石碑塬饱和黄土地震液化机制探讨
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摘要
通过对石碑塬黄土进行室内动三轴液化试验,研究不同动荷载水平下不同层位黄土的动应变和孔隙水压力发展特征,分析海原地震中石碑塬黄土地震液化的机制,并根据黄土所具有的特殊性质,探讨饱和黄土液化的判别标准。结果表明:饱和黄土液化时孔隙水压力发展受动荷载、颗粒组成和塑性指数等多因素的影响,相对于动残余应变的发展具有滞后性,因此往往达不到有效围压;而动残余应变的发展特征主要受初始孔隙比的影响,且当其超过3%后急剧增大,因此可选取该应变作为饱和黄土液化破坏的判别标准。
On the basis of the dynamic triaxial liquefaction test of the loess samples which were taken from the Shibei tableland, Guyuan city, the characteristics of dynamic strain and pore water pressure of loess which at different layers are studied under the different levels of dynamic loads,the mechanism of the loess liquefaction in Haiyuan earthquake is analyzed. Moreover,the liquefaction criterion of saturated loess is discussed according to the special properties of loess. The results show that the development of pore water pressure influenced by various factors which contains dynamic load,grain composition,plasticity indices when the saturated loess liquefaction. It has the nature of hysteretic relative to the development of dynamic residual strain,so it often can not reach the effective confining pressure. However,the characteristics of dynamic residual strain development mainly by the influence of the initial void ratio,and increasing sharply when it exceeded 3%. Therefore,the dynamic residual strain reach to 3% can be chosen as the critical value of the saturation loess liquefaction.
On the basis of the dynamic triaxial liquefaction test of the loess samples which were taken from the Shibei tableland, Guyuan city, the characteristics of dynamic strain and pore water pressure of loess which at different layers are studied under the different levels of dynamic loads,the mechanism of the loess liquefaction in Haiyuan earthquake is analyzed. Moreover,the liquefaction criterion of saturated loess is discussed according to the special properties of loess. The results show that the development of pore water pressure influenced by various factors which contains dynamic load,grain composition,plasticity indices when the saturated loess liquefaction. It has the nature of hysteretic relative to the development of dynamic residual strain,so it often can not reach the effective confining pressure. However,the characteristics of dynamic residual strain development mainly by the influence of the initial void ratio,and increasing sharply when it exceeded 3%. Therefore,the dynamic residual strain reach to 3% can be chosen as the critical value of the saturation loess liquefaction.
引文
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[2]PURI V K.Liquefaction behavior and dynamic properties of loessial(silty)soils[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Missouri,USA:University of MissouriRolla,1984.
[3]刘公社,巫志辉.动荷载下饱和黄土孔压演化规律及其在地基动力分析中的应用[J].工业建筑,1994,(3):40–44.(LIU Gongshe,WU Zhihui.The varying regularity of pore pressure of saturation loess under dynamic load and its application to dynamic analysis in foundation[J].Industrial Construction,1994,(3):40–44.(in Chinese))
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[7]王峻,王兰民,李兰.黄土场地地震液化研究[J].地震研究,2006,29(4):392–395.(WANG Jun,WANG Lanmin,LI Lan.Research on earthquake liquefaction of loess site[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2006,29(4):392–395.(in Chinese))
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[9]佘跃心,刘汉龙,高玉峰.饱和黄土孔压增长模式与液化机制的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2002,23(4):395–399.(SHE Yuexin,LIU Hanlong,GAO Yufeng.Study on liquefaction mechanism and pore water pressure mode of saturated original loess[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2002,23(4):395–399.(in Chinese))
[10]SEED H B,CETIN K O,MOSS R E S,et al.Recent advances in soil liquefaction engineering:a unified and consistent framework[C]//Proceedings of the 26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles Geotechnical Spring Seminar.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2003:1–71.
[11]邓龙胜,范文,贺龙鹏.随机地震荷载作用下黄土的液化特性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(6):1 274–1 280.(DENG Longsheng,FAN Wen,HE Longpeng.Liquefaction property of loess under stochastic load[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(6):1 274–1 280.(in Chinese))
[12]WANG J,WANG Q,WANG L M,et al.Laboratory study and evaluation of the loess liquefaction under random seismic loading[J].Advanced Material Research,2012,594/597:1 805–1 810.
