汶川地震中宝珠寺重力坝地震响应的三维有限元模拟
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摘要
汶川地震中宝珠寺水电站遭受的地震烈度为8°(相当于水平峰值加速度0.2g),远超过大坝的设计地震水平(0.1g),震后大坝未见明显震损.为解释大坝在地震中的抗震现象,构建了坝址区三维模型.考虑坝体横缝非线性以及三个方向地震作用的不同组合方式,对汶川地震中大坝的动力响应进行有限元模拟.在此基础上,针对震后提高的抗震设防标准,进一步选取典型坝段,采用二维弹塑性方法对大坝进行抗震复核并分析可能的破坏模式.模拟结果表明:横河向地震分量起主导作用而顺河向地震作用相对较弱是宝珠寺重力坝在汶川地震中免于发生损坏的主要原因.坝顶混凝土发生挤压破碎缘于永久横缝在地震中高频渐开渐合行为引起的剧烈碰撞.宝珠寺重力坝对设计地震0.27g的强震可以保持整体的安全性,对校核地震0.32g的强震整体安全性降低,水库正常运行及抵抗余震的能力将受到影响.
Baozhusi gravity dam was not destructively damaged during the MS8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake even though the earthquake intensity(0.2 g) at the dam site exceeded the design level of the dam(0.1 g).In order to analyze the dam′s performance to resist the earthquake,we design a three-dimensional model to simulate the dam′s dynamic responses with finite element modeling scheme with consideration of the nonlinearities of contraction joint opening and different combination patterns of three-component seismic processes.Then with 2D elasto-plastic yielding analysis technique we reassess the seismic safety and discuss the possible destruction modals of the dam during strong earthquake with updated seismic fortification levels.The results demonstrate that(1) the transverse component of earthquake motion predominates in the dynamic responses of the dam,and the stream component has relatively weaker excitation to the dam,which is probably the reason that the dam luckily avoided strong damage in the Wenchuan Earthquake.(2) The concrete fracture occurred near the permanent contraction joints at the top of the dam may have resulted from the impact of concrete blocks during joints opening.(3) The dam safety can meet the requirement under the updated design earthquake(0.27 g) and will be lower under the maximum credible earthquake(0.32 g),which may affect the reservoir operating and the resistant abilities to aftershocks.
Baozhusi gravity dam was not destructively damaged during the MS8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake even though the earthquake intensity(0.2 g) at the dam site exceeded the design level of the dam(0.1 g).In order to analyze the dam′s performance to resist the earthquake,we design a three-dimensional model to simulate the dam′s dynamic responses with finite element modeling scheme with consideration of the nonlinearities of contraction joint opening and different combination patterns of three-component seismic processes.Then with 2D elasto-plastic yielding analysis technique we reassess the seismic safety and discuss the possible destruction modals of the dam during strong earthquake with updated seismic fortification levels.The results demonstrate that(1) the transverse component of earthquake motion predominates in the dynamic responses of the dam,and the stream component has relatively weaker excitation to the dam,which is probably the reason that the dam luckily avoided strong damage in the Wenchuan Earthquake.(2) The concrete fracture occurred near the permanent contraction joints at the top of the dam may have resulted from the impact of concrete blocks during joints opening.(3) The dam safety can meet the requirement under the updated design earthquake(0.27 g) and will be lower under the maximum credible earthquake(0.32 g),which may affect the reservoir operating and the resistant abilities to aftershocks.
引文
[1]王谦身,滕吉文,张永谦等.龙门山断裂系及邻区地壳重力均衡效应与汶川地震.地球物理学进展,2008,23(6):1664-1670.Wang Q S,Teng J W,Zhang Y Q,et al.The effect of crustalgravity isostasy and Wenchuan earthquake in Longmenshan faultsand adjacent area.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(6):1664-1670.
[2]陈桂华,徐锡伟,于贵华等.2008年汶川MS8.0地震多断裂破裂的近地表同震滑移及滑移分解.地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1384-1394.Chen G H,Xu X W,Yu G H,et al.Co-seismic slip and slippartitioning of multi-faults during the MS8.0 2008Wenchuanearthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5):1384-1394.
[3]陈祖安,林邦慧,白武明等.2008年汶川8.0级地震孕震机理研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):408-417.Chen Z A,Lin B H,Bai W M,et al.The mechanism ofgeneration of May 12,2008 MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):408-417.
