海洋天然气水合物地震检测技术及其应用
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摘要
天然气水合物具有能量密度高、分布广、埋深浅、成藏物化条件好、清洁环保等特点,是未来石油天然气的理想接替能源。我国海域深水广大地区具有天然气水合物形成所需的物源、温压及地质构造等成矿条件,资源前景广阔。地震检测技术是寻找海洋天然气水合物的行之有效方法,在世界各海域得到广泛应用并取得实效。我国通过多年的水合物勘查实践,研发了一套适合我国海洋天然气水合物的地震检测技术,包括水合物地震识别处理技术(保幅处理、子波零相位化、精细速度分析等)和地震属性提取技术(AVO反演及定量模拟检测、波阻抗反演、相干体检测、稳定带顶底面检测等)。运用上述技术已发现南海北部陆坡天然气水合物存在的似海底反射层(Bottom Simulating Reflector,BSR)、空白带(Blank Zone,BZ)、速度倒转和极性反转(Reversal Polarity,RP)等地震异常标志,并依提取的地震属性优选目标,成功钻获天然气水合物实物样品,提高了水合物矿床预测的准确率。简要回顾国外海洋天然气水合物地震勘探技术现状,重点阐述国内海洋天然气水合物地震检测技术的发展及其应用效果。
Gas hydrate,popularly known as "flammable ice",is an ideal energy characterized by high energy density,wide distribution,shallow burial,simple forming condition and clean developing environment.It may become a new energy source to replace oil and gas in the future.There are favorable gas hydrate forming conditions in the deep water of the China Seas,such as the abundance of sources,combination of temperature and pressure and geo-structures,and thus there is great resource potential.The seismic detecting technique is an effective method in marine gas hydrate survey,which has been widely applied in many deep water areas in the world.China has recently developed by itself the seismic detecting techniques for marine gas hydrate survey,including the seismic identification and processing techniques(i.e.the real amplitude processing,zero-phasing of wavelet,precise velocity analysis etc.) and the seismic attribute distilling techniques(i.e.seismic AVO analysis and quantified simulation,wave impedance inversion,the coherent body detection,and calibration and identification of gas hydrate stability zones etc.)The seismic signs of gas hydrate such as Bottom Simulating Reflector(BSR),Blank Zone(BZ),Velocity Inversion(VI) and Reversal Polarity(RP) have been found in the continental slope of northwestern South China Sea by using the seismic detecting techniques mentioned above.Based on the seismic anomalies,drilling testing has been made and gas hydrate samples have been successfully obtained in the region.This paper focuses on the current status of development and application of seismic exploration technology for marine gas hydrates survey in China,with a brief introduction to the status overseas.
Gas hydrate,popularly known as "flammable ice",is an ideal energy characterized by high energy density,wide distribution,shallow burial,simple forming condition and clean developing environment.It may become a new energy source to replace oil and gas in the future.There are favorable gas hydrate forming conditions in the deep water of the China Seas,such as the abundance of sources,combination of temperature and pressure and geo-structures,and thus there is great resource potential.The seismic detecting technique is an effective method in marine gas hydrate survey,which has been widely applied in many deep water areas in the world.China has recently developed by itself the seismic detecting techniques for marine gas hydrate survey,including the seismic identification and processing techniques(i.e.the real amplitude processing,zero-phasing of wavelet,precise velocity analysis etc.) and the seismic attribute distilling techniques(i.e.seismic AVO analysis and quantified simulation,wave impedance inversion,the coherent body detection,and calibration and identification of gas hydrate stability zones etc.)The seismic signs of gas hydrate such as Bottom Simulating Reflector(BSR),Blank Zone(BZ),Velocity Inversion(VI) and Reversal Polarity(RP) have been found in the continental slope of northwestern South China Sea by using the seismic detecting techniques mentioned above.Based on the seismic anomalies,drilling testing has been made and gas hydrate samples have been successfully obtained in the region.This paper focuses on the current status of development and application of seismic exploration technology for marine gas hydrates survey in China,with a brief introduction to the status overseas.
引文
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[14]Katzman R,Holbrook W S,Paull C K.Combined vertical-incidence and wide-angle seismic study of gas hydrate zone,Blake Ridge[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99,17975-17995.
[15]郭自强.固体中的波[M].北京:地震出版社,1982.[GUOZiqiang.Solid wave[M].Beijing:Seism Press,1982.]
[16]王秀娟.基于热弹性学的天然气水合物含量和游离气饱和度估计研究[R].中国地质大学硕士学位论文,2003.[WANGXiujuan.A study on estimation of gas hydrate amount andfree gas saturations based on thermoelasticity[R].A disser-tation submitted to the China University of Geosciences forMaster’s Degree.2003.]
[17]刘学伟,李敏锋,张光学,等.天然气水合物地震响应研究—中国南海HD152测线应用实例[J].现代地质,2005,19(1):33-38.[LIU Xuewei,LI Minfeng,ZHANG Guangxue,et al.Study on Gas Hydrate seismic responds in HD152line ofSouth China Sea[J].Geoscience,2005,19(1):33-38.]
[18]Hornbach M J,Holbrook W S,et al.Direct seismic detec-tion of methane hydrate on the Blake Ridge[J].Geophysics,2003,68(1):92-100.