[13]ISHIHARA K,OKUSA S,OYAGI N,et al.Liquefaction-induced flow slide in the collapsible loess deposit in soviet Tajik[J].Soils and Foundations,1990,30(4):73–89.
[14]白铭学,张苏民.高烈度地震时黄土地层的液化滑移[J].工程勘察,1990,20(6):1–5.(BAI Mingxue,ZHANG Sumin.Loess liquefaction flow in high intensity earthquake[J].Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying,1990,20(6):1–5.(in Chinese))
[15]王峻,王兰民.地震荷载作用下黄土地基震陷研究[J].世界地震工程,2007,23(4):44–47.(WANG Jun,WANG Lanmin.Study on seismic subsidence of loess ground under simulated-earthquake loads[J].World Earthquake Engineering,2007,23(4):44–47.(in Chinese))
[16]SEED H B,IDRISS I M,ARANGO I.Evaluation of liquefaction potential using field performance data[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1983,109(3):458–482.
[17]陈昌禄,邵生俊,方娟,等.不同结构性黄土的强度规律及传统强度准则适应性分析[J].地震工程学报,2013,35(4):851–857.(CHEN Changlu,SHAO Shengjun,FANG Juan,et al.Analysis of strength variation of different kinds of structural loess and adaptability of traditional strength criterion[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2013,35(4):851–857.(in Chinese))
[18]WANG Q,WANG L M,WANG J,et al.Laboratory study on the liquefaction properties of the saturation structural loess[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2012,170/173:1 339–1 343.
[19]王谦,王兰民,袁中夏,等.汶川地震中甘肃清水田川黄土液化的试验研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2012,39(2):116–120.(WANG Qian,WANG Lanmin,YUAN Zhongxia,et al.A study of loess liquefaction induced by the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake in Tianchuan,Qingshui County,Gansu Province[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2012,39(2):116–120.(in Chinese))
[20]王峻,王兰民,王平,等.不同地区饱和黄土液化特性研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2011,38(5):54–56.(WANG Jun,WANG Lanmin,WANG Ping,et al.Study on liquefaction characters of saturated loess in different regions[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2011,38(5):54–56.(in Chinese))
[21]罗爱忠,邵生俊.湿载耦合作用下黄土结构性损伤演化及本构关系[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(4):841–847.(LUO Aizhong,SHAO Shengjun.Structural damage evolution and constitutive relation of loess under coupling of stress and moisture[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(4):841–847.(in Chinese))
[22]王谦,王兰民,袁中夏,等.反应分析法在饱和黄土液化势评价中的应用研究[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(增):119–122.(WANG Qian,WANG Lanmin,YUAN Zhongxia,et al.Application of response analysis methods on evaluation of liquefaction potential of loess site[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2011,33(Supp.):119–122.(in Chinese))
[2]PURI V K.Liquefaction behavior and dynamic properties of loessial(silty)soils[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Missouri,USA:University of MissouriRolla,1984.
[3]刘公社,巫志辉.动荷载下饱和黄土孔压演化规律及其在地基动力分析中的应用[J].工业建筑,1994,(3):40–44.(LIU Gongshe,WU Zhihui.The varying regularity of pore pressure of saturation loess under dynamic load and its application to dynamic analysis in foundation[J].Industrial Construction,1994,(3):40–44.(in Chinese))
[4]BOULANGER R W,MEYERS M W,MEJIA L H,et al.Behavior of a fine-grained soil during Loma Prieta earthquake[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1998,35(1):146–158.