[4]杜方,闻学泽,张培震等.2008年汶川8.0级地震前横跨龙门山断裂带的震间形变.地球物理学报,2009,52(11):2729-2738.Du F,Wen X Z,Zhang P Z,et al.Interseismic deformationacross the Longmenshan fault zone before the 2008 M8.0Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(11):2729-2738.
[5]郭飚,刘启元,陈九辉等.川西龙门山及邻区地壳上地幔远震P波层析成像.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):346-355.Guo B,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.Teleseismic P-wavetomography of the crust and upper mantle in Longmenshanarea,west Sichuan.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):346-355.
[6]郭良迁,李延兴,胡新康等.中国大陆地壳运动与汶川MS8.0级地震孕育的关系.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):531-537.Guo L Q,Li Y X,Hu X K,et al.Crustal motion of Chinesemainland and preparation of MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake inSichuan Province.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):531-537.
[7]陈石,王谦身,祝意青等.汶川MS8.0震前区域重力场变化与震质中研究.地球物理学进展,2011,26(4):1147-1156.Chen S,Wang Q S,Zhu Y Q,et al.Regional gravityvariation before Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake and epicentroidresearch.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,26(4):1147-1156.
[8]郭啟良,王成虎,马洪生等.汶川MS8.0级大震前后的水压致裂原地应力测量.地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1395-1401.Guo Q L,Wang C H,Ma H S,et al.In-situ hydro-fracturestress measurement before and after the Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake of China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5):1395-1401.
[9]单新建,屈春燕,宋小刚等.汶川MS8.0级地震InSAR同震形变场观测与研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):496-504.Shan X J,Qu C Y,Song X G,et al.Coseismic surfacedeformation caused by the Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake fromInSAR data analysis.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):496-504.
[10]单新建,宋小刚,韩宇飞等.汶川MS8.0地震前InSAR垂直形变场变化特征研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(11):2739-2745.Shan X J,Song X G,Han Y F,et al.The characteristics ofsurface vertical deformation before the Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake from InSAR.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(11):2739-2745.
[11]胡幸平,俞春泉,陶开等.利用P波初动资料求解汶川地震及其强余震震源机制解.地球物理学报,2008,51(6):1711-1718.Hu X P,Yu C Q,Tao K,et al.Focal mechanism solutionsof Wenchuan earthquake and its strong aftershocks obtainedfrom initial P wave polarity analysis.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(6):1711-1718.
[12]白玉柱,徐锡伟,徐杰等.2008年汶川地震近断裂区域变形场的空间分布.地球物理学报,2011,54(7):1798-1804.Bai Y Z,Xu X W,Xu J,et al.A research on the distributionof deformation fields near the fault of 2008 WenchuanEarthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(7):1798-1804.
[13]于贵华,徐锡伟,陈桂华等.汶川8.0级地震地表变形局部化样式与建筑物破坏特征关系初步研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(12):3027-3041.Yu G H,Xu X W,Chen G H,et al.Relationship betweenthe localization of earthquake surface ruptures and buildingdamages associated with the Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(12):3027-3041.
[14]林皋.汶川大地震中大坝震害与大坝抗震安全性分析.大连理工大学学报,2009,49(5):657-666.Lin G.Performance of dams suffered in Wenchuanearthquake and seismic safety analysis of dams.J.DalianUniversity of Technology(in Chinese),2009,49(5):657-666.
[15]周建平,杨泽艳,范俊喜等.汶川地震灾区大中型水电工程震损调查及主要成果.水力发电,2009,35(5):1-5.Zhou J P,Yang Z Y,Fan J X,et al.Seismic damageinvestigation on large and medium sized hydropower projectsin Wenchuan earthquake area.Water Power(in Chinese),2009,35(5):1-5.
[16]Zhang Z J,Wang Y H,Chen Y,et al.Crustal structureacross Longmenshan fault belt from passive source seismicprofiling.Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36:L17310,doi:10.1029/2009GL039580.
[17]Zhang Z J,Yuan X H,Chen Y,et al.Seismic signature ofthe collision between the east Tibetan escape flow and theSichuan Basin.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,292(3-4):254-264,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.046.
[18]陈厚群,徐泽平,李敏.汶川大地震和大坝抗震安全.水利学报,2008,39(10):1158-1167.Chen H Q,Xu Z P,Li M.Wenchuan Earthquake and seismicsafety of large dams.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering(inChinese),2008,39(10):1158-1167.
