南海南部深地震探测及南北共轭陆缘对比
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摘要
南海南部最新深地震探测对于南海南北共轭陆缘的对比研究及南海形成演化理论的研究至关重要.以南海深地震探测发展历程和南海南部区域地质地球物理特征为基础,借鉴世界上典型共轭陆缘对比研究的方法,结合2009年新获得的两条海底地震仪测线,指出了南海南部及深海盆深部结构研究的迫切性与重要性,并提出西南次海盆的深部结构、洋盆中海山的速度结构与属性及南北共轭陆缘张裂体系,是今后南海形成演化理论问题的重要突破点.
The deep seismic surveys in the southern South China Sea(SCS) are of vital importance for conjugate continental margins and the theory of formation and evolution of SCS.This paper firstly reviews the survey history,then analyzes the geological and geophysical characteristics and finally presents the significance of deep structure research in southern SCS based on comparing the conjugate continental margins with Newfoundland and Iberia.Deep structures of the southwestern sub-basin,velocity structures of sea mountains in the deep basin,and the whole rifting system could make breakthrough for the theory of formation and evolution of the SCS in the future.
The deep seismic surveys in the southern South China Sea(SCS) are of vital importance for conjugate continental margins and the theory of formation and evolution of SCS.This paper firstly reviews the survey history,then analyzes the geological and geophysical characteristics and finally presents the significance of deep structure research in southern SCS based on comparing the conjugate continental margins with Newfoundland and Iberia.Deep structures of the southwestern sub-basin,velocity structures of sea mountains in the deep basin,and the whole rifting system could make breakthrough for the theory of formation and evolution of the SCS in the future.
引文
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Braitenberg,C.,Wienecke,S.,Wang,Y.,2006.Basementstructures from satellite-derived gravity field:SouthChina Sea ridge.J.Geophys.Res.,111(B05407):115.doi:10.1029/2005JB003938
Briais,A.,Patriat,P.,Tapponnier,P.,1993.Update interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreadingstages in the South China Sea:implications for the Tertiary tectonics of Southeast Asia.J.Geophys.Res.,98(B4):6299-6328.
Cande,S.C.,Kent,D.,1995.Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous andCenozoic.J.Geophys.Res.,100(B4):6093-6095.Q
Chiu,M.X.,2010.The P-wave velocity modeling of the transitional crust in northern South China Sea continentalmargin(Dissertation).Jilong,Institute of Applied Geosciences College of Ocean Science and Resource,National Taiwan Ocean University(in Chinese with Englishabstract).Qiu
Funck,T.,Jackson,H.R.,Louden,K.E.,et al.,2004.Crustal structure of the northern Nova Scotia rifted continental margin(eastern Canada).J.Geophys.Res.,109(B09102):1-19.doi:10.1029/2004JB003008
Gao,H.F.,Zhou,D.,Qiu,Y.,2009.Relationship between formation of Zhongyebei basin and spreading of SW subbasin,the South China Sea.Journal of Earth Science,20(1):66-76.doi:10.1007/s12583-009-0007-2
Jin,Q.H.,Li,T.G.,2000.Regional geologic tectonics of theNansha Sea area.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,20(1):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,C.F.,Zhou,Z.Y.,Li,J.B.,et al.,2007.Structures ofthe northeasternmost South China Sea continental margin and ocean basin:geophysical constraints and tectonic implications.Mar.Geophys.Res.,28(1):59-79.doi:10.1007/s11001-007-9014-9
Li,C.F.,Zhou,Z.Y.,Li,J.B.,et al.,2008.Magnetic zoningand seismic structure of the South China Sea ocean basin.Mar.Geophys.Res.,29(4):223-238.doi:10.1007/s11001-008-9059-4
Li,J.B.,Jin,X.L.,Gao,J.Y.,2002.Morpho-tectonic studyon late-stage spreading of the eastern subbasin of SouthChina Sea.Sci.China(Ser.D),45:978-989.
