渤海海域历史上发生过地震诱发海啸吗?
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摘要
历史文献中有许多关于渤海"海溢"的记录,但"海溢"是否就是现代意义上的海啸还存在疑问,而且渤海海域基本不存在发生重大海啸的海沟型地震构造背景,因此,渤海地区是否发生过海啸的争论从未停止.本文在分析历史地震和古籍资料的基础上,通过数值模拟分析历史地震引发海啸的可能性,结合对渤海沿岸海啸堆积物的地质调查,认为渤海海域历史上基本没有发生过破坏性海啸事件,即使存在过海啸,到岸浪高也不会高于0.5m,而且仅限于东营—潍坊一带.
There are many records about "sea-overflow" in Chinese ancient books,which could not be proved as tsunamis.Considering the tectonic setting and geologic structures of Bohai sea and the records in ancient books,it has been controversial whether or not tsunami occurred in Bohai sea.In this paper,based on the analysis of historical earthquakes and ancient books,by means of numerical simulation and field investigation,we deem that no devastating tsunami occurred in Bohai sea.If there were tsunamis in Bohai sea,the height of waves was lower than 0.5m,and only influenced the Dongying-Weifang area.
There are many records about "sea-overflow" in Chinese ancient books,which could not be proved as tsunamis.Considering the tectonic setting and geologic structures of Bohai sea and the records in ancient books,it has been controversial whether or not tsunami occurred in Bohai sea.In this paper,based on the analysis of historical earthquakes and ancient books,by means of numerical simulation and field investigation,we deem that no devastating tsunami occurred in Bohai sea.If there were tsunamis in Bohai sea,the height of waves was lower than 0.5m,and only influenced the Dongying-Weifang area.
引文
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[2]Ward S N.Relationship of tsunami generation and anearthquake source.Journal of Physics of the Earth,1980,28:441-474.
[3]Ward S N.On tsunami nucleation:I.A point source.Journal of Geophysical Research,1982,86(B9):7895-7900.
[4]Ward S N.On tsunami nucleation:II.An instantaneousmodulated line source.Physics of the Earth and PlanetaryInteriors,1982,27(4):273-285.
[5]Ward S N.Earthquake mechanisms and tsunami generation:The Kurile Island event of 13October 1963.Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,1982,27(3):759-777.
[6]Ben-Menahem A,Singh S J.Seismic Waves and Sources.New York:Springer-Verlag,1981.
[7]Okal E A.Mode-wave equivalence and other asymptoticproblems in tsunami theory.Physics of the Earth andPlanetary Interiors,1982,30(1):1-11.
[8]Okal E A.Seismic parameters controlling far-field tsunamiamplitudes:a review.Natural Hazards,1982,1(1):67-96.
[9]Okal E A,Talandier J.T-wave duration,magnitudes andseismic moment of an earthquake-application to tsunamiwarning.Journal of Physics of the Earth,1986,34(1):19-42.
[10]Comer B P.The tsunami mode of a flat earth and itsexcitation by earthquake sources.Geophysical Journal of theRoyal Astronomical Society,1984,77(1):1-27.
[11]Comer B P.Tsunami generation:a comparison of traditionaland normal mode approaches.Geophysical Journal of theRoyal Astronomical Society,1984,77(1):29-41.
[12]Lay T,Wallace T C.Modern Global Seismology.San Diego:Academic Press,1995.
[13]Satake K.Tsunami.∥Lee W H K,Kanamori H,JenningsP C eds.International Handbook of Earthquake andEngineering Seismology.San Diego:Academic Press,2000.
[14]Rhodes B,Tuttle M,Horton B,et al.Paleotsunamiresearch.EOS Trans AGU,2006,87(21):205-209.
[15]陈运泰,杨智娴,许力生.海啸、地震海啸与海啸地震.物理,2005,24(12):864-872.Chen Y T,Yang Z X,Xu L S.Tsunami,earthquake-generated tsunami and tsunamigenic earthquake.Physics(inChinese),2005,24(12):864-872.
[16]国家地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪-公元1911年).北京:地震出版社,1995.Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention ChinaSeismological Bureau.The catalogue of historical earthquakesin China(2300B.C.—1911A.D.)(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1995.
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[18]王锋,刘昌森,章振铨.中国古籍中的地震海啸记录.中国地震,2005,21(3):437-443.Wang F,Liu C S,Zhang Z Q.Earthquake tsunami record inChinese ancient books.Earthquake Research in China(inChinese),2005,21(3):437-443.