[19]陈厚群.混凝土高坝强震震例分析和启迪.水利学报,2009,40(1):10-18.Chen H Q.Analysis on damages of high concrete damssubjected to strong earthquake and lessons for learning.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering(in Chinese),2009,40(1):10-18.
[20]Zhang Z J,Wang G J,Harris J M.Multi-componentwavefield simulation in viscous extensively militancy anisotropicmedia.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1999,114(1-2):25-38.
[21]Liu E R,Zhang Z J.Numerical study of elastic wavescattering by cracks or inclusions using the boundary integralequation method.Journal of Computational Acoustics,2001,9(3):1039-1054.
[22]Zhang C H,Pan J W,Wang J T.Influence of seismic inputmechanisms and radiation damping on arch dam response.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2009,29(9):1282-1293.
[23]克劳夫R W,彭津J.结构动力学.王光远译.北京:科学出版社,1985.Clough R W,Penzien J.Structural Dynamics(in Chinese).Translated by Wang G Y.Beijing:Science Press,1985.
[24]Dowling M J,Hall J F.Nonlinear seismic analysis of archdams.Journal of Engineering and Mechanical DivisionASCE,1989,115(4):768-789.
[25]Zhang C H,Xu Y J,Wang G L,et al.Non-linear seismicresponse of arch dams with contraction joint opening and jointreinforcements.Earthquake Engineering and StructuralDynamics,2000,29(10):1547-1566.
[26]Pan J W,Zhang C H,Xu Y J,et al.A comparative study ofthe different procedures for seismic cracking analysis ofconcrete dams.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2011,31(11):1594-1606,doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.06.011.
[27]张楚汉,金峰,潘坚文等.论汶川地震后我国高坝抗震标准问题.水利水电技术,2009,40(8):74-79.Zhang C H,Jin F,Pan J W,et al.On seismic fortificationcriteria after Wenchuan earthquake for high dam in China.Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering(in Chinese),2009,40(8):74-79.
[2]陈桂华,徐锡伟,于贵华等.2008年汶川MS8.0地震多断裂破裂的近地表同震滑移及滑移分解.地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1384-1394.Chen G H,Xu X W,Yu G H,et al.Co-seismic slip and slippartitioning of multi-faults during the MS8.0 2008Wenchuanearthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5):1384-1394.
[3]陈祖安,林邦慧,白武明等.2008年汶川8.0级地震孕震机理研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):408-417.Chen Z A,Lin B H,Bai W M,et al.The mechanism ofgeneration of May 12,2008 MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):408-417.
[4]杜方,闻学泽,张培震等.2008年汶川8.0级地震前横跨龙门山断裂带的震间形变.地球物理学报,2009,52(11):2729-2738.Du F,Wen X Z,Zhang P Z,et al.Interseismic deformationacross the Longmenshan fault zone before the 2008 M8.0Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(11):2729-2738.
[5]郭飚,刘启元,陈九辉等.川西龙门山及邻区地壳上地幔远震P波层析成像.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):346-355.Guo B,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.Teleseismic P-wavetomography of the crust and upper mantle in Longmenshanarea,west Sichuan.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):346-355.
[6]郭良迁,李延兴,胡新康等.中国大陆地壳运动与汶川MS8.0级地震孕育的关系.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):531-537.Guo L Q,Li Y X,Hu X K,et al.Crustal motion of Chinesemainland and preparation of MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake inSichuan Province.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):531-537.
[7]陈石,王谦身,祝意青等.汶川MS8.0震前区域重力场变化与震质中研究.地球物理学进展,2011,26(4):1147-1156.Chen S,Wang Q S,Zhu Y Q,et al.Regional gravityvariation before Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake and epicentroidresearch.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,26(4):1147-1156.
[8]郭啟良,王成虎,马洪生等.汶川MS8.0级大震前后的水压致裂原地应力测量.地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1395-1401.Guo Q L,Wang C H,Ma H S,et al.In-situ hydro-fracturestress measurement before and after the Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake of China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5):1395-1401.
[9]单新建,屈春燕,宋小刚等.汶川MS8.0级地震InSAR同震形变场观测与研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):496-504.Shan X J,Qu C Y,Song X G,et al.Coseismic surfacedeformation caused by the Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake fromInSAR data analysis.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):496-504.
[10]单新建,宋小刚,韩宇飞等.汶川MS8.0地震前InSAR垂直形变场变化特征研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(11):2739-2745.Shan X J,Song X G,Han Y F,et al.The characteristics ofsurface vertical deformation before the Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake from InSAR.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(11):2739-2745.
