.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心