Li,J.B.,2011.The three-dimensional tomogramphy and itstectonic evolution in the southwestern subbasin ofSouth China Sea.The first seminar of South China SeaDeep,Shanghai,1(in Chinese).
Ludwig,W.J.,Kumar N.,Houtz R.E.,1979.Profile-Sonobuoy measurement in the South China Sea basin.J.Geophys.Res.,84(B7):3505-3518.doi:10.1029/JB084iB07p03505
Nissen,S.S.,Hayes,D.E.,Yao,B.C.,et al.,1995.Gravity,heat flow,and seismic constraints on the processes ofcrustal extension:northern margin of the South ChinaSea.J.Geophys.Res.,100(B11):22447-22483.doi:10.1029/95JB01868
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Qiu,X.L.,Shi,X.B.,Yan,P.,et al.,2003.Recent progressof deep seismic experiments and studies of crustalstructure in northern South China Sea.Progress in Natural Science,13(7):231-236(in Chinese).
Qiu,X.L.,Wang,P.,Zhao,M.H.,et al.,2009.Ocean bottom seismometer experiment in the southern continentalmargin of the South China Sea,The25th annual meeting of Chinese Geophysical Society,Beijing,China Science and Techonology University Press,620(in Chinese).
Qiu,X.L.,Ye,S.Y.,Wu,S.M.,et al.,2001.Crustal structure across the Xisha trough,northwestern South ChinaSea.Tectonophysics,341(1-4):179-193.doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00222-0000
Ruan,A.G.,Niu,X.W.,Wu,Z.L.,et al.,2009a.The2Dvelocity and density structure of the Mesozoic sedimentsin the Chaoshan depression.Geological Journal of China Universities,15(4):522-528(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ruan,A.G.,Qiu,X.L.,Li,J.B.,et al.,2009b.Wide aperture seismic sounding in the margin seas of China.SouthChina Journal of Seismology,29(2):10-18(in Chinese with English abstract).
Schluter,H.U.,Hinz,K.,Block,M.,1996.Tectono-stratigraphic terranes and detachment faulting of the SouthChina Sea and Sulu Sea.Marine Geol.,130(1-2),3951,58-78.doi:10.1016/0025-3227(95)00137-9
Su,D.Q.,2002.A special investigation report on exclusiveeconomic zone and continental shelf survey.MaritimePress,Beijing(in Chinese).
Su,D.Q.,Huang,C.L.,Xia,K.Y.,1996.The crust in theNansha trough.Scientia Geologica Sinica,31(4):409-415(in Chinese with English abstract).
Taylor,B.,Hayes,D.E.,1980.The tectonic evolution of theSouth China Sea basin.In:Hayes,D.E.,ed.,The tectonic and geologic evolution of southeastern Asian Seasand islands.Geophys.Monogr.,AGU,Washington,D.C.,23:89-104.
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Wan,L.,Wu,N.Y.,Zeng,W.J.,et al.,2004.Crustal structure in Nansha and its adjacent area.Geological Research of South China Sea,16:1-9(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Wang,P.X.,2009.Toward scientific breakthrough in theSouth China Sea.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,28(3):1-4(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,T,K.,Chen,M.K.,Lee,C.S.,et al.,2006.Seismicimaging of the transitional crust across the northeasternmargin of the South China Sea.Tectonophysics,412(34):237-254.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.10.039
White,R.S.,McKenzie,D.,ONions,R.K.,1992.Oceaniccrustal thickness from seismic measurements and rareearth element inversions.Journal of Geophysical Research,97(B13):19683-19715.doi:10.1029/92JB01749
Wu,S.M.,Qiu,X.L.,Zhou,D.,et al.,2009.Crustal structurebeneath Yinggehai basin and adjacent Hainan Island,and itstectonic implications.Journal of Earth Science,20(1):13-26.doi:10.1007/s12583-009-0002-7
Wu,Z.L.,Ruan,A.G.,Li,J.B.,et al.,2008.New progressof deep crust Sounding in the mid-northern South ChinaSea using ocean bottom seismometers.South ChinaJournal of Seismology,28(1):21-28(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Wu,Z.L.,Ruan,A.G.,Li,J.B.,et al.,2010.New progressof deep crust sounding in the southern margin of SouthChina Sea using ocean bottom seismometers.Journal ofMarine Science,28(1):55-61(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xia,S.H.,Zhao,M.H.,Qiu,X.L.,et al.,2010.Crustalstructure in an onshore-offshore transitional zone nearHong Kong,northern South China Sea.Journal of Asian Earth Science,37(5-6):460-472.doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.11.004
Xu,H.L.,Qiu,X.L.,Zhao,M.H.,et al.,2006.Characteristics of the crustal structure and hypocentral tectonicsin the epicentral area of Nanao earthquake(M=7.5),the northeastern South China Sea.Chinese Science Bul-letin,51(SII):83-91(in Chinese).