[19]Zhang Haiqi,Yang Shengxiong,Wu Nengyou,et al.Success-ful and Surprising Results for China’s First Gas HydrateDrilling Expedition,“Fire in the Ice”,the methane hydratenewsletter of the US[J].Department of Energy,2007,6:9.
[20]吴能友,张海启,杨胜雄,等.南海神狐海域天然气水合物成藏系统初探[J].天然气工业,2007,27(9):1-6.[WU Neny-ou,ZHANG Haiqi,YANG Shengxiong,et al.Preliminarydiscussion on natural gas hydrate(NGH)reservoir system ofShenhu area,north slope of South China Sea[J].Natural GasIndustry,2007,27(9):1-6.]
[2]张光学,黄永样,祝有海,等.南海天然气水合物成矿远景研究[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2002,22(1):75-81.[ZHANGGuangxue,HUANG Yongyang,ZHU Youhai,et al.Pros-pect of gas hydrate resources in the South China Sea[J].Ma-rine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2002,22(1):75-81.]
[3]Hyndman R D,Spence G D.A seismic study of methane hy-drate marine bottom simulating reflectors[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1992,97,B5,6683-6698.
[4]Ashi J,Tokuyama H,et al.Distribution of methane hydrateBSRs and its implication for the prism growth in the NankaiTrough[J].Marine Geology,2002,187(1-2):177-191.
[5]张光学,黄永样,陈邦彦.海域天然气水合物地震学[M].北京:海洋出版社,2003.[ZHANG Guangxue,HUANGYongyang,CHEN Bangyan,et al.Marine Gas Hydrate Seis-mology[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,2003,1-254.]
[6]Carcione J M,Tinivella U.Bottom-simulating reflectors:seis-mic velocities and AVO effects[J].Geophysics,2000,65(1):54-67.
[7]Ecker C,Lumley D E.Seismic AVO analysis of methane hy-drate structures[J].1994,80,277-292.
[8]Ecker C,Lumley D E.Seismic AVO analysis of methane hy-drate structures[J].64thAnn.Internat.Meeting,Soc.Expl.Geophys.,Expanded Abstracts,1994,1100-1103.
[9]Jeffery A L.AVO inversion by simultaneous P-P and P-S in-version[J].Department of Geology and Geosciences,Univer-sity of Calgary,1999.
[10]Jose M.Carcione,Umberta Tinivella.Bottom-simulating re-flectors:seismic velocity and AVO effects[J].Geophysics,2000,65,54-67.
[11]Karin Andreassen,Patrick E Hart,Mary Mackay.Amplitudeversus offset modeling of the bottom simulating reflection as-sociated with submarine gas hydrates[J].Marine Geology,1997,137,25-40.
[12]Smith G C,Gidlow P M.Weighted stacking for rock proper-ty estimation and detection of gas[J].Geophys.Prosp.,1987,35,993-1014.
[13]王玉学,韩大匡,刘文岭,等.相干体技术在火山岩预测中的应用[J].石油物探,2006,45(2):192-196.[WANG Yuxue,HAN Dakuang,LIU Wenling,et al.Application of coherentbody technique in forecast lava[J].Geophysical prospectingfor petroleum,2006,45(2):192-196.]
[14]Katzman R,Holbrook W S,Paull C K.Combined vertical-incidence and wide-angle seismic study of gas hydrate zone,Blake Ridge[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99,17975-17995.
[15]郭自强.固体中的波[M].北京:地震出版社,1982.[GUOZiqiang.Solid wave[M].Beijing:Seism Press,1982.]
[16]王秀娟.基于热弹性学的天然气水合物含量和游离气饱和度估计研究[R].中国地质大学硕士学位论文,2003.[WANGXiujuan.A study on estimation of gas hydrate amount andfree gas saturations based on thermoelasticity[R].A disser-tation submitted to the China University of Geosciences forMaster’s Degree.2003.]
[17]刘学伟,李敏锋,张光学,等.天然气水合物地震响应研究—中国南海HD152测线应用实例[J].现代地质,2005,19(1):33-38.[LIU Xuewei,LI Minfeng,ZHANG Guangxue,et al.Study on Gas Hydrate seismic responds in HD152line ofSouth China Sea[J].Geoscience,2005,19(1):33-38.]
[18]Hornbach M J,Holbrook W S,et al.Direct seismic detec-tion of methane hydrate on the Blake Ridge[J].Geophysics,2003,68(1):92-100.
[19]Zhang Haiqi,Yang Shengxiong,Wu Nengyou,et al.Success-ful and Surprising Results for China’s First Gas HydrateDrilling Expedition,“Fire in the Ice”,the methane hydratenewsletter of the US[J].Department of Energy,2007,6:9.
[20]吴能友,张海启,杨胜雄,等.南海神狐海域天然气水合物成藏系统初探[J].天然气工业,2007,27(9):1-6.[WU Neny-ou,ZHANG Haiqi,YANG Shengxiong,et al.Preliminarydiscussion on natural gas hydrate(NGH)reservoir system ofShenhu area,north slope of South China Sea[J].Natural GasIndustry,2007,27(9):1-6.]
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