芦山地震中校舍建筑的震害特点与分析
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摘要
本文对芦山地震中的校舍建筑震害进行调查和分析。调查发现,汶川地震后重建的框架结构,由于按照新的抗震规范进行设防,大多数没有出现结构性损伤,震害集中在填充墙等非结构构件上。建于汶川地震前的框架结构,当不符合规范的强制条文时,破坏严重,特别是单跨框架,个别发生首层柱端破坏。砖混结构校舍中的宿舍楼,由于开间小,横墙多,多设置了构造措施,虽有结构破坏,但均可修复。砖混结构教学楼采用砖墙-框架柱混合承重的结构体系,大多在汶川地震后得到加固,未加固的教学楼有严重的结构破坏,而加固后的校舍建筑则表现较好,但是这些结构体系多采用预制空心板,整体性较差,已经被规范禁止用于校舍建筑。场地对结构震害有重要的影响,密实的持力层、妥善的地基处理和整体性好的基础形式,可以大幅度减轻结构的震害。本文建议:应加强校舍建筑基于性能设计的研究,进一步明确其设防目标;研究填充墙与框架的相互作用,设计新型的填充墙体系以实现校舍建筑在不同地震水平下的功能要求。
This paper conducts seismic survey and analysis of school buildings damaged during Lushan earthquake.It is found that most reinforced concrete(RC) frame buildings rebuilt after Wenchuan earthquake performed well with limited structural damage,while damage is concentrated at non-structural members,such as in-filled hollow clay bricks.Those built before Wenchuan earthquake suffered structural damage,particularly for those RC frames with single bay which have been forbidden by the current seismic design code.The masonry dormitory buildings are featured in small room size,dense distribution of load-bearing walls,and sufficient seismic constructional measures.The damage to the structures are typical and repairable.To pursue large teaching room,some buildings adopted masonry wall-RC frame hybrid structure systems.These buildings have experienced Wenchuan earthquake and most were retrofitted accordingly.Very limited structural damage was observed from the retrofitted buildings,while serious structural damage occurred for those without enhancement.The masonry-RC frame hybrid structure system was forbidden by the current seismic design code as well.The construction site has heavily influenced the seismic damage to school buildings.A solid bearing stratum,an appropriate ground treatment,and a foundation structure with sufficient stiffness and strength will mitigate the seismic damage significantly.It is suggested that the performance-based design of school buildings should be followed.The design objectives,interaction between in-filled walls and RC frame structures,and novel in-filled wall system to realize the seismic design objectives should be studied in the future.
This paper conducts seismic survey and analysis of school buildings damaged during Lushan earthquake.It is found that most reinforced concrete(RC) frame buildings rebuilt after Wenchuan earthquake performed well with limited structural damage,while damage is concentrated at non-structural members,such as in-filled hollow clay bricks.Those built before Wenchuan earthquake suffered structural damage,particularly for those RC frames with single bay which have been forbidden by the current seismic design code.The masonry dormitory buildings are featured in small room size,dense distribution of load-bearing walls,and sufficient seismic constructional measures.The damage to the structures are typical and repairable.To pursue large teaching room,some buildings adopted masonry wall-RC frame hybrid structure systems.These buildings have experienced Wenchuan earthquake and most were retrofitted accordingly.Very limited structural damage was observed from the retrofitted buildings,while serious structural damage occurred for those without enhancement.The masonry-RC frame hybrid structure system was forbidden by the current seismic design code as well.The construction site has heavily influenced the seismic damage to school buildings.A solid bearing stratum,an appropriate ground treatment,and a foundation structure with sufficient stiffness and strength will mitigate the seismic damage significantly.It is suggested that the performance-based design of school buildings should be followed.The design objectives,interaction between in-filled walls and RC frame structures,and novel in-filled wall system to realize the seismic design objectives should be studied in the future.
引文
[1]GB50011-2010建筑抗震设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010.GB50011-2010 Code for seismic design of buildings[S].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2010.(in Chinese)
[2]清华大学、西南交通大学、北京交通大学土木工程结构专家组.汶川地震建筑震害分析[J].建筑结构学报,2008,29(4):1-9.Civil and Structural Groups of Tsinghua University,Xinan Jiaotong University and Beijing Jiaotong University.Analysis on seismic damage of build-ings in the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Building Structures,2008,29(4):1-9.(in Chinese)
[3]GB50223-2008建筑工程抗震设防分类标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.GB50223-2008 Standard for classification of seismic protection of building constructions[S].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2008.(in Chinese)
[4]GB50023-2009建筑抗震鉴定标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009.GB50023-2009 Standard for seismic appraisal of buildings[S].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2009.(in Chinese)
[5]GB/T24335-2009建(构)筑物地震破坏等级划分[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.GB/T 24335-2009 Classification of earthquake damage to buildings and special structures[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2009.(in Chinese)
[2]清华大学、西南交通大学、北京交通大学土木工程结构专家组.汶川地震建筑震害分析[J].建筑结构学报,2008,29(4):1-9.Civil and Structural Groups of Tsinghua University,Xinan Jiaotong University and Beijing Jiaotong University.Analysis on seismic damage of build-ings in the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Building Structures,2008,29(4):1-9.(in Chinese)
[3]GB50223-2008建筑工程抗震设防分类标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.GB50223-2008 Standard for classification of seismic protection of building constructions[S].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2008.(in Chinese)
[4]GB50023-2009建筑抗震鉴定标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009.GB50023-2009 Standard for seismic appraisal of buildings[S].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2009.(in Chinese)
[5]GB/T24335-2009建(构)筑物地震破坏等级划分[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.GB/T 24335-2009 Classification of earthquake damage to buildings and special structures[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2009.(in Chinese)
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