[19]吴忠良,臧绍先.用体波合成地震图方法确定渤海、永善两大地震的震源参数.地震学报,1991,13(1):1-8.Wu Z L,Zang S X.Source parameters of Bohai earthquake ofJuly 18,1969and Yongshan earthquake of May 11,1974from synthetic seismogram of body waves.Acta SeismologicaSinica(in Chinese),1991,13(1):1-8.
[20]徐杰,张进,周本刚等.渤海东南部NE向黄河口—庙西北新生断裂带的存在.地震地质,2007,29(4):845-854.Xu J,Zhang J,Zhou B G,et al.The newly-generated NE-trending Yellow River estuary-Northwest Miao fault zone insoutheastern Bohai Basin.Seismology and Geology(inChinese),2007,29(4):845-854.
[21]周翠英,周焕鹏,李人杰.渤海及其周围现代构造应力场特征.地震学刊,1990,(3):18-25.Zhou C Y,Zhou H P,Li R J.The characteristic of thecontemporary tectonic stress field in the Bohai sea and theperipheral area.Journal of Seismology(in Chinese),1990,(3):18-25.
[22]Titov V V,Synolakis C E.Numerical modeling of tidal waverun-up.Journal of Waterway Port Coastal and OceanEngineering,1998,124(4):157-171.
[23]Liu P L F,Cho Y,Yoon S,et al.Numerical simulations ofthe 1960Chilean tsunami progagation and inundation at Hilo,Hawaii.∥El-Sabh M I ed.Recent Development in TsunamiResearch.Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic,1994.
[24]Imamura F.Review of tsunami simulation with a finitedifference method.∥Yeh H,Liu P,Synolokis eds.LongWave Run-Up Model.Hackensack:World Scientific PublishingCo.,1996.
[25]Wang X,Liu P.Preliminary simulation of 1986&2002Taiwan Hualien Tsunami.Taiwan:Cornell University,2005.
[26]Wang X,Liu P L F.An analysis of 2004Sumatra earthquakefault plane mechanisms and Indian Ocean tsunami.Journalof Hydraulic Engineering and Research,2006,42(2):147-154.
[27]Okada Y.Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faultsin half-space.Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,1985,75(4):1135-1154.
[28]Mansinha L,Smylie D E.The displacement fields of inclinedfaults.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1971,61(5):1433-1440.
[29]Liu P L F,Woo S B,Cho Y.Computer Programs forTsunami Propagation and Inundation.Taiwan:CornellUniversity,1998.
[30]邓起东,于贵华,叶文华.地震地表破裂参数与震级关系的研究.∥国家地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(2).北京:地震出版社,1992:247-264.Deng Q D,Yu G H,Ye W H.Relationship betweenearthquake magnitude and parameters of surface rupturesassociated with historical earthquakes.∥Institute ofGeology,SSB ed.Active Fault Research(2)(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1992:247-264.
[31]龙锋,闻学泽,徐锡伟.华北地区地震活断层的震级—破裂长度、破裂面积的经验关系.地震地质,2006,28(4):511-535.Long F,Wen X Z,Xu X W.Empirical relationships betweenmagnitude and rupture length,and rupture area,forseismogenic active fault in North China.Seismology andGeology(in Chinese),2006,28(4):511-535.
[32]张国民,汪素云,李丽等.中国大陆地震震源深度及其构造含义.科学通报,2002,47(8):663-668.Zhang G M,Wang S Y,Li L,et al.Focal depth research ofearthquake in Mainland China:Implication for tectonics.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2002,47(9):663-668.
[33]邓起东.中国活动构造图.北京:地震出版社,2007.Deng Q D.Active Tectonics Map of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2007.
[34]Hemphill-Haley E.Diatom evidence for earthquake inducedsubsidence and tsunami 300years ago in southern coastalWashington.Geological Society of America Bulletin,1995,107:357-378.
[35]Hemphill-Haley E.Diatoms as an aid in identifying late-Holocene tsunami deposits.The Holocene,1996,6(4):439-448.
[36]Hemphill-Haley E.Intertidal diatoms from Willapa Bay,Washington:application to studies of small-scale sea-levelchanges.Northwest Science,1995,68:29-45.
[37]Dominey-Howes D T M.Sedimentary deposits associatedwith the July 9th 1956Aegean Sea tsunami.Phys.Chem.Earth.,1996,21(12):51-55.
[38]Dawson A G,Shi S,Dawson S,et al.Coastal Sedimentationassociated with the June 2nd and 3rd,1994 Tsunami inRajegwesi,Jave.Quaternary Science Rev,1996,15(8-9):901-912.
[39]Nanayama F,Shigeno K,Satake K,et al.Sedimentarydifference between the 1933Hokkaido-nansei-oki tsunami and1959Miyakojima typhoon at Taisei,southwestern Hokkaido,northern Japan.Sedimentary Geology,2000,135:255-264.