[11]胡幸平,俞春泉,陶开等.利用P波初动资料求解汶川地震及其强余震震源机制解.地球物理学报,2008,51(6):1711-1718.Hu X P,Yu C Q,Tao K,et al.Focal mechanism solutionsof Wenchuan earthquake and its strong aftershocks obtainedfrom initial P wave polarity analysis.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(6):1711-1718.
[12]白玉柱,徐锡伟,徐杰等.2008年汶川地震近断裂区域变形场的空间分布.地球物理学报,2011,54(7):1798-1804.Bai Y Z,Xu X W,Xu J,et al.A research on the distributionof deformation fields near the fault of 2008 WenchuanEarthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(7):1798-1804.
[13]于贵华,徐锡伟,陈桂华等.汶川8.0级地震地表变形局部化样式与建筑物破坏特征关系初步研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(12):3027-3041.Yu G H,Xu X W,Chen G H,et al.Relationship betweenthe localization of earthquake surface ruptures and buildingdamages associated with the Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(12):3027-3041.
[14]林皋.汶川大地震中大坝震害与大坝抗震安全性分析.大连理工大学学报,2009,49(5):657-666.Lin G.Performance of dams suffered in Wenchuanearthquake and seismic safety analysis of dams.J.DalianUniversity of Technology(in Chinese),2009,49(5):657-666.
[15]周建平,杨泽艳,范俊喜等.汶川地震灾区大中型水电工程震损调查及主要成果.水力发电,2009,35(5):1-5.Zhou J P,Yang Z Y,Fan J X,et al.Seismic damageinvestigation on large and medium sized hydropower projectsin Wenchuan earthquake area.Water Power(in Chinese),2009,35(5):1-5.
[16]Zhang Z J,Wang Y H,Chen Y,et al.Crustal structureacross Longmenshan fault belt from passive source seismicprofiling.Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36:L17310,doi:10.1029/2009GL039580.
[17]Zhang Z J,Yuan X H,Chen Y,et al.Seismic signature ofthe collision between the east Tibetan escape flow and theSichuan Basin.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,292(3-4):254-264,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.046.
[18]陈厚群,徐泽平,李敏.汶川大地震和大坝抗震安全.水利学报,2008,39(10):1158-1167.Chen H Q,Xu Z P,Li M.Wenchuan Earthquake and seismicsafety of large dams.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering(inChinese),2008,39(10):1158-1167.
[19]陈厚群.混凝土高坝强震震例分析和启迪.水利学报,2009,40(1):10-18.Chen H Q.Analysis on damages of high concrete damssubjected to strong earthquake and lessons for learning.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering(in Chinese),2009,40(1):10-18.
[20]Zhang Z J,Wang G J,Harris J M.Multi-componentwavefield simulation in viscous extensively militancy anisotropicmedia.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1999,114(1-2):25-38.
[21]Liu E R,Zhang Z J.Numerical study of elastic wavescattering by cracks or inclusions using the boundary integralequation method.Journal of Computational Acoustics,2001,9(3):1039-1054.
[22]Zhang C H,Pan J W,Wang J T.Influence of seismic inputmechanisms and radiation damping on arch dam response.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2009,29(9):1282-1293.
[23]克劳夫R W,彭津J.结构动力学.王光远译.北京:科学出版社,1985.Clough R W,Penzien J.Structural Dynamics(in Chinese).Translated by Wang G Y.Beijing:Science Press,1985.
[24]Dowling M J,Hall J F.Nonlinear seismic analysis of archdams.Journal of Engineering and Mechanical DivisionASCE,1989,115(4):768-789.
[25]Zhang C H,Xu Y J,Wang G L,et al.Non-linear seismicresponse of arch dams with contraction joint opening and jointreinforcements.Earthquake Engineering and StructuralDynamics,2000,29(10):1547-1566.
[26]Pan J W,Zhang C H,Xu Y J,et al.A comparative study ofthe different procedures for seismic cracking analysis ofconcrete dams.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2011,31(11):1594-1606,doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.06.011.
[27]张楚汉,金峰,潘坚文等.论汶川地震后我国高坝抗震标准问题.水利水电技术,2009,40(8):74-79.Zhang C H,Jin F,Pan J W,et al.On seismic fortificationcriteria after Wenchuan earthquake for high dam in China.Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering(in Chinese),2009,40(8):74-79.
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