Yan,P.,Deng,H.,Liu,H.L.,et al.,2006.The temporaland spatial distribution of volcanism in the South ChinaSea region.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,27(5):647-659.doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.06.005
Yan,P.,Liu,H.L.,2004.Tectonic-straigraphic division andblind fold structures in Nansha Waters,South ChinaSea.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,24(3):337348.doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2003.12.005
Yan,P.,Wang,Y.L.,Liu,H.L.,2008.Post-spreadingtranspressive faults in the South China Sea basin.Tectonophysics,450(1-4):70-78.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.01.015
Yan,P.,Zhou,D.,Liu,Z.S.,2001.A crustal structure profile across the northern continental margin of the SouthChina Sea.Tectonophysics,338(1):1-21.doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00062-2
Yan,Q.S.,2008.Geochemistry of Cenozoic alkali basaltfrom the South China Sea and its geodynamical significance(Dissertation).Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao,B.C.,1995.Characteristics and tectonic meaning ofZhongnan-Liyue fault.Geological Research of SouthChina Sea,7:1-14(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao,B.C.,1999.On the lithospheric rifting model in thesouthwest subbasin of the South China Sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,19(2):37-48(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao,B.C.,Zeng,W.J.,Hayes,D.E.,et al.,1994.The geological memoir of South China Sea survey jointly byChina and USA.China University of Geosciences Press,Beijing,204(in Chinese).
Zhao,M.H.,Qiu,X.L.,Xia,S.H.,et al.,2010.Seismicstructure in the northeastern South China Sea:S-wavevelocity and Vp/Vs ratios derived from three-component OBS data.Tectonophysics,480(1-4):183-197.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.10.004
Zhao,M.H.,Qiu,X.L.,Xu,H.L.,et al.,2007.The distribution and identification of the low-velocity layer in thenorthern South China Sea.Progress in Natural Science,17(5):591-600(in Chinese).
Zhao,M.H.,Qiu,X.L.,Ye,C.M.,et al.,2004.Analysis ondeep crustal structure along the onshore-offshore seismic profile across the Binhai(Littoral)fault zone innortheastern South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.,47(5):845-852(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Cande,S.C.,Kent,D.,1995.Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous andCenozoic.J.Geophys.Res.,100(B4):6093-6095.Q
Chiu,M.X.,2010.The P-wave velocity modeling of the transitional crust in northern South China Sea continentalmargin(Dissertation).Jilong,Institute of Applied Geosciences College of Ocean Science and Resource,National Taiwan Ocean University(in Chinese with Englishabstract).Qiu
Funck,T.,Jackson,H.R.,Louden,K.E.,et al.,2004.Crustal structure of the northern Nova Scotia rifted continental margin(eastern Canada).J.Geophys.Res.,109(B09102):1-19.doi:10.1029/2004JB003008
Gao,H.F.,Zhou,D.,Qiu,Y.,2009.Relationship between formation of Zhongyebei basin and spreading of SW subbasin,the South China Sea.Journal of Earth Science,20(1):66-76.doi:10.1007/s12583-009-0007-2
Jin,Q.H.,Li,T.G.,2000.Regional geologic tectonics of theNansha Sea area.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,20(1):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,C.F.,Zhou,Z.Y.,Li,J.B.,et al.,2007.Structures ofthe northeasternmost South China Sea continental margin and ocean basin:geophysical constraints and tectonic implications.Mar.Geophys.Res.,28(1):59-79.doi:10.1007/s11001-007-9014-9
Li,C.F.,Zhou,Z.Y.,Li,J.B.,et al.,2008.Magnetic zoningand seismic structure of the South China Sea ocean basin.Mar.Geophys.Res.,29(4):223-238.doi:10.1007/s11001-008-9059-4
Li,J.B.,Jin,X.L.,Gao,J.Y.,2002.Morpho-tectonic studyon late-stage spreading of the eastern subbasin of SouthChina Sea.Sci.China(Ser.D),45:978-989.