[40]Lambeck K,Chappell J.Sea level change through the lastglacial cycle.Science,2001,292(27):679-689.
[41]曹伯勋.地貌学与第四纪地质学.武汉:中国地质大学出版社.1995.Cao B X.Geomorphology and Quarter Geology(in Chinese).Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1995.
[42]薛春汀.7000年来渤海西岸、南岸海岸线变迁.地理科学,2009,29(2):217-222.Xue C D.Historical changes of coastlines on west and southcoasts of Bohai Sea since 7000aB.P.Scientia GeographicaSinica(in Chinese),2009,29(2):217-222.
[2]Ward S N.Relationship of tsunami generation and anearthquake source.Journal of Physics of the Earth,1980,28:441-474.
[3]Ward S N.On tsunami nucleation:I.A point source.Journal of Geophysical Research,1982,86(B9):7895-7900.
[4]Ward S N.On tsunami nucleation:II.An instantaneousmodulated line source.Physics of the Earth and PlanetaryInteriors,1982,27(4):273-285.
[5]Ward S N.Earthquake mechanisms and tsunami generation:The Kurile Island event of 13October 1963.Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,1982,27(3):759-777.
[6]Ben-Menahem A,Singh S J.Seismic Waves and Sources.New York:Springer-Verlag,1981.
[7]Okal E A.Mode-wave equivalence and other asymptoticproblems in tsunami theory.Physics of the Earth andPlanetary Interiors,1982,30(1):1-11.
[8]Okal E A.Seismic parameters controlling far-field tsunamiamplitudes:a review.Natural Hazards,1982,1(1):67-96.
[9]Okal E A,Talandier J.T-wave duration,magnitudes andseismic moment of an earthquake-application to tsunamiwarning.Journal of Physics of the Earth,1986,34(1):19-42.
[10]Comer B P.The tsunami mode of a flat earth and itsexcitation by earthquake sources.Geophysical Journal of theRoyal Astronomical Society,1984,77(1):1-27.
[11]Comer B P.Tsunami generation:a comparison of traditionaland normal mode approaches.Geophysical Journal of theRoyal Astronomical Society,1984,77(1):29-41.
[12]Lay T,Wallace T C.Modern Global Seismology.San Diego:Academic Press,1995.
[13]Satake K.Tsunami.∥Lee W H K,Kanamori H,JenningsP C eds.International Handbook of Earthquake andEngineering Seismology.San Diego:Academic Press,2000.
[14]Rhodes B,Tuttle M,Horton B,et al.Paleotsunamiresearch.EOS Trans AGU,2006,87(21):205-209.
[15]陈运泰,杨智娴,许力生.海啸、地震海啸与海啸地震.物理,2005,24(12):864-872.Chen Y T,Yang Z X,Xu L S.Tsunami,earthquake-generated tsunami and tsunamigenic earthquake.Physics(inChinese),2005,24(12):864-872.
[16]国家地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪-公元1911年).北京:地震出版社,1995.Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention ChinaSeismological Bureau.The catalogue of historical earthquakesin China(2300B.C.—1911A.D.)(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1995.
[17]中国地震局震害防御司.中国近代地震目录(公元1912年—1990年Ms≥4.7).北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999.Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention ChinaSeismological Bureau.The catalogue of modern earthquakesin China(1912A.D.—1990A.D.,Ms≥4.7)(in Chinese).Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,1999.
[18]王锋,刘昌森,章振铨.中国古籍中的地震海啸记录.中国地震,2005,21(3):437-443.Wang F,Liu C S,Zhang Z Q.Earthquake tsunami record inChinese ancient books.Earthquake Research in China(inChinese),2005,21(3):437-443.
[19]吴忠良,臧绍先.用体波合成地震图方法确定渤海、永善两大地震的震源参数.地震学报,1991,13(1):1-8.Wu Z L,Zang S X.Source parameters of Bohai earthquake ofJuly 18,1969and Yongshan earthquake of May 11,1974from synthetic seismogram of body waves.Acta SeismologicaSinica(in Chinese),1991,13(1):1-8.
[20]徐杰,张进,周本刚等.渤海东南部NE向黄河口—庙西北新生断裂带的存在.地震地质,2007,29(4):845-854.Xu J,Zhang J,Zhou B G,et al.The newly-generated NE-trending Yellow River estuary-Northwest Miao fault zone insoutheastern Bohai Basin.Seismology and Geology(inChinese),2007,29(4):845-854.