[5]王兰民,刘红玫,李兰,等.饱和黄土液化机制与特性的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(1):89–94.(WANG Lanmin,LIU Hongmei,LI Lan,et al.Laboratory study on the mechanism and behaviors of saturated loess liquefaction[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2000,22(1):89–94.(in Chinese))
[6]刘汉龙,佘跃心,王兰民.强夯黄土地基液化试验研究[C]//土动力学与岩土地震工程.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002:218–223.(LIU Hanlong,SHE Yuexin,WANG Lanmin.Liquefaction experimental research of dynamic compacted loess foundation[C]//Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering.Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2002:218–223.(in Chinese))
[7]王峻,王兰民,李兰.黄土场地地震液化研究[J].地震研究,2006,29(4):392–395.(WANG Jun,WANG Lanmin,LI Lan.Research on earthquake liquefaction of loess site[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2006,29(4):392–395.(in Chinese))
[8]王家鼎.高速黄土滑坡的一种机制——饱和黄土蠕动液化[J].地质评论,1992,38(6):532–539.(WANG Jiading.A mechanism of high-speed loess landslides—saturated loess creeping liquefaction[J].Geological Review,1992,38(6):532–539.(in Chinese))
[9]佘跃心,刘汉龙,高玉峰.饱和黄土孔压增长模式与液化机制的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2002,23(4):395–399.(SHE Yuexin,LIU Hanlong,GAO Yufeng.Study on liquefaction mechanism and pore water pressure mode of saturated original loess[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2002,23(4):395–399.(in Chinese))
[10]SEED H B,CETIN K O,MOSS R E S,et al.Recent advances in soil liquefaction engineering:a unified and consistent framework[C]//Proceedings of the 26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles Geotechnical Spring Seminar.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2003:1–71.
[11]邓龙胜,范文,贺龙鹏.随机地震荷载作用下黄土的液化特性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(6):1 274–1 280.(DENG Longsheng,FAN Wen,HE Longpeng.Liquefaction property of loess under stochastic load[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(6):1 274–1 280.(in Chinese))
[12]WANG J,WANG Q,WANG L M,et al.Laboratory study and evaluation of the loess liquefaction under random seismic loading[J].Advanced Material Research,2012,594/597:1 805–1 810.
[13]ISHIHARA K,OKUSA S,OYAGI N,et al.Liquefaction-induced flow slide in the collapsible loess deposit in soviet Tajik[J].Soils and Foundations,1990,30(4):73–89.
[14]白铭学,张苏民.高烈度地震时黄土地层的液化滑移[J].工程勘察,1990,20(6):1–5.(BAI Mingxue,ZHANG Sumin.Loess liquefaction flow in high intensity earthquake[J].Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying,1990,20(6):1–5.(in Chinese))
[15]王峻,王兰民.地震荷载作用下黄土地基震陷研究[J].世界地震工程,2007,23(4):44–47.(WANG Jun,WANG Lanmin.Study on seismic subsidence of loess ground under simulated-earthquake loads[J].World Earthquake Engineering,2007,23(4):44–47.(in Chinese))
[16]SEED H B,IDRISS I M,ARANGO I.Evaluation of liquefaction potential using field performance data[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1983,109(3):458–482.
[17]陈昌禄,邵生俊,方娟,等.不同结构性黄土的强度规律及传统强度准则适应性分析[J].地震工程学报,2013,35(4):851–857.(CHEN Changlu,SHAO Shengjun,FANG Juan,et al.Analysis of strength variation of different kinds of structural loess and adaptability of traditional strength criterion[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2013,35(4):851–857.(in Chinese))
[18]WANG Q,WANG L M,WANG J,et al.Laboratory study on the liquefaction properties of the saturation structural loess[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2012,170/173:1 339–1 343.
[19]王谦,王兰民,袁中夏,等.汶川地震中甘肃清水田川黄土液化的试验研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2012,39(2):116–120.(WANG Qian,WANG Lanmin,YUAN Zhongxia,et al.A study of loess liquefaction induced by the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake in Tianchuan,Qingshui County,Gansu Province[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2012,39(2):116–120.(in Chinese))
[20]王峻,王兰民,王平,等.不同地区饱和黄土液化特性研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2011,38(5):54–56.(WANG Jun,WANG Lanmin,WANG Ping,et al.Study on liquefaction characters of saturated loess in different regions[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2011,38(5):54–56.(in Chinese))
[21]罗爱忠,邵生俊.湿载耦合作用下黄土结构性损伤演化及本构关系[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(4):841–847.(LUO Aizhong,SHAO Shengjun.Structural damage evolution and constitutive relation of loess under coupling of stress and moisture[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(4):841–847.(in Chinese))
[22]王谦,王兰民,袁中夏,等.反应分析法在饱和黄土液化势评价中的应用研究[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(增):119–122.(WANG Qian,WANG Lanmin,YUAN Zhongxia,et al.Application of response analysis methods on evaluation of liquefaction potential of loess site[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2011,33(Supp.):119–122.(in Chinese))
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