Li,J.B.,2011.The three-dimensional tomogramphy and itstectonic evolution in the southwestern subbasin ofSouth China Sea.The first seminar of South China SeaDeep,Shanghai,1(in Chinese).
Ludwig,W.J.,Kumar N.,Houtz R.E.,1979.Profile-Sonobuoy measurement in the South China Sea basin.J.Geophys.Res.,84(B7):3505-3518.doi:10.1029/JB084iB07p03505
Nissen,S.S.,Hayes,D.E.,Yao,B.C.,et al.,1995.Gravity,heat flow,and seismic constraints on the processes ofcrustal extension:northern margin of the South ChinaSea.J.Geophys.Res.,100(B11):22447-22483.doi:10.1029/95JB01868
Péron-Pinvidic,G.,Manatschal,G.,2009.The final riftingevolution at deep magma-poor passive marginsfromIberia-Newfoundland:a new point of view.Int.J.Earth Sci.,98(7):1581-1597.doi:10.1007/s00531-008-0337-9
Qiu,X.L.,Shi,X.B.,Yan,P.,et al.,2003.Recent progressof deep seismic experiments and studies of crustalstructure in northern South China Sea.Progress in Natural Science,13(7):231-236(in Chinese).
Qiu,X.L.,Wang,P.,Zhao,M.H.,et al.,2009.Ocean bottom seismometer experiment in the southern continentalmargin of the South China Sea,The25th annual meeting of Chinese Geophysical Society,Beijing,China Science and Techonology University Press,620(in Chinese).
Qiu,X.L.,Ye,S.Y.,Wu,S.M.,et al.,2001.Crustal structure across the Xisha trough,northwestern South ChinaSea.Tectonophysics,341(1-4):179-193.doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00222-0000
Ruan,A.G.,Niu,X.W.,Wu,Z.L.,et al.,2009a.The2Dvelocity and density structure of the Mesozoic sedimentsin the Chaoshan depression.Geological Journal of China Universities,15(4):522-528(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ruan,A.G.,Qiu,X.L.,Li,J.B.,et al.,2009b.Wide aperture seismic sounding in the margin seas of China.SouthChina Journal of Seismology,29(2):10-18(in Chinese with English abstract).
Schluter,H.U.,Hinz,K.,Block,M.,1996.Tectono-stratigraphic terranes and detachment faulting of the SouthChina Sea and Sulu Sea.Marine Geol.,130(1-2),3951,58-78.doi:10.1016/0025-3227(95)00137-9
Su,D.Q.,2002.A special investigation report on exclusiveeconomic zone and continental shelf survey.MaritimePress,Beijing(in Chinese).
Su,D.Q.,Huang,C.L.,Xia,K.Y.,1996.The crust in theNansha trough.Scientia Geologica Sinica,31(4):409-415(in Chinese with English abstract).