[21]周翠英,周焕鹏,李人杰.渤海及其周围现代构造应力场特征.地震学刊,1990,(3):18-25.Zhou C Y,Zhou H P,Li R J.The characteristic of thecontemporary tectonic stress field in the Bohai sea and theperipheral area.Journal of Seismology(in Chinese),1990,(3):18-25.
[22]Titov V V,Synolakis C E.Numerical modeling of tidal waverun-up.Journal of Waterway Port Coastal and OceanEngineering,1998,124(4):157-171.
[23]Liu P L F,Cho Y,Yoon S,et al.Numerical simulations ofthe 1960Chilean tsunami progagation and inundation at Hilo,Hawaii.∥El-Sabh M I ed.Recent Development in TsunamiResearch.Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic,1994.
[24]Imamura F.Review of tsunami simulation with a finitedifference method.∥Yeh H,Liu P,Synolokis eds.LongWave Run-Up Model.Hackensack:World Scientific PublishingCo.,1996.
[25]Wang X,Liu P.Preliminary simulation of 1986&2002Taiwan Hualien Tsunami.Taiwan:Cornell University,2005.
[26]Wang X,Liu P L F.An analysis of 2004Sumatra earthquakefault plane mechanisms and Indian Ocean tsunami.Journalof Hydraulic Engineering and Research,2006,42(2):147-154.
[27]Okada Y.Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faultsin half-space.Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,1985,75(4):1135-1154.
[28]Mansinha L,Smylie D E.The displacement fields of inclinedfaults.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1971,61(5):1433-1440.
[29]Liu P L F,Woo S B,Cho Y.Computer Programs forTsunami Propagation and Inundation.Taiwan:CornellUniversity,1998.
[30]邓起东,于贵华,叶文华.地震地表破裂参数与震级关系的研究.∥国家地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(2).北京:地震出版社,1992:247-264.Deng Q D,Yu G H,Ye W H.Relationship betweenearthquake magnitude and parameters of surface rupturesassociated with historical earthquakes.∥Institute ofGeology,SSB ed.Active Fault Research(2)(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1992:247-264.
[31]龙锋,闻学泽,徐锡伟.华北地区地震活断层的震级—破裂长度、破裂面积的经验关系.地震地质,2006,28(4):511-535.Long F,Wen X Z,Xu X W.Empirical relationships betweenmagnitude and rupture length,and rupture area,forseismogenic active fault in North China.Seismology andGeology(in Chinese),2006,28(4):511-535.
[32]张国民,汪素云,李丽等.中国大陆地震震源深度及其构造含义.科学通报,2002,47(8):663-668.Zhang G M,Wang S Y,Li L,et al.Focal depth research ofearthquake in Mainland China:Implication for tectonics.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2002,47(9):663-668.
[33]邓起东.中国活动构造图.北京:地震出版社,2007.Deng Q D.Active Tectonics Map of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2007.
[34]Hemphill-Haley E.Diatom evidence for earthquake inducedsubsidence and tsunami 300years ago in southern coastalWashington.Geological Society of America Bulletin,1995,107:357-378.
[35]Hemphill-Haley E.Diatoms as an aid in identifying late-Holocene tsunami deposits.The Holocene,1996,6(4):439-448.
[36]Hemphill-Haley E.Intertidal diatoms from Willapa Bay,Washington:application to studies of small-scale sea-levelchanges.Northwest Science,1995,68:29-45.
[37]Dominey-Howes D T M.Sedimentary deposits associatedwith the July 9th 1956Aegean Sea tsunami.Phys.Chem.Earth.,1996,21(12):51-55.
[38]Dawson A G,Shi S,Dawson S,et al.Coastal Sedimentationassociated with the June 2nd and 3rd,1994 Tsunami inRajegwesi,Jave.Quaternary Science Rev,1996,15(8-9):901-912.
[39]Nanayama F,Shigeno K,Satake K,et al.Sedimentarydifference between the 1933Hokkaido-nansei-oki tsunami and1959Miyakojima typhoon at Taisei,southwestern Hokkaido,northern Japan.Sedimentary Geology,2000,135:255-264.
[40]Lambeck K,Chappell J.Sea level change through the lastglacial cycle.Science,2001,292(27):679-689.
[41]曹伯勋.地貌学与第四纪地质学.武汉:中国地质大学出版社.1995.Cao B X.Geomorphology and Quarter Geology(in Chinese).Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1995.
[42]薛春汀.7000年来渤海西岸、南岸海岸线变迁.地理科学,2009,29(2):217-222.Xue C D.Historical changes of coastlines on west and southcoasts of Bohai Sea since 7000aB.P.Scientia GeographicaSinica(in Chinese),2009,29(2):217-222.
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