Taylor,B.,Hayes,D.E.,1980.The tectonic evolution of theSouth China Sea basin.In:Hayes,D.E.,ed.,The tectonic and geologic evolution of southeastern Asian Seasand islands.Geophys.Monogr.,AGU,Washington,D.C.,23:89-104.
Taylor,B.,Hayes,D.E.,1983.Origin and history of theSouth China Sea basin.In:Hayes,D.E.,ed.,The tectonic and geologic evolution of southeastern Asian Seas and Islands,II.Geophys.Monogr.,AGU,Washington,D.C.,27:23-56.
Wan,L.,Wu,N.Y.,Zeng,W.J.,et al.,2004.Crustal structure in Nansha and its adjacent area.Geological Research of South China Sea,16:1-9(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Wang,P.X.,2009.Toward scientific breakthrough in theSouth China Sea.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,28(3):1-4(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,T,K.,Chen,M.K.,Lee,C.S.,et al.,2006.Seismicimaging of the transitional crust across the northeasternmargin of the South China Sea.Tectonophysics,412(34):237-254.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.10.039
White,R.S.,McKenzie,D.,ONions,R.K.,1992.Oceaniccrustal thickness from seismic measurements and rareearth element inversions.Journal of Geophysical Research,97(B13):19683-19715.doi:10.1029/92JB01749
Wu,S.M.,Qiu,X.L.,Zhou,D.,et al.,2009.Crustal structurebeneath Yinggehai basin and adjacent Hainan Island,and itstectonic implications.Journal of Earth Science,20(1):13-26.doi:10.1007/s12583-009-0002-7
Wu,Z.L.,Ruan,A.G.,Li,J.B.,et al.,2008.New progressof deep crust Sounding in the mid-northern South ChinaSea using ocean bottom seismometers.South ChinaJournal of Seismology,28(1):21-28(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Wu,Z.L.,Ruan,A.G.,Li,J.B.,et al.,2010.New progressof deep crust sounding in the southern margin of SouthChina Sea using ocean bottom seismometers.Journal ofMarine Science,28(1):55-61(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xia,S.H.,Zhao,M.H.,Qiu,X.L.,et al.,2010.Crustalstructure in an onshore-offshore transitional zone nearHong Kong,northern South China Sea.Journal of Asian Earth Science,37(5-6):460-472.doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.11.004
Xu,H.L.,Qiu,X.L.,Zhao,M.H.,et al.,2006.Characteristics of the crustal structure and hypocentral tectonicsin the epicentral area of Nanao earthquake(M=7.5),the northeastern South China Sea.Chinese Science Bul-letin,51(SII):83-91(in Chinese).
Yan,P.,Deng,H.,Liu,H.L.,et al.,2006.The temporaland spatial distribution of volcanism in the South ChinaSea region.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,27(5):647-659.doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.06.005
Yan,P.,Liu,H.L.,2004.Tectonic-straigraphic division andblind fold structures in Nansha Waters,South ChinaSea.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,24(3):337348.doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2003.12.005
Yan,P.,Wang,Y.L.,Liu,H.L.,2008.Post-spreadingtranspressive faults in the South China Sea basin.Tectonophysics,450(1-4):70-78.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.01.015
Yan,P.,Zhou,D.,Liu,Z.S.,2001.A crustal structure profile across the northern continental margin of the SouthChina Sea.Tectonophysics,338(1):1-21.doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00062-2
Yan,Q.S.,2008.Geochemistry of Cenozoic alkali basaltfrom the South China Sea and its geodynamical significance(Dissertation).Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao,B.C.,1995.Characteristics and tectonic meaning ofZhongnan-Liyue fault.Geological Research of SouthChina Sea,7:1-14(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao,B.C.,1999.On the lithospheric rifting model in thesouthwest subbasin of the South China Sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,19(2):37-48(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao,B.C.,Zeng,W.J.,Hayes,D.E.,et al.,1994.The geological memoir of South China Sea survey jointly byChina and USA.China University of Geosciences Press,Beijing,204(in Chinese).
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